Chapter 22 study
When did the civil war start to turn in favor of the Union?
- 1863
What happened during Sherman's march to sea?
- Sherman and his men marched through the South from Chattanooga, Tennessee to Atlanta and Savannah Georgia - destroyed anything in their paths that the confederacy could use to help fight the war against the union - included crops, animals, factories, railroads - Civilian property was targeted
Effects of the Siege of Vicksburg?
- Union won - achieved the goal of splitting the confederacy into two - also achieved goal of taking control of the confederacy's main transportation and supply route - This combined with Gettysburg destroyed the South
Who won the Battle of Antietam?
It was a tie
Why can it be said that the Battle of Antietam was a defeat for both sides?
It was the bloodiest single day of the war
Strong navy and large fleet of trading ships
North
What risk did African American Union soldiers face in the war?
They risked death or enslavement if captured by confederates
How did the Confederacy hope to get England and France to support the Confederacy?
- "Cotton Diplomacy" - the idea that the confederacy would not sell cotton to England and France unless they helped the confederacy - this failed because those countries just decided to get cotton from other countries (Egypt + India)
The Gettysburg Address
- (1863) a speech given by Abraham Lincoln after the Battle of Gettysburg, in which he praised the bravery of Union soldiers and renewed his commitment to winning the Civil War; supported the ideals of self-government and human rights
What amendments came after the civil war?
- 13th amendment: abolished slavery - 14th amendment: granted citizenship to everyone born or naturalized in America. This included formerly enslaved people. - 15th amendment: stated that states could not prevent people from voting based on color or race, or previous enslavement
Effects if Lincoln's assassination?
- 1st president assassinated - Lincoln's plan for easy reconstruction and reuniting dies with him - President Johnson becomes unable to control an upset group of Northern politicians who wanted the South to be punished for their actions - Reconstruction becomes much harder on the South - The South still resents the North today for how harsh reconstruction was on them
What compromise did moderate republicans attempt to implement but was rejected by Lincoln and Davis?
- Crittenden Compromise Left the North with two choices: - allow for peaceful separation - fight to preserve the union
What was a contributing reason, at the fault of Jefferson Davis, that the Confederacy lost the war?
- Focused on military duties while neglecting the economy - was opposed by governors who resisted the drafting of soldiers
Why did the Siege of Vicksburg occur?
- Grant was ordered to take Vicksburg because it would allow the union to gain control of the Mississippi river - blockades Southern supply lines - splits the confederacy in two
Who assassinated Lincoln and when?
- John Wilkes Booth (actor; southern sympathizer) - April 14, 1865 Wilkes shoots Lincoln - Lincoln dies on April 15, 1865 - Ford's Theatre, Washington, DC
Why did the Battle of Antietam occur?
- Lee hoped that a Northern invasion would help gain support from Britain and France (Military and economic help) - Force Lincoln to negotiate a peace settlement - to take the attention away from the South so farmers could complete their harvests
Why did the Battle of Gettysburg occur?
- Lee wanted to divert the attention of the war from the South to the North - scare Washington into agreeing to peace by taking control over important northern cities
Immediate Effects of the civil war:
- abolition of slavery - 13th, 14th and 15th amendment - economic and physical devastation of the South - political Reconstruction of the South - nation reunites - Lincoln assassinated (1st time ever) - approximately 2% of total population dead (620,000 - some recent estimates are higher) (6,000,000 would be killed today if the percentage of the population killed remained the same) - as much as 3% of remaining population injured (about 1,000,000) - immeasurable mental trauma of soldiers and civilians - Republican supremacy throughout country - Southern hatred of North, Republicans, and black people
Effects of the Battle of Antietam
- allowed Lincoln to issue the Emancipation proclamation which switched the narrative of the war to be fighting for the freedom of slaves and to save the union - the emancipation proclamation hurts the confederacy, since Britain and France did not want to seem like they supported the existence of slavery - Union General McClellan missed a chance to destroy lee's army early and end the war in 1862 rather than 1865 - McClellan was removed from position as head general of the union army - bloodiest single day
Why did the southern states secede?
- believed they had lost all political power (Lincoln had won the election without any votes from the South - Believed that state's rights were superior to the federal government - Wanted to preserve the institution of slavery
What challenge did Lincoln face on the home front?
A number of problems were caused by Northerners who opposed the war
When did the confederacy surrender?
April 9, 1865 at Appomattox courthouse, VA
What were unionists who opposed war called?
Copperheads
Why was the Battle of Gettysburg a turning point in the Civil War?
General Lee lost so much of his army that he could only wage a defensive war on Southern soil
Turning Points of the Civil War
Gettysburg and Vicksburg
Why did General Lee send troops into Maryland, a slave state?
He hoped to convince Maryland to join the confederacy
Why did Lincoln echo the words of the Declaration of Independence in his Gettysburg Address?
He wanted to remind people of the ideals they were fighting for
What did the Emancipation Proclamation achieve?
It changed the purpose of the war to the end of slavery
How did the Battle of Bull Run change Lincoln's point of view?
It made him realize that ending the war would be much harder than expected
When did the Battle of Gettysburg happen?
July 1-3, 1863
Why was the civil war so deadly compared to other wars?
New weapons were being used with outdated medical information and battle styles
Factories to produce weapons and supplies for the army
North
Fighting to abolish slavery
North
Fighting to save the union
North
Had a strong leader and good war planner
North
Much larger population to serve and supply the army
North
Rail lines to transport troops and supplies
North
Fighting a defensive war
South
Fought to establish its right to leave the union
South
Fought to keep its traditional way of life, including slavery
South
Many of the army's best officers
South
More familiar with the countryside
South
Wooded terrain provided good defense cover
South
What was the most significant geographic disadvantage of the South?
The Mississippi river
Who won the first true battle of the civil war?
The confederacy
The Union completed the first step of the Anaconda Plan by the end of 1861. What did that accomplish?
The union launched a blockade and closeted most ports in the South to foreign ships
Why did Northerners believe Richmond was so important?
They believed the war could be won if they destroyed the Confederate capital
What was responsible for most Civil War deaths?
diseases
When did the Siege of Vicksburg end?
ended July 4, 1863
How did Lincoln keep order in the union at the beginning of the war?
expanded his executive power
How did Jefferson Davis compare the Civil War to the American Revolution?
he believed that the South was fighting for the same freedom as the nation's founders
At the beginning of the Civil War, the greatest weakness of the North was
its military leadership
The civil war was the first truly __________ war
modern
What did Union troops find when they approached the town of Manassas?
the Southern army knew about their plan and was waiting for them
Why did Lincoln suspend habeas corpus?
to throw possible traitors in jail
Sheridan's campaign in the Shenandoah Valley and Sherman's march through Georgia were example of General Grant's belief in
total war
Long-term effects of the civil war:
- boom of industry - federal authority is dominant over states' rights - Reconstruction is a very difficult process for the South - expansion of presidential power (e.g. suspension of habeas corpus) - movement to give civil rights to black people, and then to take them away - Amendments 13, 14, 15 ratified (abolition of slavery, citizenship rights, voting rights) - long-term industrial stagnation in the South - rise of the KKK - Southern hatred of North, Republicans, and black people - advances in technology (military, medical, communications, transportation, production) - some changes in military tactics in reaction to changes in technology (WWI will demonstrate that not enough adaptations were made) - several men who fought will later become presidents (Grant, Hayes, etc.)
Significance of the Surrender at Appomattox:
- civil war ends - union would become whole again - South would need to give up slavery + adjust their society - the question of whether states have more power than the federal government answered in favor of the federal government - Grant's generous terms of surrender allowed Lee to get his men to surrender peacefully
Importance of the Battle of Gettysburg
- confederacy loses the battle and their advantage in the war - confederacy never attacks the union in the northern US again - turning point of the war - bloodiest battle of the war
Why did Abraham Lincoln issue the Emancipation proclamation?
- gain support from abolitionists - to hurt the confederacy, since foreign countries would not want to seem like they were fighting for the existence of slavery - change the goal of the war from only saving the union to both saving the union and freeing the slaves
What happened at the Siege of Vicksburg?
- grant surrounded the city with cannons and continued to attack the city for weeks until the confederates surrendered
Why did the Union want to control the town of Vicksburg?
- holding Vicksburg would allow them to move men and supplies freely along the Mississippi river - split the confederacy in two
Where did the Emancipation Proclamation call for slaves to be freed?
- in slave states that were in rebellion - Lincoln only targeted these states b/c he did not want the border states to secede (they were slave states)
Terms of surrender
- men had to lay down weapons - give word that the confederacy wouldn't attack the union again - men could keep their horses and mules for their farms - officers could keep their side arms (a.ka. swords) - Grant ordered that food be sent to Lee's troops
How did Abraham Lincoln increase funding for the union?
- raised taxes (was a good decision compared to Davis's decision to print more money)
Effects of the Battle of Bull Run (Manassas)
- showed both sides that the war wouldn't be short nor bloodless - kept up confederate morale - Union passes income-tax laws since they realized it would be a long war - Union increased enlistment periods from 3 months to two years - Union general McDowell is replaced by General George B. McClellan
Why did Abraham Lincoln make the Emancipation Proclamation?
- switched the motive for war to ending slavery, and foreign countries did not want to intervene and help the confederacy, because it would make them seem like they supported slavery
Why did major inflation occur in the Confederate states?
- the confederacy was low-funded (blockaded, cotton diplomacy failed, Davis didn't focus on economy) so the confederacy relied on printing more money to fund things, leading to inflation
What were the effects of Sherman's march to sea
- the news of Sherman's achievements helped get Lincoln re-elected - Lincoln got credit for putting Sherman in charge - the South lost some of its ability to fight the war b/c they lose materials and resources - The South knew they would use, since they were unable to stop the army
How did new weapons affect the war?
- the use of new weapons against old battle plans (+ larger troops) led to massive deaths
What did women do during the war?
- they ran farms and businesses in the places of the men who went off to war - some served the military as messengers, guides, scouts smugglers, or spies - many provided medical care for sick and wounded soldiers
Why did the first battle of bull run occur?
- union troops were sent to capture the capital of the confederacy (Richmond, VA) but the confederacy knew about the union's plan and defeated them at a railway junction close to Washington DC
Why did John Wilkes Booth assassinate Lincoln?
- was upset that the confederates lost the war - felt cowardly for not fighting for the South - wanted to be famous for ding something "great" for the South