Chapter 22 Reproductive

Identify three functions of the organs of the female reproductive system.

produce and maintain female sex cells facilitate the development of the offspring produce female sex hormones

Just outside the prostate gland, each ductus deferens unites with the duct of a seminal vesicle. The fusion of these two ducts forms the ______ duct, which passes through the prostate gland and empties into the urethra.

ejaculatory

True or false: During prophase I, homologous chromosomes exchange segments of DNA in a process called fertilization.

false

Capacitation is a process that occurs in the ______ and results in ______.

female reproductive tract; weakening of the acrosomal membranes of sperm cells

What do oogonia develop into?

primary oocytes

Indicate the characteristics of semen.

-it contains secretions from the prostate gland -it is analkalkine fluid containing nutrients

Place in the correct order the sequence of events and the products of the ovarian cycle, with the earliest event/product at the top.

1. P F 2. Primary follicle 3. preantral follicle 4. M A F 5. ovulation 6. C L

Place the structures in the order that sperm cells flow through them, with the structure closest to sperm origin at the top.

1. ST 2. E 3. DD

A primary oocyte is stimulated to continue meiosis. The resultant cell has ______ chromosomes.

23

In general, the ability of a sperm cell to fertilize an oocyte lasts ______ after the sperm enters the female reproductive tract.

24-48 hours

It takes almost ______ days for the development of a mature antral follicle. A mature antral follicle is ready every ______ days.

300; 28

What is a primary oocyte?

A developing female gamete undergoing meiosis.

The correct sequence of the ovarian cycle is: primordial follicle, ____ follicle, preantral follicle, mature ____ follicle, and ovulation.

Blank 1: primary Blank 2: antral

What are spermatogonia?

Diploid cells that will become sperm cells.

During spermiogenesis, a spermatid undergoes which of the following changes?

Growth of a flagellum. Formation of an acrosome.

What are the effects of androgens in females?

Increased hair growth in the pubic and axillary regions.

Indicate the three male accessory glands.

Prostate, bulbourethral gland, seminal vesicle

The function of the bulbourethral glands is to secrete ______.

a fluid that lubricates the end of the penis

After polar body formation, the oocyte has which two of the following characteristics?

a haploid number of chromosomes a large amount of cytoplasm

An outcome of polar body formation is an oocyte with ______.

a large amount of cytoplasm

The area of connective tissue that remains in the ovary after degeneration of the corpus luteum is called the corpus ______

albicans

Certain changes in females at puberty, like increased hair growth in the pubic and axillary regions, are related to the hormone(s) called ______ secreted by the adrenal cortex.

androgens

Male reproductive functions are controlled by secretions from which three of the following?

anterior pituitary gland testes hypothalamus

Which gland secretes a fluid that functions to lubricate the tip of the penis in preparation for intercourse?

bulbourethral gland

As the corpus luteum degenerates (about day 24 of the cycle), it is replaced by connective tissue. What is this remnant of the corpus luteum called?

corpus albicans

After ovulation, the remnants of the follicle that released the oocyte form a temporary glandular structure in the ovary called a ______ that secretes estrogen and progesterone.

corpus lutenum

The ______ contracts when it is cold, and the scrotum becomes taut and wrinkled, holding the testes snugly against the body.

dartos muscle

The number of oocytes in the ovary steadily ______ from birth to menopause.

decreases

What happens to a secondary oocyte if it is not fertilized within hours?

degenerates

The epididymis directs sperm cells into what structure?

ductus deferens

he female reproductive system produces and maintains the female sex cells, called ____

eggs

The female reproductive cycle is characterized by regular, recurring changes in the ______, which culminate in menstrual bleeding (menses).

endometrium

Which layer of the uterus undergoes regular, recurring changes during the menstrual cycle?

endometrium

During sexual stimulation, parasympathetic impulses release nitric oxide (NO) that dilates arteries of the penis causing accumulation of blood; the penis swells and elongates, producing an ______

erection

The two main female sex hormones, secreted mainly by the ovaries, are _____ and ______

estrogen and progesterone

Oocytes are the sex cells of which gender?

female

The products of the process of meiosis are ______.

four genetically unique daughter cells

In the presence of the hormones ______ and testosterone, sustentacular cells stimulate the spermatogenic cells to undergo spermatogenesis, giving rise to sperm cells.

fsh

Which hormone stimulates the sustentacular cells of the seminiferous tubules to proliferate, grow, mature, and respond to the effects of the males sex hormone testosterone?

fsh

The root word that means origin is ______

genesis

Homologous chromosomes exchange segments of DNA in a process called crossing-over. What does this process produce?

genetically unique (different) sister chromatids

Beginning at puberty, primary oocytes continue meiosis. The resulting cells are secondary oocytes in which the original chromosome number is ______.

halved

Once ovulated, if the secondary oocyte is not fertilized within ______, it degenerates.

hours

Where does fertilization usually occur?

in the uterine tube (fallopian tubes)

After ovulation, what happens to a secondary oocyte?

it is swept into the uterine tube

In males, luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulates the ____ cells, which respond by secreting testosterone.

leydig

Sperm are the sex cells of which gender?

male

What is produced by the interstitial cells of the testes?

male sex hormones

Human gametes (sperm and ooocytes) are produced by which type of cell division?

meiosis

The process of ______ results in the formation of haploid cells with one set of genetic instructions carried on 23 chromosomes, while the process of ______ results in the formation of diploid cells with two sets of 23 chromosomes.

meiosis; mitosis

A woman in mid life is in the period of ______ after menstruation has ceased for a year.

menopause

The period of life in which follicles no longer mature, the concentration of estrogens decreases, and female reproductive organs shrink is called _____

menopause

Male gametes (sperm) are reproduced by a type of cell division called .

meosis

Spermatogenesis arrests during embryonic development after primary spermatocytes form through ______. The process continues at puberty when primary spermatocytes divide using a process of cell division called ______.

mitosis; meiosis

Baby girls are born with ______ oocytes than are present at puberty.

more

Which cell type gives rise to primary oocytes?

oogonia

Which term refers to ovarian stem cells that give rise to oocytes?

oogonia

Sexual excitement often culminates in a pleasurable feeling of physiological and psychological release referred to as a(n) ____

orgasm

The culmination of sexual stimulation is called a(n) _____ , a pleasurable feeling of physiological and psychological release that is accompanied by emission and ejaculation in males.

orgasm

Sex cells produced by the female gonads are called ______.

ova

The cylindrical organ that conveys urine and semen through the urethra to the outside is the ______.

penis

The male erectile organ that serves to deposit semen in the vagina is the _____.

penis

Indicate which of the following structures are male external reproductive organs.

penis scrotum

Millions of primordial follicles form in the ovarian cortex before birth. A primordial follicle consists of a layer of follicular cells surrounding a single, large cell called a _______ oocyte.

primary

Sperm are produced by the ______ sex organs and transported to the outside of the body by the actions of ______ sex organs.

primary ; accessory

The developing female gametes, as they progress through meiosis I, are called ______.

primary oocytes

Which structures are formed in the ovary prior to birth?

primordial follicles

Which of the following is not a function of the female reproductive system?

produce FSH and LH

The hormone ______ primarily targets the uterus, preparing and maintaining the uterus during pregnancy.

progesterone

The hormone secreted by the ovaries, which promotes changes in the endometrium and helps regulate secretions of gonadotropins from the anterior pituitary gland, is _____

progesterone

Indicate which of the following structures are male external reproductive organs.

scrotum and penis

The external accessory organs of the male reproductive system are the ______.

scrotum and penis

Indicate two roles of the male reproductive system.

secrete hormones vital to maintaining secondary sex characteristics spermatogenesis

The penis serves to deposit _____in the vagina.

semen

Each lobule within the testis contains one to four ______ with spermatogenic cells in the epithelial lining.

seminiferous tubules

Name the tubular structures located within the lobules of the testes.

seminiferous tubules

What is the function of the epididymides?

site of sperm maturation

Sex cells produced by the male gonads are called ______

sperm

Meiosis produces ______ in humans.

sperm cells and oocytes

Which cells in the seminiferous tubule give rise to sperm cells?

spermatogenic cells

Name the undifferentiated spermatogenic cells with 23 pairs of chromosomes, found in the periphery of the seminiferous tubules.

spermatogina

Differentiation of a spermatid into a single, mature sperm cell is called ______.

spermiogenosis

Emission is primarily regulated by which division(s) of the autonomic nervous system?

sympathetic

In the image, the arrow indicates the male reproductive organ called the ___

testes

The ejaculatory duct is formed by the union of which structures?

the ductus deferens and the seminal vesicle duct

When exposed to cold temperatures, the testes move ______ the pelvic cavity. When exposed to warmth, the testes move ______ the pelvic cavity.

toward; away from

Sperm needs to reach the ______ in order to fertilize the oocyte.

uterine tube

Where does a corpus luteum form?

within the follicle that ovulated an oocyte

Where are seminiferous tubules located?

within the testes

The ovarian stem cells that generate oocytes are _____

Oogonia, oogonium, or oogonia

______ line seminiferous tubules and give rise to sperm cells. ______ lie in between the tubules and secrete male sex hormones.

Spermatogenic cells; Interstitial cells (cells of Leydig)

The male reproductive structures function to produce _____ cells and introduce them into the vagina.

sperm

Differentiation of a spermatid into a single, mature sperm cell is called ______.

spermiogenesis

Emission occurs in response to ______ nerve impulses, which stimulate smooth muscle contraction in the walls of testicular ducts, epididymides, ductus deferentia, and ejaculatory ducts.

sympathetic

Two endocrine organs (hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland) and a male reproductive organ (_____), secrete hormones that maintain sperm cell production and oversee the development and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics.

testes

Indicate which organs secrete hormones that control male reproductive functions.

testes anterior pituitary gland hypothalamus

he ability of a sperm cell to fertilize an oocyte generally lasts about ______ after the sperm enters the female reproductive tract.

1-2 days

In the mature sperm cell, the nucleus would be found in the region labeled with letter ______ , mitochondria would be found in the region shown by letter ______ , and movement would occur using the structure labeled ________

1-B 2-A 3-C

Which is true regarding the time line of follicular development?

It is an ongoing process, with one mature follicle ready for ovulation every 28 days.

All of the following are accessory glands of the male reproductive system except the ______.

epididymis

The site of sperm cell maturation is the . As they pass through this structure, sperm gain the ability to "swim."

epididymis

Indicate the structures that sperm cells pass through.

epididymis ductus deferentia ejaculatory duct

The hormone that is secreted by the sustentacular cells, preventing oversecretion of FSH by exerting negative feedback on the anterior pituitary gland, is called _____

inhibin

Which hormone is secreted by sustentacular cells of the seminiferous tubules and prevents oversecretion of FSH?

inhibin

Which structures/cells produce the male sex hormones?

interstitial cells or cells of Leydig

The hormone called ______ stimulates development of the interstitial cells of the testes, which secrete androgens, mainly testosterone.

lh

From the spinal cord, ______ impulses cause ______ of the arteries and subsequent ______ of the veins. Consequently, blood accumulates in the erectile tissue and produces an erection.

parasympathetic; dilation; constriction

Sperm cells cannot fertilize an oocyte until they enter the female reproductive tract. Here they undergo a process called ______, which weakens the acrosomal membranes of sperm cells.

parasympathetic; dilation; constriction

The fluid expelled during male orgasm is called

semen