Chapter 22
What observations and evidence have Jonathan Lasos and his colleagues gathered to support the theory of natural selection? (3)
- DNA evidence suggests that the different lizard body types evolved independently on each of the four large caribbean islands - when lasos and colleagues transplanted tree-dwelling anoles to small, hurricane-scrubbed islands without trees, the lizards evolved to have shorter legs after only a few generations - on each of the four large caribbean islands, lasos observed the same distribution of anole lizard body types
Varieties of S. aureus that are resistant to the drug methicillin _____. (2)
- already existed in the population before methicillin was developed - were strongly selected for as methicillin became widely used to treat bacterial infections
Darwin and Wallace independently arrived at the same conclusion that species change over time. Which observations supported their conclusion? (6)
- birdwing butterflies were found throughout the Malay archipelago, but species differed slightly from island to island - tortoises from different Galápagos islands have distinct shells - bird families clustered geographically: cockatoos in the Malay archipelago and australia, macaws and hummingbirds in the america's - the bony shells of armadillos resembled fossilized shells from the extinct Glyptodon - the fossilized remains of giant sloths were similar to the smaller, living sloths darwin encountered - mockingbirds from different Galápagos islands had subtle, consistent differences
Darwin and Wallace made independent observations in different parts of the world. What statements are true? (3)
- both witnessed nature up close and realized it was a battlefield with massive casualties - both observed slightly different species on nearby islands and concluded that species could change over time - both collected huge numbers of specimens and realized that individuals vary with species
No two species of anole lizards living in the same geographical location have dewlaps of the same size, shape, or color. Why? (4)
- differences in dewlaps keep different anole species reproductively isolated, even when they live together - female anole lizards distinguish males of their own species from males of other species by their dewlaps - dewlap color is under strong selection. Dewlaps that contrast with a lizards environment are more effective for communication -male anole lizards use dewlaps to court females
Jonathon Losos and colleagues conducted experiments on small, hurricane-swept islands as "natural laboratories." Which of the following statements is true? (3)
- islands scrubbed by hurricanes allow researchers to introduce new lizard populations and observe their evolution - natural selection can lead to rapid changes. The average leg length of lizard populations decreased within a few generations - there are many small locations with similar environments, meaning that researchers can repeat their experiments and observations in several locations
Which of the following observations led to Darwin's major inferences? (2)
- members of a population vary in their heritable traits - although organisms can produce huge numbers of offspring, many of these offspring do not survive
What does Dr. Carroll mean when he says, "while mutation is random, natural selection is not"? (3 things)
- natural selection acts on traits - natural selection favors some mutations - mutations for advantageous traits are more likely to be passed on to the next generation
Which observation led Darwin to establish a relationship between extinct and living animals? (2)
- the fossilized remains of giant sloths were found in places where smaller sloths now live - the bony shells of armadillos resembled the shells of ancient Glyptodon fossils
in the lab Nachman examined dark mice from two different populations living hundreds of miles apart. The mice looked nearly identical l. Their dark color was caused by two different genes. What does this tell you?
- two completely different mutations in two separate genes can generate the same phenotype - there are at least two genes involved in creating dark mouse fur - dark fur color evolved independently on each lava flow - under very similar conditions, natural selection can favor very similar adaptations
Which of the following are testable hypotheses that could explain the researchers' data? Select all that apply.
-The population size of cliff swallows living near roads has decreased over time. -Scavenger population sizes have increased, and more road-killed swallows get eaten before they can be found -Traits that help individuals avoid being hit by cars have evolved through natural selection in the cliff swallow population.
The theory of evolution through natural selection is considered a scientific theory because ____. (3)
-it is broad enough in scope to explain many observations -it is supported by a massive body of evidence from many disciplines -it is general enough to provide many testable hypotheses
Some monkey flowers (Mimulus guttatus) living near the sites of copper mines can grow in soil containing high concentrations of copper, which is toxic to most plants. Copper tolerance is a heritable trait. The map below shows the area near an old copper mine, which contaminated the nearby soil with copper. A stream flows past the mine toward the lake at the bottom right of the map. Use the map to determine which of the statements below are true. Select the three statements that are true.
1. Nearly 100% of monkey flowers growing in copper-contaminated soil are copper tolerant. 2. If you were to test monkey flowers growing on the shore of the lake, you would expect nearly 100% of them to be copper tolerant. 3. The population that existed before mining must have included both copper-tolerant and copper-intolerant plants.
Biogeography
1. similarity of endemic island species to nearby mainland species 2. the high concentration of marsupial species in Australia
Identify the four postulates of natural selection.
1.Individuals with certain traits are more likely to survive and reproduce. 2. Individuals in a population vary in the traits they possess. 3. Survival and reproductive success are variable among individuals in a population. 4. Some trait differences are heritable.
Fossil record
1.discovery of shells of extinct species 2.discovery of transitional forms of horses
Homology
1.similarities in mammalian forelimbs 2. vestigial pelvis in right whales 3. same genetic code in fireflies and tobacco plants
Where are the Galapagos Islands located?
600 miles west of Ecuador, near the equator
Which of the following organisms could be produced by artificial selection?
A cow that produces a large quantity of milk
Which term describes a trait that increases an individual's ability to survive in a particular environment?
Adaptation
Artificial selection (breeding) was a very important factor in the development of Darwin's ideas on natural selection. In which of the following respects is artificial selection distinct from natural selection?
Artificial selection does not rely exclusively on the environment to determine relative survival and reproduction rates.
Over time, bacteria have become increasingly resistant to antibiotics. Which of the following best explains this in terms of natural selection?
Bacteria that happen to have natural resistance to antibiotics survived and reproduced.
What we know about evolution changes constantly as new observations lead to new hypotheses—and hence to new ways to test our understanding of evolutionary theory. Consider the wild guppies (Poecilia reticulata) that live in pools connected by streams on the Caribbean island of Trinidad. Male guppies have highly varied color patterns, which are controlled by genes that are only expressed in adult males. Female guppies choose males with bright color patterns as mates more often than they choose males with drab coloring. But the bright colors that attract females also make the males more conspicuous to predators. Researchers observed that in pools with few predator species, the benefits of bright colors appear to "win out," and males are more brightly colored than in pools where predation is intense. One guppy predator, the killifish, preys on juvenile guppies that have not yet displayed their adult coloration. Researchers predicted that if guppies with drab colors were transferred to a pool with only killifish, eventually the descendants of these guppies would be more brightly colored (because of the female preference for brightly colored males). To test this prediction, researchers transplanted 200 guppies from pools containing pike-cichlid fish, intense guppy predators, to pools containing killifish, less active predators that prey mainly on juvenile guppies. They tracked the number of bright-colored spots and the total area of those spots on male guppies in each generation. What question did the researchers ask?
Can predation result in selection for color patterns in guppies?
The modern idea of extinction as a common occurrence in Earth's history was first proposed in the early 19th century writings of __________.
Cuvier
Scientific evidence documents the pattern of evolution. The evidence exists in a variety of categories, including direct observation of evolutionary change, the fossil record, homology, and biogeography. Sort the following examples into the correct categories.
Direct observation of evolutionary change: Development of drug resistant bacteria Fossil record: Discovery of transitional forms of horses, Discovery of shells of extinct species Homology: Similarities in mammalian forelimbs, Same genetic code in fireflies and tobacco plants, Vestigial pelvis in right whales Biogeography: Similarity of endemic island species to nearby mainland species, The high concentration of marsupial species in Australia
Varieties of HIV that are resistant to the drug 3TC______. (Concept 22.3)
Drug resistance spreads through a population because it already existed in the population before 3TC was developed AND because it was strongly selected for as 3TC became widely used to treat HIV
The wing of a bat is homologous to the _____ of a whale.
Flipper
Color is an inherited trait in beetles. If brown beetles move into a population from a nearby island, which of the following statements is correct?
Gene flow causes the frequency of the brown allele to increase
Scientists working in the fields of both genetics and archaeology have made discoveries that help us understand the origin of maize. Which statement(s) best reflect the way(s) each discipline's work support evidence generated by the other?
Geneticists used DNA data to determine how long ago maize was domesticated. Archaeologists then verified the conclusion by dating maize microfossils. Genetics data pinpointed the likely location of the earliest maize domestication, which allowed archaeologists to find fossil evidence of early maize in caves.
Paleontology, the study of fossils, was developed by __________.
Georges Cuvier
You are a cattle rancher and will abide by the new legislation. Which of the following will you be allowed to do?
Give antibiotics to an animal in your herd that is ill.
For which one of the following observations were both Lamarck's hypothesis and Darwin's hypothesis in complete agreement?
Gradual evolutionary change explains why organisms are well-suited to their environments.
Remember that color is an inherited trait in beetles. Which of the following is an example of natural selection?
Green beetles leave more offspring than brown beetles because they are better at finding food
Which of the following is a true statement about Charles Darwin?
He proposed natural selection as the mechanism of evolution.
As proposed by Darwin, what sorts of traits are favored by natural selection?
Heritable traits that help individuals survive and reproduce more successfully than others in the same population.
Which of the following statements is an accurate combination of postulates 1 and 2 of natural selection?
Heritable variation exists for traits among individuals in a population.
When dark-colored fur gives mice a 1% competitive advantage and 1% of the population begins with dark fur, in about 1000 years, 95% of the population will have dark fur. Which of the following statements is true?
If dark-colored rock pocket mice had a competitive advantage of 0.1%, it would take longer for 95% of the population to have dark fur.
Starting from the wild mustard Brassica oleracea, breeders have created the strains known as Brussels sprouts, broccoli, kale, and cabbage. Therefore, which of the following statements is correct?
In this wild mustard, there is enough heritable variation to permit these different varieties.
Which of the following statements is an accurate combination of postulates 3 and 4 of natural selection?
Individuals experience differential success in their ability to survive or reproduce due to differences in certain traits.
Which of the following is not an observation or inference that Darwin made while developing his theory of evolution? Interactions between individuals and their environments cause individuals to evolve. Members of a population often vary in their inherited traits. Individuals whose inherited traits give them a higher probability of surviving and reproducing in a given environment tend to leave more offspring than do other individuals. All species can produce more offspring than their environments can support, and many of these offspring fail to survive and reproduce. The unequal abilities of individuals to survive and reproduce will lead to the accumulation of favorable traits in the population over generations.
Interactions between individuals and their environments cause individuals to evolve.
Scala Naturae
Life forms could be arranged on a ladder of increasing complexity
which of the following statements best describes Linnaeus' method of classifying organisms
Linnaeus grouped organisms into increasingly more inclusive categories
A number of scientists influenced Darwin's thinking about evolution. Which of the following scientists had proposed that the geological processes of the past (e.g., rivers forming valleys over time) were still in operation?
Lyell
What did Wallace conclude from observing that the bones in manatee flippers look similar to the bones in a human arm and hand?
Manatees' arm and finger bones are evidence that manatees share a common ancestor with land mammals.
When Charles Darwin set sail on the HMS Beagle, what did he and most of his contemporary scientists think about the origin of species?
Most scientists, including Darwin, thought each species was specially created by God in its present form and did not change over time.
the upper forelimbs of humans and bats have fairly similar skeletal structures, whereas the corresponding bones in whales have very different shapes and proportions. However, genetic data suggest that all 3 kinds of organisms diverged from a common ancestor at about the same time. which of the following is the most likely explanation for these data?
Natural selection in an aquatic environment resulted in significant changes to whale forelimb anatomy.
Strata
New layers of sediment that cover old ones and compresses themselves into layers of rock
Endemic
No where else in the world
Does the ability of a Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell to infect a new host depend on its drug-resistant phenotype?
No, drug-susceptible cells and drug-resistant cells are equally likely to infect a new host.
Because he was well aware of the effect his theory of evolution would have on the public and on the Church of England, Darwin delayed publishing his work for several decades while he gathered additional evidence. After invoking selective breeding of domesticated species as evidence that groups of organisms are capable of change, he then proposed that natural populations can change as well. On which two lines of evidence did he base this proposal? (Concept 22.2)
Organisms within a population vary, and all populations produce more offspring than can be supported by the environment, resulting in competition for survival within the population.
A particular antibiotic kills 99% of a bacterial population. What will be the result of the continued application of this antibiotic?
Over time, the antibiotic will become less effective at killing the bacteria.
Which of the following is not an observation or inference on which natural selection is based?
Poorly adapted individuals never produce offspring.
What was the researchers' main hypothesis?
Predation results in selection for more drab color patterns in guppies
What conclusion would you draw from the data presented?
Predation results in selection for more drab coloration in pike-cichlid pools
Fossils
Remains or traces of organisms from the past
Vestigal Structures
Remnants of features that served a function in the organisms ancestors
in 1959, doctors began using the powerful antibiotic methicillin to treat infections of S. aureus, but within 2 years, methicillin-resistant strains of S. aureus (MRSA) appeared. How did the resistant strains of S. aureus emerge?
S. aureus bacteria that were able to synthesize cell walls using a protein that was not affected by methicillin survived the methicillin treatments and reproduced at higher rates than did other individuals. Over time, these resistant individuals became increasingly common
Soapberry bugs use needlelike "beaks" to feed on seeds within the fruits of various plants. Bugs feed most successfully when their beak length matches the size of the fruit on which they are feeding. For 25 years, populations of soapberry bugs in central Florida have been feeding on small goldenrain tree fruits that were introduced to the area, rather than on the larger native balloon vine fruits that serve as food for other soapberry bug populations. Beak lengths of soapberry bugs are variable, but the average beak length is shorter in soapberry bug populations that feed on goldenrain tree fruits than in populations that feed on balloon vine fruits, as shown in the graph. How does natural selection act on beak length in soapberry bug populations?
The action of natural selection on beak length in soapberry bug populations varies with the environment.
What does each branch point on an evolutionary tree represent?
The common ancestor of the lineages beginning there and to the right of it
In the United States today, about half of the corn crop is genetically engineered with a protein that is toxic to corn borers, an insect pest of corn. Which of the following conditions would be necessary for evolution of resistance to the toxic protein to occur in the corn borer?
The corn borer must have or generate (by mutation) heritable variation in resistance to the toxic protein. The resistant corn borers must survive better or reproduce more than nonresistant corn borers.
Which of the following prompted the passing of the new legislation regarding antibiotic use in livestock?
The decreasing effectiveness of antibiotics in humans
Which of the following statements describes the evolution by natural selection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria in their new environment?
The drug-resistance trait is an adaptation to the environment in which human hosts are medicated with the antibiotic rifampin
Which of the following is an example of the pattern of evolution?
The fossil record of the evolution of modern cetaceans
Convergent Evolution
The independent evolution of similar features in different lineages
Which of the following is not an assumption that Darwin made about how evolution acts on populations?
The most fit individuals will always have the most offspring.
A population of zooplankton is exposed to a small number of predatory fish that feed on the larger-sized (adult) zooplankton. Which of the following predictions would most likely occur based on the principles of natural selection? (Concept 22.3)
The population will come to contain adult zooplankton that reach sexual maturity when they are still relatively small.
Which statement correctly describes the evolution of antibiotic-resistant bacteria?
The presence of an antibiotic in an environment leads to the selection of those individuals that are most resistant to it
As Wallace traveled the Malay Archipelago, he noticed that western islands had placental mammals, like monkeys. Eastern islands had marsupial mammals, like kangaroos. How did Wallace explain this distribution?
The western islands were once connected to Asia and the eastern islands had been connected to Australia. The islands had never been connected to each other.
Why do dark-colored rock pocket mice on dark lava flows have white bellies?
There is no selection for dark bellies by visual predators.
What did Darwin observe about species on islands? (Concept 22.3)
They are often closely related to species from the nearest mainland or neighboring islands.
Why did dark-colored rock pocket mice first appear in a population of light-colored rock pocket mice?
They have a genetic mutation that affects their fur color.
What does the FDA think drug companies will do regarding voluntary label changes on antibiotics for livestock?
They will comply with the new recommendations.
Suppose that after 22 months, guppies from the transplanted population were returned to the source pool. What would most likely happen to those guppies?
They would experience a higher rate of predation than the native population, and over time they would evolve and resemble the original source population.
How did the types of data the researchers collected enable them to test their prediction?
Tracking the number and area of colored spots provided a quantitative way to compare the brightness of different populations.
A group of researchers gathered data on the number of cliff swallow road kills they observed while driving between nest sites in Nebraska. The data cover a period of about 30 years and date back to the time when cliff swallows first started to nest under highway overpasses. As the graph shows, the number of road kills observed declined sharply over time. The data led the researchers to ask themselves this question: What caused this decline? Which of the following are testable hypotheses that could explain the researchers' data? Select all that apply.
Traits that help individuals avoid being hit by cars have evolved through natural selection in the cliff swallow population. The population size of cliff swallows living near roads has decreased over time. Scavenger population sizes have increased, and more road-killed swallows get eaten before they can be found.
True or false? It would be difficult to assess whether the drug-susceptible or drug-resistant phenotype in a population of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was more fit in an environment without antibiotics.
True
Over long periods of time, many cave-dwelling organisms have lost their eyes. Tapeworms have lost their digestive systems. Whales have lost their hind limbs. How can natural selection account for these losses?
Under particular circumstances that persisted for long periods, each of these structures presented greater costs than benefits.
Which one of the following researchers developed a theory of evolution that was very similar to Charles Darwin's?
Wallace
Researchers further hypothesized that if predation pressure is reduced, drab coloration would become less beneficial (since females prefer brightly colored mates). Based on this hypothesis, what prediction did the researchers test in this experiment?
When guppies with drab colors are transferred to a pool with only killifish, the transplanted population will evolve brighter colors than the original source population
Should bat wings be considered homologous to whale flippers? Which of the following is the best answer and argument?
Yes. They have similar bone structure inherited from a common ancestor.
Mutations are always __________.
a change in an individual's DNA
Natural selection is best described as _____.
a filtering process that fine-tunes the traits of populations by sorting among existing, randomly produced variations
An adaptation is __________.
a trait that gives an organism a reproductive advantage in the current environment
The island fox shares a common ancestor with the gray fox, Urocyon cinereoargenteus, which is found on the mainland. Both species have similar coloration and a diploid chromosome number of 66. One structural difference between the two species is the reduced size of the island fox, a feature known as dwarfism. The various island subspecies also differ from each other in size, number of tail vertebrae, and other characteristics. The phylogenetic tree below shows the evolutionary relationships between the island fox subspecies and the gray fox. Drag the labels to their appropriate locations on the tree. 1. First, drag the blue labels onto the blue targets to identify the common ancestors at the branch points. 2. Next, drag one white label onto the white target to identify the homologous characteristic. 3. Then, drag one pink label onto the pink target to identify the relationship between the two species.
a. ancestor of gray foxes and island foxes b. ancestor of Santa Rosa and San Miguel foxes c. Dwarfism d. ancestor of northern channel island foxes e. most closely related f. ancestor of southern channel island foxes g. ancestor of island foxes h. ancestor of Santa Catalina and San Clemente foxes
On Darwin's tour of South America, which of the following facts became clear to him? The Earth must be very old. Regardless of habitat, living South American organisms resembled each other more than they did the organisms of England. South American fossils resembled living South American organisms. The Galápagos Islands were colonized from the continental mainland. all of the above
all of the above
All known organisms translate genetic information to produce protein molecules via the same genetic code. This finding strongly supports the hypothesis that __________.
all organisms are descended from a single common ancestor
Which of the following observations most strongly supports the common origin of all life on earth?
all organisms use essentially the same genetic code
which of the following factors would most likely cause an increase in population size of a prey animal
an improvement in eyesight
Given what we know about evolutionary biology, which of the following places would be the most likely to have the highest number of species that are unique to the area? Assume that the conditions have existed for at least a few million years.
an isolated group of ocean islands
Which of the following correctly describes what the video referred to as a "microbial cure"?
antibiotics are used to kill all of the infectious bacteria in a person
HIV has become an important source of mortality for humans. If AIDS persists as a major factor for humans for many generations in the future, natural selection theory predicts that _____.
any heritable traits that help humans survive and reproduce in the presence of AIDS should become more frequent over time
Which of the following statements best defines artificial selection
artificial selection is a process in which humans decide which plants and/or animals will and will not breed
The Galapagos Islands were the first place on Earth to _____.
be declared a world heritage site
Tourism on the Galapagos Islands is being restricted by requiring tourists to _____.
be escorted by trained guides at all times
post- (or postero)
behind
similarity of endemic island species to nearby mainland species
biogeography
the high concentration of marsupial species in australia
biogeography
Of the following anatomical structures, which is most homologous to the bones in the wings of a bird?
bones in the flippers of a whale
Darwin used the phrase "descent with modification" to explain which of the following ideas
both the unity and diversity of life
amphi-
both, double, two
what happened in the soapberry bug population in central florida when the bugs began to feed on the seeds from the goldenrain tree fruits which are much closer to the fruit surface
bugs with shorter brake had more access to food, allowing them to produce more offspring
Cotton-topped tamarins are small primates with tufts of long white hair on their heads. While studying these creatures, you notice that males with longer hair get more opportunities to mate and father more offspring. To test the hypothesis that having longer hair is adaptive in these males, you should _____.
capture a group of males with long hair at random, and cut the hair very short in half of the males; then, compare the number of matings of males with their hair left unchanged vs. males with shortened hair
Evidence from molecular biology supports the theory of evolution by demonstrating that __________. (Concept 22.3)
closely related organisms have more similar DNA and proteins than more distantly related organisms
Even though rodents known as sugar gliders and flying squirrels are members of distinctly different groups of organisms and live on different continents, they possess similar characteristics. This is an example of __________.
convergent evolution
which of the following statements best describes darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection
darwin's theory emphasized that populations vary and change over time
Darwin originally defined evolution as __________.
descent with modification
what is the meaning of darwin's expression "descent with modification"
descent with modification refers to the evolutionary change over time
Direct observation of evolutionary change
development of drug resistance in bacteria
Seemingly dissimilar organisms such as hummingbirds, humans, and whales have similar skeletal structures. This most directly suggested to biologists that __________. (Concept 22.3)
dissimilar organisms might have evolved from a distant, common ancestor
A challenge to traditional (pre-1860) ideas about species came from embryology, when it was discovered that __________.
embryos of dissimilar organisms, such as sharks and humans, resemble each other
In the video, what does the UK's Chief Medical Officer suggest for promoting the development of new antibiotics?
encouraging big pharmaceutical companies to start investing again in new drug research and development
Organisms found only in specific places in the world are referred to as __________.
endemic
equi-
equal
Which of the following statements about evolutionary trees is accurate?
evolutionary trees are considered evolutionary hypotheses
Animals that possess homologous structures probably __________.
evolved from the same ancestor
Horses and donkeys can reproduce to produce mules. Thus, horses and donkeys are considered to be a single species.
false (Mules are sterile. Thus, even though horses and donkeys can reproduce, they are still considered to be separate species. This type of reproductive barrier is called hybrid weakness.)
Speciation is always a slow, gradual process.
false (The fossil record has many examples of species that appear suddenly, persist with little change, and then suddenly disappear. The term "punctuated equilibrium" describes this type of species change through time.)
Imagine that you start with a population of red, white, and blue flowers, a trait controlled by genetics. If you always cut blue flowers before they have a chance to reproduce, the number of blue flowers will change from generation to generation; however, the gene pool will still remain constant.
false (The gene pool represents all the forms of all of the genes at any one time. It will change as a result of the enhanced reproductive success of the red and white flowers compared to that of the blue flowers)
Dr. Beadle planted about 50,000 seeds from the second cross. About 100 of these F2 offspring looked like teosinte, and about 100 like maize. Based on this result, how many genes did Dr. Beadle conclude could account for the differences between maize and teosinte?
four or five
The evolution of populations due to chance is
genetic drift (Genetic drift describes the evolution of a population due to chance.)
In a population with brown and green alleles for color, genetic drift
has more effect on the evolution of a small population.
Which of the following is an example of the process of evolution? (Concept 22.0) and (Concept 22.3)
herbivory
On an evolutionary tree __________. (Concept 22.3)
homologous characteristics form a nested pattern
Structures as different as human arms, bat wings, and dolphin flippers contain many of the same bones, which develop from similar embryonic tissues. These structural similarities are an example of ____.
homology
vestigial pelvis in right whales
homology
DNA sequences in many human genes are very similar to the sequences of corresponding genes in chimpanzees. The most likely explanation for this result is that
humans and chimpanzees share a relatively recent common ancestor.
Which of the following would help strengthen the researchers' conclusion?
if no other characteristics differed significantly between the source and transplanted populations
What are adaptations?
inherited characteristics of organisms that enhance their survival
Adaptations are defined as __________.
inherited characteristics of organisms that enhance their survival and reproduction in specific environments
It has been observed that organisms on islands are different from, but closely related to, similar forms found on the nearest continent. Which of the following possible conclusions is best derived from this observation?
island forms are descended from mainland forms
To describe evolution as a "scientific theory" means that __________.
it is a broad model that is supported by many observations and much experimental evidence
Evolution of shorter legs in anole lizards placed on small, hurricane-scrubbed islands is an example of which type of evolution?
microevolution
Darwin's explanation of how adaptations arise centered on __________.
natural selection
which of the following statements best describes evolution
populations change genetically from one generation to the next
Charles Darwin __________.
proposed natural selection as the mechanism of evolution
sym-
same
Which of the following statements is most accurate in comparing scientific theories and scientific hypotheses?
scientific theories are supported by, and make sense of, many observations, whereas scientific hypotheses are narrow, testable ideas
At the time Charles Darwin sailed on HMS Beagle, __________.
several biologists had proposed that species might change over time, but none had suggested a convincing mechanism that might cause the change
Currently two living elephant species (X and Y) are classified in the genus Loxodonta, and a third species (Z) is placed in the genus Elphas. Thus, which of the following statements would be accurate?
species X and Y share a greater number of homologies with each other than either does with species Z
which of the following is an observation or inference on which natural selection is based
species produce more offspring than the environment can support
Lyell's principle of uniformitarianism __________. (Concept 22.1)
strongly influenced Darwin's view of how living organisms could change over time
George Beadle concluded that teosinte is the likely ancestor of maize (corn), even though the two plants appear very different. What evidence did Dr. Beadle collect that led to his conclusion?
teosinte and maize have similar chromosomes teosinte and maize can produce fertile hybrids
Carolus Linnaeus is considered to be the founder of __________, and he __________. (Concept 22.1)
the binomial classification system ... thought that resemblances among different species reflected the pattern of their creation
Members of two different species possess a similar-looking structure that they use in a similar way to preform about the same function. Which of the following observations would suggest that the relationship more likely represents homology rather than convergent evolution?
the embryological development of the two structures are similar
If color is an inherited trait in beetles, and birds are more likely to eat brown beetles than green beetles,
the frequency of the green allele will increase.
What was the control group in this study?
the source population in the pike-cichlid pools
If the bacterium S. aureus experiences a cost for maintaining one or more antibiotic-resistance genes, what would be most likely to happen in environments that lack antibiotics?
these bacteria would be outcompetes and replaced by bacteria that have lost the antibiotic resistance genes
Which of the following sets of animals are likely to be found on the Galapagos Islands?
tortoises, finches, blue-footed boobies
A farmer uses triazine herbicide to control pigweed in his field. For the first few years, the triazine works well and almost all the pigweed dies; but after several years, the farmer sees more and more pigweed growing once again in the fields. Which of the following statements best explains the return of pigweed to the farmers fields?
triazine-resistant weeds were more likely to survive and reproduce than were non-resistant individuals
Darwinian fitness is measured only in terms of the number of healthy offspring produced.
true (By definition, Darwinian fitness is the contribution that an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation in comparison to the contributions from other individuals.)
Homologies that appear to have marginal, if any, importance to an organism are called __________.
vestigial structures
The scala naturae, or scale of nature, is based on the ideas of __________.
Aristotle
which of the following statements about natural selection is true
Natural selection favors individuals that reproduce more than others.
Imagine that four people are infected with HIV from a common source (an infected blood sample). Initially, the patients' HIV populations are genetically identical. By the time they develop full-blown AIDS, how would the viral populations of the four patients compare?
Each patient's viral population would be unique, specifically adapted to deal with—and overcome—his or her unique immune system responses.
How does our understanding of genetics today refute Lamarck's principle of the inheritance of acquired characteristics?
Experiments in genetics show that traits acquired during an individual's lifetime are not inherited in the way proposed by Lamarck.
Which term describes the ability of a trait to be passed on to offspring?
Heritability
Which of the following is a key observation that must be explained in a unifying theory about life? (Concept 22.0)
Many basic characteristics are shared by all living things.
Identify the pair of homologous structures.
Maple leaf and oak leaf
Artificial Selection
Modification of the species over many generations by selecting and breeding individuals that possess desired traits
What insight did Darwin gain from reading Thomas Malthus's essay on human suffering? (Concept 22.2)
Organisms have the capacity to produce more offspring than the environment can support.
A farmer wishes to develop a strain of high-yield corn that is also resistant to drought. He has the following individuals from the current year's crop: Individual A—Yield: 179 bushels/acre; drought resistance: high Individual B—Yield: 220 bushels/acre; drought resistance: low Individual C—Yield: 185 bushels/acre; drought resistance: medium Individual D—Yield: 140 bushels/acre; drought resistance: high Individual E—Yield: 200 bushels/acre; drought resistance: medium Which of the following crosses would produce the highest corn yield with the highest resistance to drought?
A & E
In the projected video showing the growth of bacteria, why did the bacteria grow up to the edge of the area with antibiotics, pause, then continue to grow across the area with antibiotics?
A few bacteria experienced random mutations in their DNA, which allowed some of them to grow even though antibiotics were present.
Homologous
Share common ancestor but not necessarily similar function
Homology
Similarity resulting from common ancestry ex. forelimbs of mammals are similar
Considering how MRSA arose, what is a reasonable prediction for what will happen as the new antibiotic "teixobactin" is applied to MRSA?
Some MRSA cells will be naturally resistant to teixobactin and will become more prevalent due to selection.
Within six months of effectively using methicillin to treat S. aureus infections in a community, all new infections were caused by MRSA. How can this result best be explained?
Some drug-resistant bacteria were present at the start of treatment, and natural selection increased their frequency.
How did some strains of Staphylococcus aureus become resistant to antibiotic drugs? (Concept 22.3)
Some members of the bacteria population must have had a genetic variation that made them resistant to antibiotics, and these bacteria had greater reproductive success than sensitive individuals.
which of the following observations helped darwin shape his concept of descent with modification
South American temperate plants are more similar to the tropical plants of South America than to the temperate plants of Europe.
Which of the following people is most likely to be against the new antibiotics legislation?
The CEO of the National Pork Producers Council.
The human immune system cannot effectively suppress the HIV virus on its own. What key feature of HIV makes it so hard to beat?
The HIV virus has an extremely high rate of mutation.
A group of small fish live in a lake with a uniformly light-brown sandy bottom. Most of the fish are light brown, but about 10% are mottled. This fish species is often prey for large birds that live on the shore. A construction company dumps a load of gravel in the bottom of the lake, giving it a mottled appearance. Which of these statements presents the most accurate prediction of what will happen to this fish population? (Concept 22.2)
The proportion of mottled fish will increase over time.
What is the concern about using antibacterial and antimicrobial soaps?
The use of any chemical that kills bacteria can eventually lead to resistance to that chemical in the population of bacteria.
The cow Bos primigenius (which is bred for meat and milk) has a smaller brain and larger eyes than closely related species of wild ungulates. Which of the following best describes the process that led to differences between the domesticated/farmed cows and their wild relatives?
artificial selection resulted in changes in the lineage leading to domesticated cows because humans wanted animals with high milk output and high muscle content
ploid
chromosomes
-pod
foot
discovery of shells of extinct species
fossil record
discovery of transitional forms of horses
fossil record
same genetic code in fireflies and tobacco plants
homology
similarities in mammalian forelimbs
homology
Which species is threatening the natural wildlife on the Galapagos Islands?
humans
Which of these conditions do NOT occur in populations evolving due to natural selection
individuals pass on most traits that they acquire during their lifetime
A heritable trait is one that...
is determined at least in part by genes passed from parents to offspring.
Which of the following statements is accurate about an organ described as vestigial?
it must be homologous to some feature in an ancestor
arthr-
joint
Which of the following is an example of an adaptation in anole lizards?
long legs in the anole lizards that live primarily on the ground and tree trunks
Dr. Doebley and his team compared the DNA sequence of maize to that of a number of teosinte varieties from throughout Mexico. What did their analysis reveal?
maize is most closely related to a teosinte variety in the Balsas region of Mexico maize originated from a variety of teosinte that existed about 9,000 years ago
poly-
many
When they were first sold, aerosol insecticides were highly effective in killing flies and mosquitoes. Now, several decades later, a much smaller proportion of these insects die when sprayed. The reason fewer insects die when they are sprayed is that __________.
many mosquitoes today are descendants of mosquitoes with insecticide-resistant characteristics
In Darwin's view of descent with modification __________. (Concept 22.2)
natural selection can improve the match between an organism and its environment
which of the following statements is most consistent with data obtained from the fossil record
older strata carry fossils that differ greatly from living organisms
From his observations of organisms in the Galapagos islands, Darwin reasoned that _____.
organisms had adapted to new environments, giving rise to new species
The Lamarckian and Darwinian views of evolution share all of the following ideas except life evolves over time. the environment plays a role in evolution. inheritance from generation to generation is a key factor in evolution. organisms have an innate drive to become more complex.
organisms have an innate drive to become more complex.
allo-
other
The smallest unit that can evolve is a(n) __________. (Concept 22.2)
population
What data should you collect in order to test your prediction?
predation rate on transplanted versus original source guppies, and color patterns of the population over time
According to the theory of evolution, anatomical and molecular homologies should __________. (Concept 22.3)
produce similar patterns of evolutionary relatedness
Vestigial organs are __________. (Concept 22.3)
remnants of structures that were useful to an organism's ancestors, but which are now non-functional or show reduced function
homo- (homeo-)
same
A biologist observes that a particular plant species is found in a forest but not in a nearby meadow. She hypothesizes that the plants could grow in the meadow but are not found there because their seeds have yet to land in the meadow. Which of the following would be the most appropriate way to scientifically evaluate this hypothesis?
scattering seeds in several areas of the meadow and observing whether they start to grow
Which of the following contributes the LEAST to the problem of antibiotic resistance?
taking the entire course of antibiotics as prescribed by the doctor
Teosinte kernels are covered in a hard fruitcase, whereas maize kernels are "naked." What happened when Dr. Doebley's team introduced maize's version of the fruitcase gene into teosinte plants?
the teosinte kernels were partially exposed
What was the experimental group in this study?
the transplanted population in the killifish pools
DDT was once considered a ʺsilver bulletʺ that would permanently eradicate insect pests. Instead DDT is now largely ineffective against many insects. Which of the following possible actions would have had the best chance of preventing this evolution of DDT resistance?
the use of DDT should have been interspersed with the use of other pesticides that have a different mode of action
eu-
true, good
In which situation can just a few genes dramatically change an organism's entire appearance?
when the genes each control the expression of many other genes
co-
with or together with
prim-
first
proto-
first
The breeding of plants and animals for particular traits by humans is called __________. (Concept 22.2)
artificial selection
What does it mean that organisms have a nearly universal genetic code?
A specific DNA sequence encodes the same information in one species as it would in nearly any other.
During his voyage around the world, Darwin was inspired to think about evolution by __________. the unique organisms he saw in the Galápagos Islands studying adaptations of organisms to their environments the works of others such as Lamarck fossils he collected All of the listed responses are correct.
All of the listed responses are correct.
During periods of rapid environmental change, what may happen to a species that was well-suited to the former environment? ANSWER All of the listed responses are correct. The species may go extinct. Individuals with particular traits that provide an advantage in the new environment will have higher reproductive success. The population may change so much in adapting to the new environment that it is considered a new species. Traits that were favorable in the original environment may be detrimental in the new environment.
All of the listed responses are correct.
Which of the following is correct regarding natural selection? ANSWER All of the listed responses are correct. Natural selection is a process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than do individuals without those traits. Over time, natural selection can increase the correspondence between organisms and their environments. If an environment changes, or if individuals move to a new environment, natural selection may result in adaptation to these new conditions, sometimes giving rise to new species. Individuals do not evolve; populations do. None of the listed responses is correct.
All of the listed responses are correct.
After his journey on the HMS Beagle, Darwin made this now-famous sketch in his notebook. Which ideas does it represent?
All species are linked to one another by common ancestry.All species are connected to one another in a "family tree."Species descend from other species just as naturally as children come from parents.
Which of the following is true?
Countries besides the U.S. have legislation in place regarding the use of antibiotics in livestock.
How did Hutton and Lyell's ideas influence Charles Darwin's thinking?
Darwin reasoned that the Earth must be very old and that slow, subtle processes could produce substantial biological changes.
Suppose two species have a similar feature, and you are trying to decide whether the feature is homologous or convergent. What is the best strategy to use?
Determine if their common ancestor also had the feature.
What is the most important characteristic of anole lizard species that keeps members of one species from mating with members of another species
Different species living in the same habitat have different dewlaps.
Which of the following is an example of convergent evolution?
Dolphins and sharks have a similar streamlined body shape.
Which pair of chickens should a farmer breed to produce larger chickens?
Large hen, large rooster
pater (or patr)
father
