Chapter 22
Uprisings, like the one in Berlin above, broke out throughout Europe in _____.
1848
By 1800, the viceroyalty of La Plata, with the rising port of _________, had grown through contraband trade with Great Britain.
Buenos Aires
The constitution introduced by Pedro I of Brazil in 1823:
Concentrated most powers in his hands.
The revolution in _________ is clearly the one that realized the Enlightenment principles of liberty, equality, and fraternity most fully.
Haiti
From his base of operations in _________, in south-central Mexico, Emiliano Zapata began to occupy sugar plantations and distribute plantation land to his campesinos (laborers and tenant farmers).
Morelos
Who dispatched troops to regain Saint-Domingue for France in 1802?
Napoleon Bonaparte
Agricultural commodity exports yielded high profits and taxes in Brazil until 1896, when:
Overproduction of coffee resulted in diminishing returns.
What Latin American state was created in 1903 with the support of the United States?
Panama
Living on the edge of poverty in many areas, with old trade routes and handicrafts disrupted by the treaty ports, many _______ saw in the Taipings, the Nian, and other local rebellions a desperate way to change their situations.
Peasants
In 1822, __________ proclaimed Brazil an independent kingdom.
Pedro I
Count Camillo di Cavour, the prime minister of _________, was the politician who did the most to realize Italy's unification.
Piedmont-Sardinia
The two key terms in the popular Chinese self-strengthening formulation Zhongxue wei ti and Xixue wei yong meant "Chinese studies for the essence" and "Western studies for the __________." Selected Answer:
Practical application
At the time of the French Revolution, ________ was one of the richest European colonies.
Saint-Domingue
When they entered Mexico City in 1915, Álvaro Obregón and his Constitutionalists were:
Supported by the working classes and their union representatives.
Which was not a location for Indian migrants in the nineteenth century?
The United States
What was the main reason for railroad development in Latin American countries from the 1870s onward?
To transport commodities to ports
Mexico refused to recognize Texan national independence, and the state of Texas entered the United States in ___________.
1845
In April ________ the new Emperor Meiji issued a "charter oath" in which he renounced, at least officially, the restrictive measures of the past.
1868
Porfirio Díaz dominated the Mexican government between 1876 and 1880, and again between 1884 and ________.
1911
What was the cause of the war between Mexico and the United States that resulted in the loss of territory noted on the map above?
A dispute over the border of Texas
Simón Bolívar came from _______ in what is today Venezuela.
A wealthy Creole plantation family.
_______ published his Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations in 1776.
Adam Smith
Like the Chinese "self-strengtheners", Japanese senior advisors to the emperor sought to use new foreign technologies and institutions to strengthen the state ___________.
Against further foreign intrusion
After its independence in 1821, who became the first ruler of Mexico?
Agustín de Iturbide
The machine accepted by the French Assembly for use in executions was designed by _________.
Antoine Louis
Juana Azurduy de Padilla played an instrumental role in the establishment of the nation of ________.
Bolivia
When the _________ in 1849 authorized warships to enter Brazilian waters to intercept slave ships, the importation of slaves virtually ceased.
British
A ________ sect called the White Lotus sparked a rebellion against the Qing soon after the Qianlong emperor stepped down from his throne in 1795.
Buddhist
After blockading the port of ________ and withdrawing Chinese personnel from Western firms, Lin Zexu was able to confiscate 20,000 chests of opium from dealers.
Canton
Antônio Maciel established a religious community in the city of _________ during the latter part of the nineteenth century.
Canudos
Simón Bolívar joined the junta of _________ and, along with several other juntas declared their independence in 1811.
Caracas
Landowners of self-sufficient plantations in many parts of Latin America supported governmental ____________, the same kind of authoritarian and paternalistic form of action that they practiced on their estates.
Caudillismo
The successor of Louis XVIII of France, __________, took the extreme course of restoring the property of the aristocracy lost during the Revolution.
Charles X
The ______ victory in the War of the Pacific (1879-1884) resulted in the annexation of Peruvian and Bolivian territory, together with the destruction Peruvian territory wrought by the enemy's troops.
Chilean
Some 235,000 _________ "coolies" were brought to Peru, Cuba, and Costa Rica, working in silver mines, sugar and cotton plantations, and later on railroads-and only about 10% of them returned home.
Chinese
Brazil's main export crop became _______ in the 1830s and 1940s.
Coffee
Porfirio Díaz's base of conservative support was built upon support from:
Creole landowners and technocrat administrators, called científicos.
By 1810, when the first independence movements were formed in the viceroyalty of La Plata, the porteños were:
Creoles living in Buenos Aires who favored independence from Spain.
After returning from his invasion of ________, Napoleon Bonaparte returned to France and overthrew the ineffective Directory in November 1799.
Egypt
Louis XVI held an assembly of the ________, at Versailles to address France's financial problems.
Estates-General
Taking the slogan Sonno joi ("Honor the emperor, ________"), a movement challenged the shogunate and forced the Tokugawa to capitulate in 1867.
Expel the barbarian
Through a treaty, the British imposed the policy of _________, by which their subjects who were accused of violating Chinese laws would be tried and punished by British consuls.
Extraterritoriality
Which country took advantage of the American Civil War to place their own ruler over Mexico in 1862?
France
Which European power sought concessions from the Chinese on the Shandong Peninsula?
Germany
The ethnolinguistic version of the Enlightenment inspired by Johann Gottfried Herder was:
Given a major boost during the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars
Much of the resistance to the Emperor _________'s "hundred days' reform" program, issued in a flurry of edicts in 1898, was centered on the empress dowager.
Guangxu
José Antonio Aponte, head of a Yoruba confraternity ( cabilde) in __________, led an abortive revolt against Spanish control in 1812.
Havana
At the battle of Tippecanoe in _________, thousands of Tecumseh's followers from a variety of Native American nations came together, but they suffered a defeat at the hands of US troops in 1811.
Indiana
In response to the "Boston Tea Party", Britain closed the harbor, demanded restitution, and passed the so-called Coercive Acts (called the "_______ Acts" in the American colonies).
Intolerable
Publication of Denis Diderot's Encyclopédie was difficult because:
It was banned as subversive by the Catholic Church and the French monarchy
Bismarck's Prussia fought wars for German unification with all of the following except:
Italy
Giuseppe Garibaldi played in important role in the unification of ________ during the latter half of the nineteenth century.
Italy
In 1899, _________, the US secretary of state, circulated a note suggesting that all powers remain committed to an "open door" to trade in China.
John Hay
The expansion of Japanese influence into __________ would lead to a conflict with Russia in the early twentieth century.
Manchuria
What American colony did Britain try to isolate from the Continental Association after it had decided on an economic boycott of Britain?
Massachusetts
The _________ Constitution was promulgated in 1889 and remained in force in Japan until it was supplanted by a constitution composed by Allied occupation forces after World War II.
Meiji
The United States faced the vital question of how to incorporate new territory after its war with _________ from 1846 to 1848.
Mexico
As the trade in opium expanded in the erly nineteenth century, heavily armed ships would unload their cargo of opium on small, sparsely inhabited offshore islands, from which:
Middlemen picked up the drug and made their rounds on the mainland.
The Treaty of ______ between the Chinese and the British in 1842 marked the first of the century's "unequal treaties" that would be imposed throughout east Asia by European powers.
Nanjing
Fury resulted from a 1791 decision by the white settler Provincial Assembly in Saint-Domingue to:
Not grant citizen rights to mulattos whose parents were free.
The Indian Removal Act of 1830 led to the forced migration of Native Americans to:
Oklahoma
The commander of an American fleet, Matthew C. _________, arrived in Japan in July 1853, deliberately attempting to impress the Japanese with Western technological might.
Perry
All of the rights of Japanese subjects set out in the Meiji Constitution's 15 articles are:
Qualified by such praises as "unless provided by law".
When Latin American republics declared their independence, the Popes in Rome:
Refused to recognize their independence, concerned with the power of naming bishops.
The economies of most Latin American nations, with the exception of Argentina and Peru, were characterized by a ___________ in the late 1800s.
Reliance on one commodity only and a lack of diversification
Contrary to expectations, wages for laborers in Latin America ____________ in the 1800s.
Remained low, because mine operators and landowners feared for the competitiveness of their commodities on the world market.
Spurred by the development of European politics and influenced by waves of immigrants from Spain and Italy, two major urban opposition parties took shape in 1890s Argentina, the Radical Party and the __________.
Socialists
In 1789 a new system of government was instituted in the United States that replaced ________________________.
The Articles of Confederation
The Commune of Paris was established to oppose the conservative government of:
The Third Republic
In an address to the National Assembly on October 10, 1789, Dr. Joseph Ignace Guillotin argued that:
There should be a machine that could behead people painlessly.
Jean-Jacques Dessalines became emperor of Haiti, renaming Saint-Domingue after:
Its supposed original Taíno
By the 1880s, a university system was offering courses in all of the following areas except:
Haiku
After achieving independence, the ________ elevated their spoken language, Kreyòl, into their national identity.
Haitians
An anti-Qing and anti-foreign group calling itself the Society of the _________ Fists was referred to as "Boxers" by the foreign community in China.
Harmonious
Between 1877 and 1914, US Southern state legislatures systematically attacked African-Americans' voting rights and:
Imposed formal and informal segregation.
In 1833, the Factory Act set a minimum age of 9 for child employees and limited the workday to _____ hours for children between the ages of 13 and 18.
12
After the British prohibited slavery in _______, Ashante merchants in West Africa switched to providing commodities that were in great demand in industrializing Britain.
1807
As a result of its loss in the Crimean War of __________, Russia was forced to recognize the Ottoman Empire's right to full integrity.
1853-1856
The Great Mutiny (also known as the Sepoy Mutiny or as the First War of Indian Independence) began in _________.
1857.
Although Samuel Morse had already invented a telegraph transmission code, it was only in the __________ that major continental landmasses were linked by submarine transoceanic cables.
1860s and 1870s
The speed and efficiency of telegraphic communication was vastly augmented with Alexander Graham Bell's invention of the telephone in ________.
1876
After a revolt by the Egyptian army, a British military force occupied the Ottoman province in ________.
1882
The end of serfdom in Russia would not come until 1861, and the end of slavery in the Ottoman Empire not until ________.
1890
Italy's imperialist dreams in Africa were stymied by its crushing defeat at the battle of Adowa in ________, in which one-third of its army was killed by Ethiopian forces.
1896
In _____, a constitutional revolution put parliamentary limits on the Qajar regime.
1906
According to its cultivation system in Indonesia, the Dutch forced native farmers either to grow government crops on 20 percent of their land or work for _____ days per year on Dutch plantations.
60
In 1792, the sultan and his viziers proclaimed a "new order" for the army, in which:
A separate artillery and flintlock musket corps was created alongside the Janissaries
Among the components that Siegfried Marcus designed for his combustion-engine automobile were all of the following except:
A turn signals
Junior military officers launched a coup in 1908 and forced the sultan to:
Accept a new parliament
In the 1700s, a a Pashtu tribal federation from _______ conquered Iran and ended Safavid rule.
Afghanistan
Who destroyed the Newtonian notion of a certain, absolute, and mechanistic universe?
Albert Einstein
The assassination of ________ in 1881 by a leftist terrorist organization impatient for further reforms triggered a repressive backlash from the next tsar.
Alexander II
________ was the crucial first step of a European power—in this instance France—seizing provinces of the Ottoman Empire in competition with the Russians, while officially protecting its integrity.
Algeria
Among other provisions, the Treaty of Shimonoseki:
Allowed the Japanese to annex Taiwan.
Among the factors that made industrialization in Belgium, northern France, and the northern German states more suitable in the 1830s than earlier in the century was:
An improved network of roads, canals, and now railways in this region.
Following the Revolution of 1905, Nicholas II repudiated the concessions granted in the October Manifesto, especially:
An independent Durna
José de San Martín trained the Army of the _______ and, with this army, liberated Chile from royalist forces in 1818.
Andes
Between 1894 and 1896, the Ottoman sultan armed Kurdish tribal units, which massacred thousands of _______ villagers.
Armenian
The navigator James Cook, during one of his many exploratory journeys in the Pacific, landed in 1770 on the east coast of ______ and claimed it for Great Britain.
Australia
Shiites are unique in having a small number, about half a dozen today, of ___________ ("signs of God"), who are distinguished by their knowledge of the Quran and Islamic tradition.
Ayatollahs
As a way to coerce African labor to produce rubber in the _________ Congo, mercenaries used mutilation, random killing, village burning, starvation, and hostage taking.
Belgian
Which colonial power could be found on every continent?
Britain
Seven years after the Congress of Berlin in 1878, the sultan was forced to recognize the independence of _____.
Bulgaria
The most controversial part of the Darwinian biological theory as spelled out in On the Origin of Species (1859) was that characteristics are passed on by means of "natural selection", and thus: __________.
By random chance and a haphazard process.
In 1900, Australia finally adopted a federal constitution and became the second fully autonomous British "dominion", after __________.
Canada
In a reform of the educational system in 1782, _________ made education, from urban primary schools to high schools, free and mostly staffed with clergy.
Catherine II The Great
Who advocated for the establishment of self-sustaining model communities?
Charles Fourier
Why did diplomatic missions like Lord Macartney's mission in 1793 ultimately fail?
China felt no need to adapt to Western modes of international commerce and relations.
The most prominent of the ___________, which emerged in the 1860s, was Shenbao.
Chinese language newspapers
Some Europeans claimed that, according to the dictates of their "_______ mission", they had a duty to extend the benefits of European civilization to "backward" peoples.
Civilizing
With the ascension of the infant Guangxu as emperor in 1874 came the regency of Empress Dowager _________.
Cixi
Under the Dutch, Indonesia became a major exporter of all of the following except:
Cocoa
Australia, although a colony, was a ___________ region that sought its wealth through export-led growth.
Commodity-rich
The Meiji Constitution sought to preserve the essential traditions of ____________.
Confucian society
The Ottoman vassal in Egypt, Muhammad Ali, rose in rebellion and would have conquered ____________ had European forces not intervened.
Constantinople
Due in large part to concerns for the domestic woolen industry, the British Parliament enacted legislation in 1700 and 1720 which prohibited the importation of _______ goods from India.
Cotton
The English philosopher Herbert Spencer proposed a theory that came to be called "social ________", which sought to apply the ideas of natural selection to races, ethnicities, and peoples.
Darwinism
By the end of the Napoleonic Wars, the Mughal emperor's lands had been reduced to the region immediately surrounding _________ and Agra.
Delhi
The British "Raj" was inaugurated when control by the East India Company was replaced by _________.
Direct rule
Sultan Abdülhamit used the Russian-Ottoman War of 1877-1878 as an excuse to:
Dismiss the Ottoman Parliament
In 1900 Sigmund Freud published his highly influential book on The Interpretation of _______, which developed his ideas of the subconscious mind.
Dreams
The invention of _______ by the Swedish chemist and engineer Alfred Bernhard Nobel aided in the construction of the Panama Canal (1914).
Dynamite
After United States and Spain made peace at the end of 1898, the US ignored the independent Philippine government led by _________.
Emilio Aguinaldo
The most famous—and most radical—of British political feminists was _________, who together with her daughters formed the Women's Social and Political Union in 1903.
Emmeline Pankhurst.
David Livingstone's ultimate goals were not only to __________ but also to "civilize" Africans by broadcasting the blessings of Christianity and commerce.
End trafficking in slaves.
As a result of the Second Balkan War of 1913, the Ottoman Empire was almost entirely driven out of:
Europe
After he had __________ and suffered a nervous breakdown, Hong Xiuquan came to believe that he was Christ's younger brother.
Failed his civil service examination for the third time
Kabuki theater was altered in the Meiji period by now:
Featured contemporary themes.
The principal spokesman for _________ nationalists in the second half of the nineteenth century was José Rizal, who was executed by the government in 1896.
Filipino
An English _________ League was established for organizing sporting activities in 1888.
Football
One of the outcomes of the Boxer Rebellion was a new "unequal treaty" that allowed:
For the posting of foreign troops in Chinese cities
One of the outcomes of the Boxer Rebellion was a new "unequal treaty" that allowed:
For the posting of foreign troops in Chinese cities.
As a result of a British and French attack on Beijing in 1860, a newly created Chinese boardwas to handle Qing ________, and the Chinese were invited to send their own ambassadors abroad.
Foreign relations
In February 1812, the British Parliament passed the _________, which made attacks on textile machinery punishable by death.
Frame Breaking Act
Reformers in Ottoman Empire introduced a system of "life lease" for taxation in the 18th century, mirroring developments that were taking place in the taxation system of _______.
France
The Rose Garden Edict (1839) did all of the following except:
Freed Christians and Jews from unusual burdens.
Al-Hajj Umar led resistance against the _______ colonization of West Africa.
French
_______ forces dispatched a squadron that occupied the sparsely inhabited Mekong River delta in 1858-1862, annexing it as a protectorate.
French
One social activist ___________, the child of a wealthy mill owner, drew attention to the abysmal conditions in factories.
Friedrich Engels
__________ argued that rational thought would not improve either the individual or the welfare of humankind; only recourse to the "will to power" will suffice.
Friedrich Nietzsche.
______ was the name given to the group of advisors to the Japanese emperor who sought to build up the state to protect against foreign intrusion.
Genro
Among the new countries on the map of Europe in 1871 was
Germany
In East Africa, ________ used forced labor for the growing of cotton, provoking the fierce but in the end brutally suppressed Maji Maji Rebellion of 1905-1907.
Germany
_____ gained territory in East Africa at the expense of the Omani sultan in the late nineteenth century.
Germany
The Japanese occupation of Manchuria's Liaodong Peninsula in the 1890s was opposed by the Triple Intervention, an alliance of all of the following European countries except:
Great Britain
______ became independent of Ottoman rule in a war of liberation (1821-1832), and it was the first country in which ethnic nationalism was an element in its foundation.
Greece
By 1903, __________ had enhanced the power and range of his device enough to send the first transatlantic radio message.
Guglielmo Marconi.
In the German colony of Southwest Africa, the German army responded to a local uprising by committing a genocidal campaign against the ______ and Nama between 1904 and 1907.
Herero
Ferdinand von Zeppelin's dirigible airship was kept aloft by the incorporation of bags filled with _________ gas and powered by two 16-horsepower engines.
Hydrogen
The invention of the flying shuttle (1733), water frame (1769), and spinning mule (1779):
Increased the speed and quality of spinning and weaving.
The Great Mutiny was touched off by the rumor that the British had:
Introduced a rifle which required its operator to bite the end from a gunpowder cartridge greased with cow and pig fat.
Religious scholars of the 1800s succeeded in making _______ the dominant religion of West Africa.
Islam
Like the Chinese, Vietnam had adopted the policy of ________ in the 1840s when dealing with Western intrusion into the region.
Isolationism
Charles X of France claimed that his blockade of Algiers was justified because:
It was in response to an insult by the ruler, Hussein to his consul.
One advantage enjoyed by Germany in its production of steel was:
Its development of sophisticated science research capabilities at universities.
The Scottish engineer _________ patented his steam engine in 1769, creating a machine that was five times as efficient as previous models.
James Watt
After the end of the "new order," a new sultan came to power and eventually put an end to the __________________ in 1826.
Janissary Corps
Kang Youwei encouraged the emperor to implement a wide range of reforms based on:
Japanese efforts
Continuing the repressive policies of his father, Nicholas launched a pogrom of Russian _________ in 1903-1906, triggering mass emigrations.
Jews
The war between China and Japan over control of _________ graphically exposed the problems of China's self-strengthening efforts.
Korea
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels wrote their pamphlet entitled The Communist Manifesto in the city of ____________.
London
The first fully automatic __________ was conceived by Hiram Maxim, an American inventor.
Machine gun
The availability of a treatment for _________ allowed Christian missionaries to travel to the interiors of Africa.
Malaria
In the late summer of 1845, Mary Paul, age 15, went to work in a spinning room in the booming mill town of Lowell, _______.
Massachusetts
Karl Marx replaced Hegel's dialectical schema with one of his own, based on the concept of economic class struggle, or dialectical _________.
Materialism
Rifles designed by the German firms of Krupp and _________ pioneered the bolt-action, magazine, and clip-fed rifles that remained the staple of infantry weapons through two world wars.
Mauser
The more moderate group of political activists in the Social Democratic Labor Party, meeting in London in 1903, called itself the ___________ ("minority", though they were actually numerically the majority) and aimed for the eventual overthrow of capitalism and tsarist rule.
Mensheviks
The Decembrist Revolt was led by a small number of _________ in 1825, but it was quickly suppressed, and its leaders were hanged.
Military officers who wanted reforms
The Chinese signed treaties with France and the US, conceding in a clause that any new concessions granted to one country automatically reverted to those who were "__________ nations."
Most-favored
Portugal used the Berlin conference to expand its coastal footholds in Guinea, Angola and ___________.
Mozambique
The Dutch conquered the Indonesian archipelago, finally subduing the most stubborn opponents, the ________ guerillas of Aceh, in 1903.
Muslim
In 1835, _______ led an urban revolt in Brazil.
Muslims
Some British agents of the East India Company took Indian wives, dressed as Indian princes, and wielded power as local magnates, or __________ (from an Urdu word meaning "deputy," "viceroy").
Nabobs
The emancipation of Russian serfs fell far short of liberating the peasantry for all of the following reasons except:
Newly freed serfs were encouraged to emigrate to the Kingdom of Poland and farms were abandoned.
Between 1840 and 1870, the total mileage of railroads laid in Britain grew by a factor of ______.
Nine
Ottoman troops were able to repress nationalist agitators in Macedonia in the 1890s because:
None of the groups received outside support in their effort.
The culmination of the trend to incorporate Western models into the Japanese _____________ was Natsume Soseki's Kokoro (1914).
Novel
During the latter part of the nineteenth century, women held about ___________ of the industrial jobs.
One third
Children frequently began work in mines as "trappers", responsible for:
Opening and shutting ventilation doors in mineshafts.
After suffering setbacks in Ethiopia, Italy invaded the __________ province of Tripolitania.
Ottoman
Gran Colombia was divided in 1831 into its component parts, which included all of the following except:
Peru
During an Ottoman siege of Habsburg Vienna in 1683, a __________ relief army allied with the Habsburgs arrived just in time to drive out the besieging forces.
Polish
The two key terms in the popular Chinese self-strengthening formulation Zhongxue wei ti and Xixue wei yong meant "Chinese studies for the essence" and "Western studies for the __________."
Practical application
The Communist Manifesto declared, "The _________ have nothing to lose but their chains."
Proletarians
The French, who considered themselves as ______, joined with the British in a war to force a new treaty upon the Chinese government in Beijing.
Promoters of missionary activity in the region
What was the basis for the society that Hong Xiuquan and his followers created?
Protestant Christian theology and pre-Confucian Chinese traditions.
The increased British and French presence in India was aided by:
Regional leaders' desire to use the sepoy armies of European companies in their struggles.
The "Fortunate Edict" of 1856 declared that all Ottoman subjects, regardless of _______, had the right to education, employment, and administration of justice.
Religion
In 1839, the Ottoman government issued a series of reform edicts that are collectively known as the Tanzimat or "______".
Reorganizations
The Belgian Congo under King Leopold II employed mass forced labor of the indigenous population to extract _______ from the jungle.
Rubber
The opening gambit of Great Britain's "Great Game" against __________ was the first Anglo-Afghan war in 1838.
Russia
What convinced Alexander II that reforms were necessary for the Russian Empire?
Russia's defeat in the Crimean War.
The city of Isfahan above was the capital of the Shiite ________ state.
Safavid
The ______ for Africa was a competition among European powers to acquire African colonies that began with the Berlin Conference of 1884-1885.
Scramble
In 1912, ______, Montenegro, Bulgaria, and Greece collaborated in the First Balkan War, forcing Ottoman forces to retreat back to Constantinople.
Serbia
Over the course of the 19th century population in the industrialized nations of Europe:
Shifted from rural to urbanized settings.
In the 1870s, conservative intellectuals broadened the conceptualization of Russian nationality into an ideology of Pan-__________.
Slavism
By the 1890s, the __________ in the United States produced over 90% of the country's petroleum.
Standard Oil Company
In ship construction, what material improved their speed, size, and strength?
Steel
The effort to co-opt local rulers into upholding the British government as the historically destined status quo is sometimes called a(n) _________ relationship.
Subaltern
The ________ Rebellion, led by Hong Xiuquan and his Christian-influenced declarations, began in 1851.
Taiping
One of the signs of the prominence of Cao Xueqin's novel The Dream of the Red Chamber is:
That an entire field of scholarship on the book is called "red studies" or "redology".
The image above shows European powers and Japan seeking to carve up China. What prevented the total dismemberment of China?
The "open door" policy of 1899.
Whose monopoly on trade with China ended in 1833?
The British East India Company
As a result of its loss of Mexico in the early 1800s, Spain began turning to its colony in ________ for agricultural and natural resource exploitation.
The Philippines.
What on the map above was Sergei Witte's greatest achievement as minister of finance?
The Trans-Siberian Railway
Which of the following was not an early reform of the Meiji?
The accepting of thousands of American advisors
Theoretically, the Land Code of 1858 subjected all users of the "sultan's land" to taxation, but:
The central administration had no money to appoint tax collectors.
What is Austrian Siegfried Marcus credited to having invented in 1874?
The combustion-engine automobile.
Had it not been for __________, the French government, on the verge of Revolution in 1789, would have been well-financed.
The debt incurred during the American War of Independence.
What did Samuel Slater build in Rhode Island in 1793?
The first water-powered textile factory in America.
Among the Enlightenment-inspired reforms of Alexander I was:
The liberation of serfs in Russia's Baltic provinces.
Among the innovative measures proposed by Nikolai Chernyshevsky in his novel What Is to be Done? was:
The liberation of women
Chernyshevsky believed that the _________ would be the center of meaningful reforms.
The peasantry
The factors that made Britain especially suitable for launching the industrial movement included all of the following except:
The scientific knowledge and interests of a succession of kings
Among the causes espoused by the Paris Commune of 1871 was:
The separation of church and state and a confiscation of church properties.
How did the British enhance their legitimacy in the eyes of the Indian people?
They linked their rule with India's historic past.
How many Europeans migrated to Australia and New Zealand by 1914?
Three million
In 1911 the Austrian composer and theoretician Arnold Schoenberg created a new, modern style of musical composition called:
Twelve tone music.
By 1869 the first transcontinental railroad was joined with a final golden spike at Promontory Point, _______, resulting in greater trade and commerce across the American continent.
Utah
________ was so impressed with Nikolai Chernyshevsky's novel What Is to be Done? that he referred to it as one of the most influential books he had ever read and used the same title for one of his own treatises.
Vladimir Lenin
Charles Goodyear invented a process in 1839 that produced _________ rubber.
Vulcanized
In 1811, Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla:
Was captured and executed by loyal Spanish forces.
When they established power, the Qajars:
Were not powerful enough to interfere with the clerical hierarchy's privileges
E. D. Morel was able to publicize the mistreatment and exploitation of African slave labor on Belgian rubber plantations in Congo through a newspaper called the_____________.
West African Mail
The original goal of the National Congress when it convened in 1885 was to:
Win greater autonomy for India within the structure of the British Empire.
In the mid-1700s, agents responsible for the collection of taxes, like the "notables" in the Balkans and the "valley lords" in western Anatolia:
Withheld increasing amounts from the treasury in Istanbul.
In urban areas, ________ frequently ran shops, managed markets, were proprietors of cantinas, and performed a host of skilled and unskilled jobs, particularly in the textile and food trades.
Women
In Japan, government encouragement of the cooperation of finance and industrial elites led to the formation of _________.
Zaibatsu
In its final draft, the Declaration of Independence tacitly excluded the ________ of all Americans who were black slaves.
one-fifth
The Execution of Emperor Maximilian of Mexico, June 19, 1867, was painted by __________.
Édouard Manet
In 1824, what type of government did Mexico develop after the failure of Agustín Iturbide's empire?
Republic
In 1836, President Antonio López de Santa Ana failed to prevent _______ from becoming independent.
Texas
One of the results of the revolutions of 1848 was:
The election of Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte as president of France.
Who made up the "third estate" in France?
The peasants
The first Amerindian to accede to the office of President of Mexico was:
Benito Juárez
__________ wrote the novel Vanity Fair, a book on the foibles of the bourgeoisie
William Makepeace Thackeray
As a result of the Seven Years' War, France lost Canada to ___________ .
Britain
Slavery ended in Brazil in _________.
1888
Who wrote Gothic stories and tales as part of the Romantic movement?
Edgar Allan Poe
Patriotic feelings were roused in France in April 1792, when:
The government declared war on its eastern neighbors.
The nation-state of Italy was not fully unified until it established sovereignty over _______ in 1870.
Rome
Toussaint Louverture, a grandson of a vassal king in ___________, had obtained his freedom in the 1770s.
Benin
A major consequence of the American Civil War was
The abolishing of slavery.
The US Constitution seemed to embody many of the ideals of the Enlightenment, except for:
The issue of slavery
The Stamp Act of 1765 paid for:
The quartering of troops in the colonies in order to enforce the new taxes.
The Pure Food and Drug and Meat Inspection Acts were passed during the presidency of _________.
Theodore Roosevelt