Chapter 23 A&P

Which of the following is true about glucose sparing?

Cells preferentially use fatty acids, amino acids, and ketone bodies as an energy source.

Drag the labels onto the equation to identify the inputs and outputs of cellular respiration.

Inputs: 1 Glucose (fuel) + 6 O2 Oxygen (gas we inhale) Outputs: 6 CO2 (gas we exhale) + 6 H2O (water) + ATP (energy packets that cells use to do work)

High Density Lipoprotein (HDL's)

carries cholesterol to the liver where it can be excreted as bile

Catabolism

chemical reaction that breaks bonds and releases energy nutrient monomers generate ATP (glucose) exergonic

Thermogenesis

energy is converted to heat

Molecules that can only be obtained from the diet are called __________.

essential nutrients

What molecule cannot be used for gluconeogenesis? What molecule cannot be used for gluconeogenesis?

fatty acid

What part of a triglyceride undergoes β-oxidation?

fatty acids

Heat Stroke

get so hot that you get sick, not sweating

Basal Metabolic Rate

minimal rate of metabolism

Very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL's)

more lipids than protein (not good)

Fatty Acids cannot be converted into...

new glucose molecules

ATP production by direct transfer of a phosphate group from a phosphate-containing molecule to ADP is called __________.

substrate-level phosphorylation

Absorptive State

taking all nutrients and dumping them into the blood stream, takes about 4 hours

Glycogenolysis

taking oxygen & breaking it down to get glucose

Hunger Center

tells you to eat

Satiety Center

tells you to stop eating

Amino Acid Catabolism

transamination- remove nitrogen nitrogen will ender the urea cycle w/ help of kidneys generates a carbon skeleton carbon skeleton can end with multiple possibilities

What type of organic molecule must undergo transamination prior to being used for ATP synthesis?

amino acids

The reaction A + B + energy --> AB is a(n) __________.

anabolic reaction

Excess glucose that isn't stored as glycogen is....

converted to acetyl- CoA then into fatty acids

Which of the following molecules is broken down in cellular respiration, providing fuel for the cell?

glucose

Which of the following processes is not common during the post-absorptive state?

glucose catabolism

Insulin forces...

glucose into the cell (high blood sugar) high glucose blood level gets glucose into cell to decrease glucose levels

Excess dietary proteins may become all of the following EXCEPT:

glycerol

Phosphorylation

stores energy, ATP donates a phosphate group

Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL's)

"bad" cholesterol because they go to cells (not good)

1 FADH2 can generate

2 ATP

1 NADH can generate

3 ATP

Which energy-rich molecule produced by cellular respiration directly powers cell work?

ATP

In Triglyceride the 1 glycerol is transformed into

G3P (glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate)

This figure illustrates the __________ state.

absorptive

Convection

heat is transferred through a liquid or gas

Hyperglycemia

high level of glucose in blood

Insulin works with

leptin and the stationary system to get you to stop eating

Hypoglycemia

low level of glucose in blood

Glucagon

low levels helps break down oxygen so you can get glucose

Drag the labels onto the flowchart to indicate how food molecules reach the body's cells and fuel cellular respiration. Start with the ingestion of food on the left.

-Eating food provides fuel & building blocks for your body -After food is broken down in the digestive system, it is transport to cells via the circulatory system -Fuel molecules are broken down further in glycolysis & the citric acid cycle (aka krebs cycle) -ATP is produced with the help of the electron transport chain

Triglyceride

1 glycerol, 3 fatty acids (four in total) is called glycolysis

Complete the formula for glucose catabolism (cell reparation): C6H12O6 + ___ --> 6H2O + 6CO2 + _____+ heat

6O2; 38 ATP

During lipogenesis, fatty acids are synthesized from __________.

acetyl-CoA

From which of the following are ketone bodies assembled during ketogenesis?

acetyl-CoA

ATP hydrolysis would yield all of the following, EXCEPT __________.

adenosine

ATP Synthase

allows you to make ATP, turbine rotor to generate ATP

Fatty Acid Synthase

allows you to make fatty acids

Coenzyme A (CoA)

allows you to turn pyruvate into acetyl- CoA

In Triglyceride the 3 fatty acids is transformed into

beta oxidation

The poison cyanide inhibits an enzyme in complex IV of the ETC and blocks electron transport altogether. This will also __________.

block the chemiosmotic gradient

Exergonic Reactions

break bonds & release energy catabolic reations

Hydrolysis

break the bond by throwing water at it

Glycolytic or Anaerobic Catabolism

breaks down sugar when no oxygen is around

Metabolism

breaks stuff down to build stuff up diet (nutrients) to make ATP

Endergonic Reactions

build bonds & absorb energy anabolic reactions

Anabolism

build stuff up & in the process needs energy endergonic

Feeding occurs during the absorptive state.

false

Ghrelin (hormone)

gets you to start eating

Leptin (hormone)

gets you to stop eating

Gluconeogenesis

getting glucose from non- carbohydrate sources, liver is good @ this

Hypothermia

getting too cold; metabolic rate slows; core temp below 32C

Hyperthermia

getting too hot; metabolic rate goes up; core temp above 42.8 C (109F)

The process of storing glucose as glycogen is known as:

glycogenesis.

The carbon skeleton of an amino acid can generate ATP through:

glycolysis or the citric acid cycle.

What ions flow along the electrochemical gradient back into the matrix to drive the work of ATP synthesis?

hydrogen

Glycolysis

in cytosol take one glucose start w/ 2 ATP end up with two pyruvate Total- 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, 4 ATP Net- 2 ATP

Citric Acid Cycle

in mitochondria start w/ 2 Acetyl- CoA 2 ATP 6 NADH 2 FADH2

ATP Hydrolysis

is exergonic because its only able to harness about 40% of released energy to perform work and 60% is lost as heat

Ketone Body

is made during beta oxidation, causes more harm that good (acidic)

Cholesterol processing by liver

liver synthesizes 85% of required cholesterol w/ diet contributing only 15%

Post Absorptive State

looking for nutrients to absorb, after 4 hours

Conduction

loosing heat through direct contact

Radiation

loosing heat through electromagnetic waves

Calorimetry

measuring heat

The sum of all biochemical reactions that take place in the human body at any given time is called __________.

metabolism

You would expect leptin deficient mice to be __________.

obese and overeating

The final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain is __________.

oxygen

The molecule that acts as the final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain is __________.

oxygen

Chemiosmosis

potential energy becomes kinetic energy that does work when H+ ions flow through an ion channel across membrane

Lipogenesis

process of making fatty acids

Electron Transport Chain

start w/ NADH & FADH2 end result of ATP w/ the help of ATP Synthase

When one molecule of glucose is COMPLETELY oxidized you have a ...

total of 38 ATP and a Net of 34 ATP

When NADH is oxidized, it becomes NAD+.

true

Beta Oxidation

use fatty acid to make energy

Fever

used to fight infection, a type of hypothermia

Oxidative or Aerobic Catabolism (cellular respiration)

using energy to break down sugar

Glyconeogensis

using glucose to build glycogen, live & skeletal muscle are good @ this

Evaporation

water changes from liquid to gas

Oxidation Reduction Reactions

when fuel is burns its electrons are transferred from one molecule to another (exergonic)

Insensible heat loss

you cant sense it