Chapter 21: The Lymphatic and Immune system
A typical adult has about how many lymph nodes?
450
The pharyngeal tonsil is represented by the letter ______ in the figure.
A
Which areas of an antibody determine specificity?
A
Which are features of lymphatic vessels?
A tunica interna is present Valves are present Smooth muscle is present in the vessel wall
In natural _______immunity, the body makes its own antibodies or T cells against a pathogen.
Active
When the body makes its own antibodies or T cells against a pathogen, it is exhibiting what type of immunity?
Active
Antibodies provide an important defense against bacteria when they bind two or more cells together. What is this immobilization called?
Agglutination
What is hypersensitivity?
An excessive and harmful reaction to antigens
A patient who is immunodeficient would have which of the following?
An underactive immune system
The germinal center is represented in the figure by which letter?
C
Which describes lymphatic capillaries?
Closed-ended vessels consisting of loosely overlapping endothelial cells
What class of chemical agents do interleukins and interferons belong to?
Cytokines
Which T cells attack and destroy target cells by secreting perforins and granzymes?
Cytotoxic
Which T cells carry out attacks on foreign cells?
Cytotoxic
Which cells induce cytolysis by secreting perforin?
Cytotoxic T cells NK cells
What are the beneficial effects of fever?
Elevated metabolic rate Elevated interferon activity Inhibition of bacterial and viral replication
What does the first line of defense against pathogens consist of?
External barriers
True or false: All fevers are detrimental and should be treated immediately with an antipyretic.
False
True or false: Both lymphatic tissues and lymphatic organs have distinct connective tissue capsules surrounding them.
False
True or false: Lymph is propelled through the lymphatic system by the rhythmic contractions of the heart.
False
True or false: Lymphatic capillaries are open-ended vessels consisting of loosely overlapping endothelial cells.
False
What are functions of lymph nodes?
Filtration of lymph Site of B and T cell activation
NK cells induce apoptosis in virally infected cells by secreting which protein-degrading enzymes?
Granzymes
Cytotoxic T cells attack and destroy target cells by secreting which of the following?
Granzymes Interferons Tumor necrosis factor Perforins
Hyperemia is the basis for which cardinal inflammatory signs?
Heat Redness
____ T cells perform a central coordinating role in both humoral and cellular immunity.
Helper
Which T cell plays an integral role in both humoral and cell mediated immunity?
Helper T cell
Which area of the spleen is penetrated by the splenic artery and vein?
Hilum
Basophils and mast cells release __________, which increases blood flow and speeds the delivery of leukocytes to an area.
Histamine
What are three inflammatory mediators released by basophils and mast cells?
Histamine Leukotriene Heparin
Which type of immunity is mediated by B cells and the antibodies they secrete?
Humoral
Where is body temperature regulated?
Hypothalamus
MHC class ______ proteins occur on all nucleated somatic cells and may trigger a cytotoxic T cell response if displaying a viral protein.
I
Class ______ MHC proteins occur only on APCs.
II
What are the lymphatic system's main functions?
Immunity, absorption of lipids, fluid recovery
B cells or T cells that are mature and are capable of recognizing antigens presented by APCs are described as _____.
Immunocompeten
What is it called when mature T-cells become capable of recognizing antigens presented by APCs?
Immunocompetence
______ refers to the inability to produce a normal immune response, resulting from a lack of immune cells or other immune mediators such as complement.
Immunodeficiency
Redness, heat, swelling, and pain are signs that accompany which process?
Inflammation
Which type of defense guards against a broad range of pathogens?
Innate
Which substance induces the production of antiviral proteins?
Interferon
What are three antimicrobial proteins?
Interferon Defensin Complement
Cytokines known as _____ inhibit the viral infection of neighboring cells as well as activate NK cells and macrophages.
Interferons
Which class of cytokines promotes the development and differentiation of T, B, and hematopoietic cells?
Interleukins
Which are characteristics of a secondary immune response?
It occurs after the second and subsequent exposures to an antigen. Antibodies first appear within hours, peaking at day 3. IgG antibodies are formed first.
Which are characteristics of a primary immune response?
It occurs with the first exposure to an antigen. IgM antibodies are formed first. Antibodies first appear 3-6 days after exposure, peaking at day 10.
What is the tough protein of skin that few pathogens can penetrate?
Keratin
Where are complement proteins synthesized?
Liver
Distinct connective tissue capsules surround which of the following?
Lymphatic organs
The thymus is considered part of which body systems?
Lymphatic system Endocrine system Immune system
What do lymphatic collecting vessels converge to form?
Lymphatic trunks
Which is a component of the lymphatic system that transports lymph?
Lymphatic vessel
The proteins on the surface of APCs that function to present antigens to other cells are called the ______.
MHC proteins
Which describe MHC proteins?
MHC proteins present endogenous antigens. MHC proteins function as self identity markers. MHC proteins present exogenous antigens.
Once a B cell binds an antigen, it phagocytizes it and displays antigen fragments on what molecules?
MHC-II proteins
What are monocytes that migrate to the tissue and function as phagocytes called?
Macrophages
Which cells function as antigen presenting cells?
Macrophages Dendritic cells
During the inflammatory response, leukocytes traveling through the blood adhere to the blood vessel walls by which process?
Margination
What are two cell types that secrete histamine, heparin, leukotrienes and kinins, thus inducing the inflammatory response?
Mast cells Basophils
When reexposed to the same pathogen, the body reacts so quickly that there is no noticeable illness. Which characteristic of immunity is is this?
Memory
_____ T cells are descended from the cytotoxic T cells and are responsible for memory in cellular immunity.
Memory
______ T cells are descended from the cytotoxic T cells and are responsible for memory in cellular immunity.
Memory
Which T cells are descended from the cytotoxic T cells and responsible for subsequent immune responses to the same antigen?
Memory T cells
The accumulation of dead cells, fluid, and tissue debris is called _______.
Pus
Where do B lymphocytes mature?
Red bone marrow
Which are primary lymphatic organs?
Red bone marrow Thymus
Old and defective erythrocytes are removed from circulation in what part of the spleen?
Red pulp
_____ T cells inhibit multiplication and cytokine secretion by other T cells, and thus limit immune responses.
Regulatory
Which T cell inhibits multiplication and cytokine secretion by other T cells and thus limits immune responses?
Regulatory T cell
Which collecting duct drains lymph from the head, the right arm, and the right side of the thorax?
Right lymphatic duct
Which collecting duct receives the least amount of lymph?
Right lymphatic duct
Which line of defense consists of several nonspecific defense mechanisms against pathogens that break through the skin or mucous membranes?
Second
What is the third line of defense against pathogens?
Specific defenses
Which characteristic describes how immunity is directed against a particular pathogen, and that immunity to one pathogen usually does not confer immunity to others?
Specificity
What is the body's largest lymphatic organ?
Spleen
______ lymphocytes originate in the red bone marrow, then finish maturation in the thymus.
T
Which are types of lymphocyte?.
T cell B cell NK cell
Most lymphocytes circulating in blood are ______.
T cells
Which class of lymphocyte matures in the thymus?
T cells
Why do memory T cells allow for a faster immune response when the body is exposed to the same antigen again?
There are fewer steps to activation. There are more of them.
Which describe allergens.
They can occur in mold, dust, and pollen. They are environmental antigens. They induce allergies.
Which line of defense not only defeats a pathogen but also leaves the body with a "memory" of it?
Third
Which duct drains the most lymph?
Thoracic duct
Where do T cells mature?
Thymus
Bacteria and viruses are examples of pathogens.
True
True or false: Interleukins are a class of cytokines secreted by a variety of cells which function to promote the development and differentiation of T, B, and hematopoietic cells.
True
What is required for activation of a B cell?
Usually, it must bind a helper T cell. It must bind an antigen on several surface receptors.
What does hyperemia result from?
Vasodilation
Lymphatic vessels are anatomically very similar to which of the following?
Veins
When does interstitial fluid become lymphatic fluid?
When it enters the lymphatic capillaries
Molecules that function to render antigens harmless by neutralization, complement fixation, agglutination and precipitation are called ______.
antibodies
A cell that phagocytizes an antigen and displays fragments of it on its surface for recognition by other cells of the immune system is a(n) ______ cell.
antigen presenting
A fever reducing agent is called a(n) ______.
antipyretic
Fever inhibits the production of ______.
bacteria
Natural killer cells attack ______.
cancerous cells transplanted tissues bacteria virus infected host cells
Lymphatic vessels are absent from ______.
cartilage and bone
_____T cells attack foreign cells.
cytotoxic
When a neutrophil discharges its enzymes into the tissue fluid, they are said to ______.
degranulate
The largest type of lymphatic vessel, which deposits lymph into the subclavian veins, is called a collecting ______.
duct
Examples of pathogens are ______.
fungi viruses bacteria
Which is an anticoagulant secreted by basophils and mast cells?
heparin
B cells are the primary cell of ______ immunity and T cells are the primary cell of ______ immunity.
humoral, cell-mediated
An excessive harmful reaction to antigens is called ______.
hypersensitivity.
The ______, part of the brain, regulates and maintains body temperature. Its set point is elevated during a fever.
hypothalamus
Alveolar macrophages are found in the ______.
lungs
The fluid contained in lymphatic vessels, which originates as tissue fluid, is called _______.
lymp
Lymph leaving the lymph nodes contains a large number of ______.
lymphocytes
Cells derived from monocytes that function as phagocytes and antigen-presenting cells are called
macrophages.
The characteristic of immunity termed _____ describes how, when reexposed to the same pathogen, the body reacts so quickly that there is no noticeable illness.
memory
The characteristic of immunity termed ______ describes how, when reexposed to the same pathogen, the body reacts so quickly that there is no noticeable illness.
memory
Which is a fixed macrophage in the central nervous system?
microglia
Macrophages are ______ cells.
phagocytic
The T cell ______ response allows memory cells to mount a faster response upon exposure to the same pathogen later.
recall
Hemopoiesis occurs in the _______ bone marrow.
red
The two collecting ducts are the ______ ducts.
right and thoracic
Fever and inflammation belong to the body's ______ line of defense.
second
The spleen and lymph nodes are classified as ______ lymphatic organs.
secondary
The characteristic of immunity describing how it is directed against a particular pathogen is ______.
specificity
The large lymphatic organ located near the diaphragm, stomach, and left kidney is the ______.
spleen
The ______ pulp is the portion of the spleen surrounding the splenic artery, which consists of lymphocytes and macrophages monitoring for blood-borne pathogens.
white
Match each type of immunity with the correct example.
- Natural active immunity > A person develops resistance to a virus picked up from a drinking fountain.- Artificial active immunity > A person is given an attenuated smallpox virus and develops resistance._ Natural passive immunity > A baby acquires resistance to a virus through antibodies obtained through breast milk.- Artificial passive immunity > An antibody is injected into a person who has been bitten by a snake. The antibody infers resistance.
The respiratory burst by neutrophils leads to the production of which of the following?
-Hydrogen peroxide-Hypochlorite-Superoxide anion
What are mucosal associated lymphatic tissues?
.Aggregates of lymphatic tissue scattered throughout the lamina propria of mucous membranes
Place the structures that lymph flows through a lymph node in order.
1. Afferent lympathtic Vessel 2. Subcapsular sinus of the cortex 3. Sinuses of cortext and medulla 4. Efferent lymphatic vessel
How many lymphatic trunks are normally found in the body?
11
Match each letter with its anatomical name.
A matches Choice, Afferent lymphatic vessel Afferent lymphatic vessel B matches Choice, Efferent lymphatic vessel Efferent lymphatic vessel C matches Choice, Germinal center Germinal center D matches Choice, Lymphatic nodule Lymphatic nodule
What is artificial active immunity?
Acquiring one's own immunity against an attenuated pathogen
Which cells carry MHC class II proteins?
APCs
What are possible causes for a lack of self tolerance?
Abnormal exposure to self antigens Cross reactivity between similar antigens Alteration of self antigens
What are three functions of the lymphatic system?
Absorption of lipids Fluid recovery from tissues Immunity
Humoral immunity is mediated by ______ lymphocytes.
B
Any large molecule capable of triggering an immune response is called a(n) _____.
Antigen
Cells that phagocytize antigens and display antigenic fragments on their surface are called _______ presenting cells.
Antigen
What is any large molecule capable of triggering an immune response called?
Antigen
Which cell phagocytizes an antigen and displays fragments of it on its surface?
Antigen-presenting cell
Interferons, complement, defensins and granzymes are examples of which of the following?
Antimicrobial proteins
Aspirin, acetaminophen, and ibuprofen reduce the synthesis of prostaglandins and are generally called what?
Antipyretics
To confirm exposure to an antigen what is measured to demonstrate that an immune response has occurred?
Antibody titer
What is the level of antibody present in the blood plasma called?
Antibody titer
____diseases result from failures of self-tolerance.
Autoimmune
The lymphocyte that mediates humoral immune responses and differentiates into antibody-producing plasma cells is the ______.
B cell
Place the flow of fluid in order, beginning with blood in the blood capillaries.
Blood capillaries, Interstitial spaces, lymphatic capillaries, lymphatic vessels, lymphatic ducts, then subclavian veins.
Collecting vessels are formed by the convergence of several lymphatic
Capillaries
What do lymphatic trunks converge to form?
Collecting ducts
Which proteins found in blood are involved in the nonspecific defense against pathogens?
Complement
On the image, which area of an antibody determines its class?
D
Which of the following forms pus?
Dead neutrophils and macrophages
What is the exocytosis of lysosomal contents by neutrophils called?
Degranulation
Leukocytes crawl through gaps between endothelial cells into the tissue fluid by means of a process called _____.
Diapedesis
A(n) _________ migrates into the tissues where it transforms into a macrophage.
Monocyte
Which leukocyte transforms into a macrophage when it moves from the blood into the tissues?
Monocyte
What does MALT stand for?
Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue
Which describes a neutrophil?
Multi-lobed nucleus with cytoplasmic granules
A T cell which has undergone positive and negative selection but has not become activated by an antigen is said to be _______.
Naive
What is a mature T-cell that has not been activated by an antigen called?
Naive
The _______ killer cell is a lymphatic cell that functions to non-specifically target bacteria, transplanted tissue cells, and virally infected or cancerous host cells.
Natural
Antibodies function to render antigens harmless by which of the following?
Neutralization Agglutination Precipitation Complement fixation
______ are granulocytes with a multi-lobed nucleus that destroy bacteria by means of phagocytosis, intracellular digestion, and secretion of bactericidal chemicals.
Neutrophils
Where are type I MHC proteins found?
On all nucleated body cells
The components of the lymphatic system are the lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymphatic tissues, lymphatic nodes and lymphatic
Organs
What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?
Pain Heat Redness Swelling
In artificial ______ immunity, the body is injected with antibodies from another person or an animal.
Passive
When the body acquires antibodies from another person or an animal that has developed its own immunity to the pathogen, this type what type of immunity?
Passive
A _______ cell produces antibodies.
Plasma
_____ cells secrete antibodies.
Plasma
Which cell produces antibodies?
Plasma cell
Which cells produce antibodies?
Plasma cells
List the mechanisms used by eosinophils to kill parasites.
Produce hydrogen peroxide Produce superoxide anion
Cellular immunity is mediated mainly by ______ cells, while humoral immunity is mediated mainly by ______ cells.
T, B
Which features of skin offer immunoprotection?
The presence of lactic acid The presence of defensins The presence of a continuous barrier to the external environment
Which factors cause or contribute to the flow of lymph?
The skeletal muscle pump Valves The respiratory pump
Which bone marrow is mainly adipose tissue?
Yellow
The type of defense that provides future protection against a pathogen is called ______ immunity.
adaptive
Lymph enters a lymph node via ______ vessels and exits a lymph node via ______ vessels. Multiple choice question.
afferent, efferent
The clumping of cells by antibodies is called ______.
agglutination
Antigens which induce hypersensitivity responses are called
allergens
Antigens which induce hypersensitivity responses are called _____.
allergens
Skin belongs to the body's ______ line of defense.
first
The external barrier that is coated with antimicrobial chemicals such as lactic acid, dermicidin, and defensins is ______.
the skin
The duct that drains lymph from the body below the diaphragm, the left upper limb and the left side of the head neck and thorax is the ______.
thoracic duct
The organ that is the site of T-cell maturation is the ______.
thymus
The organ where T-cells mature is the ______.
thymus
The ______ are patches of lymphatic tissue located at the entrance to the pharynx, where they guard against ingested and inhaled pathogens.
tonsils
The overlapping edges of the endothelial cells of a lymphatic capillary act as ______.
valves
