Chapter 23

Josephus Daniels

A North Carolina newspaper editor (and an uncompromising racist) who became Wilson's secretary of the navy, wrote that "the subjection of the negro, politically, and the separation of the negro, socially, are paramount to all other considerations in the South." He, as well as other cabinet members, set about racially segregating the employees in their agencies.

Alice Paul

A Quaker social worker. She became head of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA). She instructed female activists to picket state legislatures, target and "punish" politicians who failed to endorse suffrage, chain themselves to public buildings, incite police to arrest them, and undertake hunger strikes. In 1913, she organized five thousand suffragists to march in protest at Woodrow Wilson's presidential inauguration. Four years later, she helped form the National Woman's Party. By 1917, she had decided that suffragists must do something even more dramatic to force President Wilson to support their cause: picket the White House. On January 11, 1917, she and her followers took up positions around the White House. They took turns carrying their signs on the side- walks all day, five days a week, for six months, whereupon the president ordered their arrest. Some sixty suffragists were jailed. For her role, she was sentenced to seven months in prison. She then went on a hunger strike, leading prison officials to force feed her through a tube inserted in her nose. Under an avalanche of press coverage and public criticism, President Wilson pardoned her and the other jailed activists.

Lochner V. New York (1905)

A case in which the Supreme Court pursued a curiously erratic course in ruling on state labor laws. The Court voided a ten-hour-workday law because it violated workers' "liberty of contract" to accept any jobs they wanted, no matter how bad the working conditions or pay.

The Shame of the Cities (1904)

A collection of articles initially published in McClure's Magazine, but later made into this. The articles were written by Lincoln Steffens.

Margaret Sanger

A nurse and midwife who worked at the first birth-control clinic in the nation opened in Brooklyn, New York in 1916. Insisted that women could never "be on equal footing with men until they have complete control over their reproductive functions." began to distribute birth-control information to working-class women in 1912 and resolved to spend the rest of her life helping women gain control of their bodies. Two years later, she began publishing the Woman Rebel, a monthly feminist newspaper which authorities declared obscene. Founded the American Birth Control League, which later changed its name to Planned Parenthood. Such efforts aroused intense opposition, but she and others persisted in their efforts to enable women to control whether they became pregnant. She was viewed as a hero by many progressive reformers. In the 1920s, however, she alienated supporters of birth control by endorsing what was called eugenics: the effort to reduce the number of genetically "unfit" people in society by sterilizing the mentally incompetent and other people with certain unwanted hereditary conditions. Birth control, she stressed in a chilling justification of eugenics, was "the most constructive and necessary of the means to racial health."

Progressive Era (1890-1920)

A period of dramatic political reform and social activism that coincided with Theodore Roosevelt's emergence as a national political leader. During those 30 years, governments (local, state, and federal), grew in scope, power and activism. Progressive reformers attacked corruption and inefficiency in government and used government authority to regulate business and workplaces through regular on-site inspections, regulatory commissions, and antitrust laws. Also witnessed the passage of a graduated federal income tax, the creation of a new national banking system, and the first governmental attempts to conserve natural resources and environmental treasures. Also saw an explosion of grassroots reform efforts across the US, including the prohibition of alcoholic beverages and awarding of voting rights for women.

City-Manager Plan

A professional administrator ran the municipal government in accordance with policies set by the elected council and mayor. Staunton, Virginia, first adopted the plan in 1908. By 1914 the National Association of City Managers had heralded the arrival of a new profession.

Louis D. Brandeis

A progressive lawyer from Boston who focused Wilson's thought much as Croly had focused Roosevelt's. Designed Wilson's 'New Freedom' Program.

Washington Gladden

A widely respected Congregational pastor in Springfield, Mass invited striking workers at a shoe factory to attend his church. They refused because the factory owners and managers were members of the church. He decided that there was something wrong when churches were divided among class lines, so he wrote a pathbreaking book titles "Working People and Their Employers" (!876). His efforts helped launch a new ear in the development of American religious life. He and other like-minded ministers during the 1870s and 1880s reached out to the working poor who wored long hours for low wages, had inadequate housing, lacked insurance coerage for on-the-job accidents, and had no legal right to from unions.

19th Amendment

After six months of delay, debate, and failed votes, the Congress passed THIS in the spring of 1919 and sent it to the states for ratification. Tennessee's legislature was the last of thirty-six state assemblies to approve the amendment, and it did so in dramatic fashion. The initial vote was deadlocked 48-48. Then a twenty-four-year-old legislator named Harry Burn changed his vote to yes at the insistence of his mother. It was ratified on August 18, 1920, making the United States the twenty-second nation in the world to allow women's suffrage. It was the climactic achievement of the Progressive Era. Suddenly 9.5 million women were eligible to vote; in the 1920 presidential election they would make up 40 percent of the electorate.

Anti-Saloon League (1893)

An organization that pioneered the strategy of the single-issue pressure group. Through its singleness of purpose, it forced the prohibition issue into the forefront of state and local elections. At its "Jubilee Convention" in 1913, they endorsed a prohibition amendment to the Constitution, adopted by Congress in 1917. By the time it was ratified, two years later, state and local action had already dried up areas occupied by nearly three fourths of the nation's population.

Socialism

Another significant force in fostering the most radical wing of progressiveness. Served as the left wing of progressiveness. Most progressives balked at the radicalism of their remedies and and labor violence. In fact, the progressive impulse arose in part from a desire to counter the growing influence of militate THIS by promoting more mainstream reforms.

16th amendment (1913)

Authorized a federal income tax, was ratified with Taft's support before he left office.

Underwood-Simmons Tariff

Became law in 1913 under Wilson. It was the first time the tariff had been lowered since the Civil War. To compensate for the reduced tariff revenue, the bill created the first graduated income tax levied under the newly ratified Sixteenth Amendment: 1 percent on income over $3,000 ($4,000 for married couples) up to a top rate of 7 percent on annual income of $500,000 or more.

The Young Men;s Christian Association (YMCA)

By the 1870s, a younger generation of Protestant and Catholic religious leaders ha d grown concerned that Christianity had turned its back on the poor and voiceless, the very people that Jesus had focused on. During the last 1/4 of the 19th century, a growing number of churches and synagogues began devoting their resources to community service and care of the unfortunate. This group entered the US from England in the 1850s and grew rapidly after 1870.

The Federal Reserve Act of 1913

Created a new national banking system, with regional reserve banks supervised by a central board of directors. There would be 12 of THESE, each owned by members banks in it district, which could issue currency to member banks. All national banks became members; state banks and trust companies could join if they wished. Each member bank had to transfer 6 percent of its capital to THIS bank and deposit a portion of its reserves there. This arrangement made it possible to expand both the money supply and bank credit in times of high business activity or as the level of borrowing increased. he new system corrected three great defects in the previous arrange- ment: now bank reserves could be pooled, affording greater security; both the nation's currency supply and bank credit became more elastic to respond to economic growth; and the concentration of the nation's monetary reserves in New York City was decreased. The new national banking system represented a dramatic new step in active government intervention and control in one of the most sensitive segments of the economy. It was the most significant domestic initiative of Wilson's presidency.

Meat Inspection Act (1906)

Created after Roosevelt read "The Jungle"m which exposed Chicago's meatpacking district. It required federal inspection of meats destined for interstate commerce and empowered officials in the Agriculture Department to impose sanitation standards in processing plants.

Division of Forestry (1881) (The U.S. Forest Service)

Created by Congress within the Department of the Interior. As president, Theodore Roosevelt created fifty federal wildlife refuges, approved five new national parks, fifty-one federal bird sanctuaries, and designated eighteen national monuments, including the Grand Canyon. Roosevelt's brash style of getting things done was no better illustrated than when he was at his desk in the White House and asked an aide, "Is there any law that prevents me from declaring Pelican Island a National Bird Sanctuary?" Not waiting for an answer, he replied, "Very well, then," reaching for his pen, "I declare it."

New Nationalism

Created by Roosevelt. Greatly resembled the populist progressivism of William Jennings Bryan. Roosevelt issued a stirring call for more stringent federal regulation of huge corporations, a progressive income tax, laws limit- ing child labor, and a "Square Deal for the poor man." He also proposed the first efforts at campaign finance reform. "There can be no effective control of corporations while their political activity remains," Roosevelt said. "To put an end to it will be neither a short nor an easy task, but it can be done." His pur- pose was not to revolutionize the political system but to save it from the threat of revolution. "What I have advocated," he explained a few days later, "is not wild radicalism. It is the highest and wisest kind of conservatism."

National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

Created in 1890 after 3 years of negotiation between the rival groups of the NWSA and the AWSA. Elizabeth Cady Stanton was president for 2 years, followed by Susan B. Anthony until 1900. The work thereafter was carried on by a new generation of activists, led by Anna Howard Shaw and Carrie Chapman Catt.

17 amendment (1913)

Created the popular elections of senators, was ratified soon after Taft left office.

Woodrow Wilson

Democrat who became president because of the Republican party's rift caused by Taft and Roosevelt. Had been president of Princeton University, but he had never run for public office. Grew up in Georgia and the Carolina's during the Civil War and Reconstruction. Had a consuming ambition to "serve" humankind. Driven by a sense of providential destiny, he nurtured an obstinate righteousness and habitual intransigence that would prove to be his undoing. Started off as a lawyer, but found his calling in the study of history and political science. He was conservative in his background and temperament, a southern Democrat who had displayed a profound distrust of radical ideas such as those professed by William Jennings Bryan and other populists. Like Roosevelt, however, he began to view progressive reform as a necessary expedient in order to stave off more radical social change. By the end of his administration, he would be swept into the current of the New Nationalism. First Democratic president since Grover Cleveland. Did not support African Americans, thought the 'Anglo-Saxon' race was superior to the black race.

'New Freedom' Program

Designed by Louis D. Brandeis, it differed from Roosevelt's New Nationalism in its insistence that the federal government should restore competition in the economy rather than focus on regulating huge monopolies. Whereas Roosevelt admired the power and efficiency of law-abiding corporations, even if they were virtual monopolies, Brandeis and Wilson were convinced that all huge industries needed to be broken up, not regulated. Wilson's approach to progressivism required a vigorous anti-trust policy, lower tariffs to allow more foreign goods to compete in American markets, and dissolution of the concentration of financial power in Wall Street. Unlike Roosevelt, Brandeis and Wilson saw the expansion of federal power as only a temporary necessity, not a permanent condition. Government intervention was needed to ensure that "fair play" occurred in the marketplace. Roosevelt, who was convinced that both giant corporations and an expanding federal government were permanent developments, dismissed it as mere fantasy. For his part, Taft attacked his two progressive opponents by reminding them that the federal government "cannot create good times. It cannot make the rain to fall, the sun to shine or the crops to grow," but too many "meddlesome" regulations could deny the nation the prosperity it deserved.

Bureau of Corporations

During the same year as the Elkins Act, Congress created this to monitor the activities of interstate corporations. When Standard Oil refused to turn over its records, the government brought an anti-trust suit that resulted in the breakup of the huge company in 1911. The Supreme Court also ordered the American Tobacco Company to divide its enterprises because it had come to monopolize the cigarette industry.

Carrie Chapman Catt

Echoed the fears of many middle- and upper-class women when she warned of the danger that "lies in the votes possessed by the males in the slums of the cities, and the ignorant foreign [immigrant] vote." She added that the nation, with "ill-advised haste" had enfranchised "the foreigner, the Negro and the Indian" but still balked at women voting. In the South, suffragists catered to generations of deeply embedded racism. One of them declared that giving white women the vote "would insure immediate and durable white supremacy." Most of the suffrage organizations excluded African American women.

George Bird Grinnell

Editor of Forest and Stream, founded the Audubon Society to protect wild birds from being killed for their plumage. Two years later, he, Roosevelt, and a dozen other recreational hunters formed the Boone and Crockett Club, named in honor of Daniel Boone and David (Davy) Crockett, the legendary frontiersmen. The club's goal was to ensure that big-game animals were protected for posterity.

"Square Deal"

Endorsed by Roosevelt in 1902. Called for more rigorous enforcement of existing anti-trust laws and stricter controls on big business. From the outset, however, Roosevelt avoided wholesale trust-busting. Effective regulation of corporate giants was better than a futile effort to dismantle large corporations. Because Congress balked at regulatory legislation, Roosevelt sought to force the issue by a more vigorous prosecution of the 1890 Sherman Anti-Trust Act. In 1902, Roosevelt ordered the U.S. attorney general to break up the Northern Securities Company, a giant conglomerate of interconnected railroads. In 1904, the Supreme Court ordered the railroad combination dissolved.

Smith-Hughes Act of 1917

Extended agricultural and mechanical education to high schools.

The commission system

First adopted by Galveston, Texas, in 1901, when local government there collapsed in the aftermath of a devastating hurricane and tidal wave. The system placed ultimate authority in a board composed of elected administrative heads of city departments—commissioners of sanitation, police, utilities, and so on.

American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA)

Focused single-mindedly on the suffrage as the first and basic reform.

Hepburn Act (1906)

For the first time gave the ICC the power to set maximum freight rates for the railroad industry. Regulating railroads was Roosevelt's first priority, but he also embraced the regulation of meat packers, food processors, and makers of drugs and patent medicines.

Boone and Crockett Club

Founded by Grinnell, Roosevelt, and a dozen other recreational hunters. named in honor of Daniel Boone and David (Davy) Crockett, the legendary frontiersmen. The club's goal was to ensure that big-game animals were protected for posterity. By 1900 most states had enacted laws regulating game hunting and had created game refuges and wardens to enforce the new rules, much to the chagrin of local hunters, including Native Americans, who now were forced to abide by state laws designed to protect the interests of wealthy recreational hunters. This organization eventually lead to the creation of Yellowstone National Park.

National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA)

Founded by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton in order to promote a women's suffrage amendment to the Constitution, but they considered gaining the right to vote as but on among many feminist causes to be promoted.

"Colonel" Edward M. House

From Texas, the president's right hand man, one of the most influential members of the Wilson circle, at least until 1919. Wilson described him as "my second personality. He is my independent self." He was responsible for getting Wilson's proposals through Congress.

Florence Kelley

Head of the National Consumers' League.

National Consumers' League,

Headed by Florence Kelley, this progressive crusade, which was closely linked to the child-labor reform movement, was a concerted effort to regulate the hours of work for women. It promoted state laws to regulate the long working hours imposed on women who were wives and mothers. Many states also outlawed night work and labor in dangerous occupations for both women and children. But numerous exemptions and inadequate enforcement often nullified the intent of those laws.

Taylorism

How scientific industrial management came to be known. Promised to reduce waste and inefficiency in the workplace through the scientific analysis of labor processes. By breaking down the production of goods into sequential steps and meticulously studying the time it took each worker to perform a task, the founder of this ideal prescribed the optimum technique for the average worker and established detailed performance standards for each job classification. The promise of higher wages for higher productivity, he believed, would motivate workers to exceed "average" expectations. Instead, many workers resented the innovations. They saw in scientific management a tool for employers to make people work faster than was healthy, sustainable, or fair. Yet this controversial system brought concrete improvements in productivity, especially among those industries whose production processes were highly standardizes and whose jobs were rigidly defined.

Gifford Pinchot

In 1898, while serving as vice president, Roosevelt had endorsed the appointment of HIM, a close friend and the nation's first profes-ional forester, as the head of the U.S. Division of Forestry. He and Roosevelt were pragmatic conservationists; they believed in economic growth as well as envi- ronmental preservation. To them, conservation entailed the scien- tific ("progressive") management of natural resources to serve the public interest. HE explained that the conservation movement sought to promote the "greatest good for the greatest number for the longest time." Roosevelt and HIM were especially concerned about the millions of acres still owned by the federal government. Over the years, vast tracts of public land had been given away or sold at discount prices to large business enterprises. They were determined to end such careless exploitation. Roosevelt as president used the Forest Reserve Act (1891) to protect some 172 million acres of timberland. Lumber companies were furious, but Roosevelt held firm. As he bristled, "I hate a man who skins the land." Recalled later in life, Launching the conservation movement was the most significant achievement of the T. R. Administration, as he himself believed."

Ballinger-Pinchot controversy

In 1910, President Taft's policies drove the wedge deeper between the conservative and progressive Republican factions. What came to be called THIS. made Taft appear to be abandoning Roosevelt's conservation policies. The strongest con- servation leaders, such as Roosevelt and Gifford Pinchot, a Pennsylvanian, were often easterners, and Taft's secretary of the interior, Richard A. Ballinger of Seattle, was well aware that many westerners opposed conservation programs on the grounds that they held back full economic development of the Far West. Ballinger therefore threw open to commercial use millions acres of federal lands that Roosevelt had ordered conserved. As chief of forestry, Pinchot reported to Taft his concerns about the land "giveaway," but the president refused to intervene. When Pinchot went public with the con- troversy early in 1910, Taft fired him. In doing so, he set in motion a feud with Roosevelt that would eventually cost him his reelection.

Muckrakers

Investigative journalists who thrived on exposing social ills and corporate and political corruption. Got their name from Theodore Roosevelt, who acknowledged that crusading journalists were "often indispensable to...society, but only if they know when to stop raking the muck." By writing exposes of social ills in newspapers and magazines, they gave journalism a new social purpose, a political voice beyond simply endorsing one party or another. Without them, the far-flung reform efforts of progressiveness would never have achieved widespread popular support.

Florence Kelley

Joined the Hull-House settlement in 1891 and eight years later moved to the Henry Street Settlement in the Lower East Side of NYC, played a powerful role in getting an array of legislation passed that addressed horrible housing and working conditions.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Leader in the movement for women's suffrage. In 1868, she appealed to the pervasive racism across America when she wrote in her suffragist newspaper "The Revolution", that women deserved the vote more than African American and immigrant men. In her view, illiterate, ignorant men had no right to help elect politicians and help make laws affecting educated women. Such arguments, however, made little impression on the defenders of a man's prerogative who insisted that women belonged in the domestic sphere. Founded the NWSA with Susan B. Anthony.

Frances Willard

Led the Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU). Spent time as a traveling evangelist, lobbied church organizations to allow women to become ministers. As she said, "If women can organize missionary societies, temperance societies, and every kind of charitable organization . . . why not permit them to be ordained to preach the Gospel and administer the sacraments of the Church?"

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory

Legislation to protect workers against avoidable accidents gained impetus from disasters such as the March 25, 1911, fire that took place here, in New York City. 146 of the 850 workers died, mostly women in their teens, almost all of whom were Jewish and Ital- ian immigrants. Escape routes were limited because the owner kept the stair- way door locked to prevent theft. Workers trapped on the three upper floors of the ten-story building died in the fire or leaped to their death. The work- ers had wanted to form a union to negotiate safer working conditions, better pay, and shorter hours, but the owner had refused. The tragic fire served as the catalyst for progressive reforms. A state commission investigated the fire, and thirty-six new city and state laws and regulations were implemented, many of which were copied by other states around the nation. One of the most important advances along these lines was the series of workers' compensation laws enacted after Maryland led the way in 1902.

Populism

One of the primary catalysts of progressiveness. Their platform of 1892 outlined many political reforms that would be accomplished during the Progressive Era. After the collapse of the farmers' movement and the revival of the agricultural economy at the turn of the century, the reform spirit shifted to the cities, where middle-class activists had for years attacked the problems of political corruption and urban development.

American Birth Control League

Organized by Sanger in 1921, later changed its name to Planned Parenthood. Distributed birth-control information to doctors, social workers, women's clubs, and the scientific community, as well as to thousands of women. Such efforts aroused intense opposition.

The National Child Labor Committee

Organized in 1904, led a movement for laws prohibiting the employment of young children. Within ten years, through the organization of state and local committees and a graphic documentation of the evils of child labor by the photographer Lewis W. Hine, the committee pushed through legislation in most states banning the labor of underage children (the minimum age varying from twelve to sixteen) and limiting the hours older children might work.

Sam McClure

Owner of bestselling "McClure's Magazine"

Elkins Act

Passed by Congress in 1903. Made it illegal for railroads to take, as well as to give, secret rebates on freight charges to their favorite customers. All shippers would pay the same price.

Mann-Elkins Act

Passed by Congress in 1910 with Taft's support. It, for the first time, empowered the ICC to initiate changes in railroad freight rates, extended its regulatory powers to telephone and telegraph companies, and set up the Commerce Court to expedite appeals of ICC rulings.

Reverend Henry Ward Beecher

Pastor of the fashionable Plymouth Congregational Church in Brooklyn, preached the virtues of unregulated capitalism, social Darwinism, and the unworthiness of the poor. As the middles classed moved out to the new suburbs, made possible by the new streetcar lines, their churches follower, leaving inner-city neighborhoods churchless. From 1868 to 1888, 17 Protestant churches abandoned the area below 14th Street in Manhattan. As ministers catered to the wealthy, they used their sermons to reinforce the economic and social inequalities that few ever wider during the second half of the 19th century.

"social righteousness"

Phrased used to explain the connection between progressive social activism and religious belief. Protestants, Catholics, and Jews worked closely together to promote state laws providing for minimum-wage levels and shorter workdays. Some of the reformers applied their crusade for social justice to organized religion itself.

The Pure Food and Drug Act

Placed restrictions on the makers of prepared foods and patent medicines and forbade the manufacture, sale, or transportation of adulterated, misbranded, or harmful foods, drugs, and liquors.

Social Gospel

Preached by church reformers who feared that Christianity was losing its relevance among the masses.

Susan B. Anthony Amendment

President Wilson finally endorsed what journalists called THIS in early 1918, explaining to the Senate that he saw it as a reward for the role women had played in supporting the war effort.

Lillian Wald

Promoted the establishment of the federal Children's Bureau in 1912. Involved in settlement houses.

Smith-Lever Act of 1914

Provided federal financing for farm-demonstration agents who fanned out to educate farmers about new equipment and new ideas related to agricultural efficiency.

Mugwumps

Reformers who had fought the spoils system and insisted that government jobs be awarded on the basis of merit, supplied progressiveness with an important element of it thinking: the honest-government ideal. Over the years the honest-government movement. had been broadened to include efforts to address growing urban problems such as crime, vice, and the efficient provision of gas, electricity, water, sewers, mass transit, and garbage collection.

Adamson Act of 1916

Resulted from a threatened strike of railroad unions demanding an eight-hour workday and other concessions. Wilson, who objected to some of the demands, nevertheless went before Congress to request action on the hours limitation. Required an eight-hour workday, with time and a half for overtime, and appointed a commission to study the problem of working conditions in the railroad industry.

William Howard Taft

Roosevelt decided that his successor for President should be his secretary of war, and the Republican Convention ratified the choice on its first ballot in 1908. Roosevelt advised him: : "Do not answer Bryan; attack him. Don't let him make the issues." He followed Roosevelt's advice, declaring that Bryan's election would result in a "paralysis of business." Swept the Electoral College, 321 to 162. Had superb qualifications to be president. The only person to serve both as president and as chief justice of the Supreme Court. He was a progressive conservative who vowed to protect "the right of property" and the "right of liberty." In practice, this meant that the new president was even more determined than Roosevelt to preserve "the spirit of commercial freedom" against monopolistic trusts. He detested the give-and-take of backroom politics and never felt comfortable in the White House. He once observed that whenever someone said "Mr. President," he looked around for Roosevelt.

Mark Twain

Said that Roosevelt was ready "to kick the Constitution into the backyard whenever it gets in the way."

Theodore Roosevelt

Said, "In the interest of the working man himself we need to set our faces like flint against mob violence just as against corporate greed".

Thomas Edison

Said, "We've stumbled along for a while, trying to run a new civilization in old ways, but we've got to start to make this world over."

William Jennings Bryan

Secretary of State under Wilson, had changed his residency from Nebraska to Florida, thanked God that he was "a member of the greatest of all the races, the Caucasian race." As a three-time presidential candidate, he had studiously ignored the "race problem." Now, as secretary of state, he supported efforts to segregate federal employees by race—separate offices, dining facilities, restrooms, and water fountains.

Hull-House

Settlement house where Jane Addams worked. Sponsored health clinics, lectures, music and art studios, an employment bureau, men's clubs, training in skills such as bookbinding, a gymnasium, and a savings bank. Florence Kelley also joined the settlement house.

The New England Women's Club

Started in 1868 by Julia Ward How and others was an early example of the women's clubs that proliferated to such an extent that a General Federation of Women's Clubs was established in 1890 to tie them all together.

Henry Clay Frick

Steel baron who said "We bought the son of a bitch and then he did not stay bought." (Talking about Roosevelt)

Harry Burn

Tennessee's legislature was the last of thirty-six state assemblies to approve the 19th amendment, and it did so in dramatic fashion. The initial vote was deadlocked 48-48. Than HE, a twenty-four-year-old legislator, changed his vote to yes at the insistence of his mother. The Nineteenth Amendment was ratified on August 18, 1920.

Bunting V. Oregon (1917)

The Court accepted a maximum ten- hour day for both men and women but for twenty more years held out against state minimum-wage laws.

Alton B. Parker

The Democrats, having lost with William Jennings Bryan twice, turned to the more conservative HIM, chief justice of the New York Supreme Court. Roosevelt's invincible popularity plus the sheer force of his personality swept the president to an impressive victory by a popular vote of 7.6 million to 5.1 million. With 336 electoral votes for the president and 140 for him, Roosevelt savored his lopsided victory. The president told his wife that he was "no longer a political accident." He now had a popular mandate. On the eve of his inauguration in March 1905, Roosevelt announced: "Tomorrow I shall come into office in my own right. Then watch out for me!"

Walter Rauschenbusch

The acknowledge intellectual leader of the social gospel movement by the start of the 20th century. Baptist. A seminary professor in New York City's "Hell's Kitchen" neigborhood. Wrote the book "Christianity and the Social Crisis" (1907).

Warehouse Act of 1916

The dream of federal loans to farmers, long advocated by Populists, finally came to fruition when Congress passed THIS, which enabled farmers who stored their harvest in designated warehouses to receive federal receipts that could be used as collateral for short-term bank loans.

Muller V. Oregon (1908)

The high court upheld a ten-hour-workday law for women largely on the basis of sociological data regarding the effects of long hours on the health and morals of women.

Women's Chrisitan Temperance Union (WCTU)

The largest and most influential women's organization. Founded in 1974, it expanded throughout the nation during the 1880s. By 1890, it counted some 150,000 members, most of whom were white, urban, middle class Protestants. Led by Frances Willard. It focused on stopping alcohol abuse but also agitated for prison reforms, aid for homeless children, pre-school education, sex education, aid to working women, and women's suffrage. It did more than any other organization to mobilize women in support of progressive social reforms.

The Promise of American Life (1909)

The miscellany of ideas that Roosevelt fashioned into his New Nationalism had first been outlined in this, by Herbert Croly, a then-obscure New York journalist. Croly stressed that progressives were not romantic idealists; they were pragmatists and realists who believed that "good" governments were needed to protect democratic ideals. Through long-range planning, expert management, modern efficiencies, and organized discipline and integrity, progressive governance could ensure that compassionate capitalism flourished. Herbert Croly's central thesis about progressivism was that government needed to expand its scope and powers to match the growing size and power of corporate America. Roosevelt viewed Croly's book as the guide to his version of progressivism. His New Nationalism would use government authority to promote social jus- tice by enacting overdue reforms such as workers' compensation programs for on-the-job injuries, regulations to protect women and children in the work- place, and a stronger Bureau of Corporations.

Jane Addams

The nation's leading social reformer, who would become the first woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize, stressed, "Action is indeed the sole medium of expression for ethics." At the Hull House settlement house, she rejected the "do-goodism" spirit of religious reformers. Her approach used pragmatism rather than preaching, focusing on the practical needs of the working poor and newly arrived immigrants-as well as the benefits of affluent volunteers being exposed to the realities of underclass life. As she insisted, citizens in a democracy "cannot cooperate so long as one group sets itself up as superior [to another]." She and her staff helped enroll children in school and activities and set up nursery to care for infant children of working mothers. The program gradually expanded as Hull-House sponsored health clinics, lectures, music and art studios, etc.

"Bull Moose" Progressive Party

Third Party created by social workers, reformers, intellectuals, and executives who favored Roosevelt's leadership. Assembled in Chicago on August 5. Roosevelt appeared before the delegates, feeling "fit as a bull moose." He was "stripped to the buff and ready for the fight," he said in a fiery speech that was interrupted 145 times by applause. "We stand at Armageddon, and we battle for the Lord." Many of the most prominent progressives endorsed Roosevelt's bid to be the first president representing a third party, Jane Addams took particular pride in the party's commitment to give women the vote through a constitutional amendment. But few professional politicians turned up. Progressive Republicans decided to preserve their party credentials and fight another day. The disruption of the Republican party caused by the rift between Taft and Roosevelt gave hope to the Democrats, whose leader, Virginia-born New Jersey governor Woodrow Wilson, had enjoyed remark- able success in his brief political career.

"big stick"

Used by Roosevelt against corporations in the coal strike of 1902. After the issues, President Roo- sevelt decided upon a bold move: he invited leaders of both sides to a confer- ence in Washington, D.C., where he appealed to their "patriotism, to the spirit that sinks personal considerations and makes individual sacrifices for the public good." The mine owners attended the conference but arrogantly refused even to speak to the UMW leaders. The "extraordinary stupidity and temper" of the "wooden-headed" owners infuriated Roosevelt. The president wanted to grab the spokesman for the mine owners "by the seat of his breeches" and "chuck him out" a window. Roosevelt threatened to take over the mines and send in the army to run them. When a congressman questioned the constitutionality of such a move, an exasperated Roosevelt roared, "To hell with the Constitution when the people want coal!" The threat to militarize the mines worked. The coal strike ended on October 23.

McClure's Magazine

Where the owner decided to use the publication to expose the rampant corruption in politics and corporations. "Capitalists, working- men, politicians, citizens—all break- ing the law or letting it be broken. Who is left to uphold American Democracy?" The author asked. His answer was investigative journalism. It took on corporate monopolies and crooked political machines while revealing the awful living and working conditions experienced by masses of Americans. It published articles by Lincoln Steffens on municipal corruption that was later collected into a book. Also published Ray Stannard Baker's account of the strike of the coal miners in West Virginia and Ida M. Tarbell's devastating History of the Standard Oil Company (1904).

John Schrank

While entering a car on his way to deliver a speech in Milwaukee, Roosevelt was shot by him. He was a mentally disturbed New Yorker who believed any president seeking a third term should be shot. The bullet went through Roosevelt's overcoat, spectacles case, and fifty-page speech, then fractured a rib before lodging just below his right lung, an inch from his heart. "Stand back, don't hurt the man," he yelled at the crowd as they mobbed the attacker. Roosevelt demanded that he be driven to the auditorium to deliver his speech. In a dramatic gesture he showed the audience his bloodstained shirt and punctured text and vowed, "It takes more than this to kill a bull moose."

Settlement Houses

While preachers of the social gospel dispensed inspiration, other dedicated reformers attacked the problems of the slums from residential community centers called this. By 1900. a hundred of them existed in the US. They were designed to bring together prosperous men and women with the working poor, often immigrants, They were located in rundown neighborhoods. They usually were segregated by gender and staffed by young middle-class idealists, a majority of them college-trained women who had few outlets for meaningful work outside the home. These workers sought to broaden the horizons of the upper-middle-class volunteers and improve the lives of slum dwellers in diverse ways. Leaders realized, however, that the spreading slums made their work ineffective. They therefore organized political support for local and state laws that would ensure sanitary housing codes and create public playgrounds, mothers' pensions, workers' compensation laws, and legislation prohibiting child labor and monitoring the working conditions in factory "sweatshops". They provided portals of opportunity for women to participate and even lead many progressive efforts to improve living and working conditions for newly arrived immigrants as well as American citizens.

Keating-Owen Act

Wilson expressed doubts about its constitutionality, but he eventually signed the landmark legislation, which excluded from interstate commerce any goods manufactured by children under the age of fourteen. Was later ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court on the grounds that regulating child labor was outside the bounds of regulating interstate commerce. Effective action against child labor abuses had to await the New Deal of the 1930s.

Federal Trade Commission (FTC)

Wilson made trust-busting the central focus of the New Freedom. Giant corporations had continued to grow despite the Sherman Anti-Trust Act and the federal watchdog agency, the Bureau of Corporations. Wilson's solution to the problem was a revision of the Sherman Act to define more explicitly what counted as restraint of trade. He decided to make THIS, the cornerstone of his anti-trust program. Created in 1914, the five-member commission replaced Roosevelt's Bureau of Corporations and assumed new powers to define "unfair trade practices" and issue "cease-and-desist" orders when it found evidence of unfair competition. But its first chairman lacked forcefulness, and under its next head, a Chicago industrialist, it practically abandoned its function as watchdog of big business activities.

Governor Robert M. La Follette

Wisconsin, who established a Legislative Reference Bureau to provide elected officials with research, advice, and help in the drafting of legislation. The "Wisconsin idea" of efficient and more scientific government was widely publicized and copied. He also pushed for such reforms as the direct primary, stronger railroad regulation, the conservation of natural resources, and workmen's compensation programs to support laborers injured on the job.

The Principles of Scientific Management (1911)

Written by Frederick W. Taylor. Ideas expressed came to be known as Taylorism.

History of the Standard Oil Company (1904)

Written by Ida M. Tarbell and published in McClure's Magazine. Tarbell's revelations helped convince the Supreme Court in 1911 to rule that Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company must be dismantled.

"Christianity and the Social Crisis" (1907)

Written by Walter Rauschenbusch. In it, he developed a theological basis for the social gospel movement. He warned that "If society continues to disintegrate and decay, the Church will be carried down with it." The Church was indispensable to religion, he insisted, but "the greatest future awaits religion in the public life of humanity."

Working People and Their Employers (1876)

Written by Washington Gladden. He argued that true Christianity lies not in rituals, dogmas, or even mystical experiences of God but in principle that "thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself". He rejected the notion put forth by social Darwinist that the poor deserved their destitute fate and should not be helped. Christian values and virtues should govern the workplace, with worker and employer united in serving each other's interests. Gladden endorsed labor's right to organize unions and complained that class distinctions should not split congregations.

Upton Sinclair

Wrote "The Jungle" (1906), which was a muckraking book that was perhaps the most telling blow against the unsanitary preparation of food products. He wrote the book to promote socialism, but its main impact came from its portrayal of filthy conditions in Chicago's meatpacking industry. Roosevelt read The Jungle—and reacted quickly. He sent two agents to Chicago, and their report confirmed all that he had said about the unsanitary conditions in the packing plants. Congress and Roosevelt responded by creating the Meat Inspection Act of 1906.

Herbert Croly

Wrote 'The Promise of American Life', which outlined Roosevelt's ideas that became New Nationalism. Editor of 'The New Republic', was widely regarded as the leading progressive theorist, was dumbfounded by Wilson's conservative turn (Wilson did not support a federal suffrage amendment because his party did not, also withheld support from federal child labor legislation, and he opposed a bill providing low- interest loans to farmers on the grounds that it was "unwise and unjustifiable to extend the credit of the government to a single class of the community." He wondered how Wil- son could assert "that the fundamental wrongs of a modern society can be easily and quickly righted as a consequence of [passing] a few laws." Wilson's about-face, he concluded, "casts suspicion upon his own sincerity or upon his grasp of the realities of modern social and industrial life."

Lincoln Steffens

Wrote articles that were published in McClure's Magazine and later made into the book "The Shame of the Cities". Stressed that "the doctrine of Jesus is the most revolutionary propaganda that I have ever encountered."

Woodrow Wilson

Wrote that progressive ideals could be achieved only if government at all levels was "informed and administered by experts."

Frederick W. Taylor

Wrote the book "The Principles of Scientific Management" (1911). His ideas came to be known as Taylorism. Predicted in 1911 that "In the future, the system [rather than the individual workers] will be first."

Ida M. Tarbell

Wrote the devastating History of the Standard Oil Company (1904), which was published in McClure's Magazine.

Henry D. Clayton

a Democrat from Alabama on the House Judiciary Committee, drafted an anti-trust bill in 1914 that outlawed practices such as price discrimination (charging different customers different prices for the same goods); "tying" agreements, which limited the right of dealers to han- dle the products of competing manufacturers; and corporations' acquisition of stock in competing corporations. In every case, however, conservative forces in the Senate qualified these provisions by tacking on the weakening phrase "where the effect may be to substantially lessen competition" or words of similar effect. And conservative southern Democrats and northern Republicans amended the Clayton Anti-Trust Act to allow for broad judicial review of the FTC's decisions, thus further weakening its freedom of action. In accordance with the president's recommendation, however, corporate officials were made individually responsible for any violations.

William Trotter

a Harvard-educated African-American newspaper editor who helped found the National Association for the Advance- ment of Colored People (NAACP) and the Equal Rights League, scolded the first-year president: "Have you a 'new freedom' for white Americans, and a new slavery for 'your Afro-American fellow citizens?' God forbid." A furious Wilson then told the black visitors to leave. The segregationist policies of the administration blatantly contradicted the "progressive" commitment of Bryan and Wilson to social equality. Their progressivism was for whites only.

Reclamation Act (aka the Newlands Act)

established a new federal agency within the Interior Department, called the Reclamation Service (renamed the Bureau of Reclamation in 1923), to administer a massive new program designed to bring water to arid western states. Using funds from the sale of federal lands in sixteen states in the West, the Reclamation Service constructed dams and irrigation systems to transform barren desert acreage into farmland.

United Mine Workers (UMW)

walked off the job in Pennsylvania and West Virginia. They were seeking a 20 percent wage increase, a reduction in daily working hours from ten to nine, and official recognition of the union by the mine owners. The mine operators refused to negotiate. Instead, they shut down the mines to starve out the miners, many of whom were immigrants from eastern Europe. One mine owner expressed the prejudices of many other owners when he proclaimed, "The miners don't suffer—why, they can't even speak English."By October 1902, the prolonged shutdown had caused the price of coal to soar, and hospitals and schools reported empty coal bins. The miners won a reduction to a nine-hour workday but only a 10 percent wage increase, and no union recognition by the owners. Roosevelt had become the first president to use his authority to arbitrate a dispute between management and labor.