Chapter 23 DY

What was the only country to industrialize unlike other countries?

. Nearly all the nations of the Western Hemisphere experienced economic growth during the nineteenth century, but the United States was the only one to industrialize. Only the United States, Canada, and Argentina attained living standards similar to those in Western Europe

What did the creole-led revolutionary junta declare?

A creole-led revolutionary junta declared independence in Venezuela in 1811.

What could the week central governments not able to prevent?

After independence the relatively weak central governments of the new nations were often not able to prevent regional elites from leading secessionist movements.

What did the people of the Great Plains become skilled users of?

Amerindians living on the Great Plains had become skilled users of horses and firearms, and thus offered more formidable resistance to the expansion of white settlement. Horses and firearms had also made the Plains peoples less reliant on agriculture and more reliant on buffalo hunting. The near extinction of the buffalo, loss of land to ranchers, and nearly four decades of armed conflict with the United States Army forced the Plains Amerindians to give up their land and accept reservation life.

What did Andrew Jackson and José Antonio Páez do?

Andrew Jackson in the United States and José Antonio Páez in Venezuela are two examples of populist politicians who challenged the constitutional limits of their authority.

Who were the two parties that fought over control of Uruguay and how did they team up afterward?

Argentina and Brazil fought over control of Uruguay in the 1820s, but finally recognized Uruguayan independence. Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay then cooperated in a five-year war against Paraguay in which Paraguay was defeated, occupied, lost territory, and was forced to open its markets to foreign trade.

What happened as slave trade ended?

As the slave trade ended, immigration from Europe and Asia increased. During the nineteenth century Europe provided the majority of immigrants to the Western Hemisphere, while Asian immigration increased after 1850.

Who did Bolívar defeat in 1824?

Bolívar defeated the Spanish armies in 1824 and tried to forge Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador into a single nation. This project was a failure, as were Bolívar's other attempts to create a confederation of the former Spanish colonies.

What country in Brazil was an important center of revolutionary activity?

Buenos Aires was another important center of revolutionary activity in Spanish South America

Where was slavery increased?

But at the same time, increased international demand for plantation products in the first half of the nineteenth century led to increased imports of slaves to Brazil and Cuba.

What colonies/countries successfully waged wars against their neighbors and established themselves as regional powers?

By the end of the nineteenth century, the United States, Brazil, Argentina, and Chile had successfully waged wars against their neighbors and established themselves as regional powers.

What did Mexico split into?

Central America split off from Mexico in 1823 and then broke up into five separate nations; Gran Colombia broke up into Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador; and Uruguay, Paraguay, and Bolivia declared their independence from Argentina.

Who did Chile defeat?

Chile defeated the combined forces of Peru and Bolivia in two wars (1836-1839 and 1879-1881). Chile gained nitrate mines and forced Bolivia to give up its only outlet to the sea.

Why did Canada and the United States achieved development while Latin America remained underdeveloped?

Cyclical swings in international markets partially explain why Canada and the United States achieved development while Latin America remained underdeveloped. Both the United States and Canada gained independence during periods of global economic expansion. Latin American countries gained independence during the 1820s, when the global economy was contracting

How did immigrants alter the politics of many nations?

Despite discrimination, immigrants altered the politics of many of the hemisphere's nations as they sought to influence government policies.

How were people of African descent treated after slavery was abolished?

Despite the abolition of slavery, various forms of discrimination against persons of African descent remained in place throughout the Western Hemisphere at the end of the century. Attempts to overturn racist stereotypes and to celebrate black cultural achievements in political and literary magazines failed to end racial discrimination.

What determined national borders?

During the nineteenth century wars between Western Hemisphere nations and invasions from the European powers often determined national borders, access to natural resources, and control of markets.

What choice did all the western hemisphere's nations have and what did they choose?

Efforts to meet increasing demand for food and housing and to satisfy foreign demands for exports led to environmental degradation but also contributed to economic growth. Faced with a choice between protecting the environment or achieving economic growth, all of the hemisphere's nations chose economic growth.

What are some examples of European military intervention?

European military intervention included the British attack on the United States in the War of 1812, the United States' war with Spain in 1898-1899, French and English naval blockades of Argentina, an English naval blockade of Brazil, and Spanish and French invasions of Mexico.

How did immigrants change nations and nations change immigrants

Immigrants were changed by their experiences in their adopted nations, undergoing acculturation. At the same time, the languages, the arts, the music, and the political cultures of the Western Hemisphere nations were influenced by the cultures of the immigrants.

What did Asian immigrants face?

Immigration brought economic benefits, but hostility to immigration mounted in many nations. Asian immigrants faced discrimination and violence in the United States, Canada, Peru, Mexico, and Cuba; immigrants from European countries also faced prejudice and discrimination

Who was Spain's richest and most populous colony

In 1810, Mexico was Spain's richest and most populous colony, but the Amerindian population of central Mexico had suffered from dislocation due to mining and commercial enterprises and from a cycle of crop failures and epidemics.

What happened in 1816 after Ferdinand regained the Spanish throne?

In 1816, after Ferdinand regained the Spanish throne, local junta leaders declared independence as the United Provinces of Rio de la Plata.

What happened in 1821 which caused Mexico to become a republic?

In 1821, news of a military revolt in Spain inspired Colonel Agustín de Iturbide to declare Mexico's independence with himself as emperor. In early 1823 the army overthrew Iturbide and Mexico became a republic

What were the native people able to do until the 1860's?

In Argentina and Chile native people were able to check the expansion of white settlement until the 1860s, when population increase, political stability, and military modernization gave the Chilean and Argentinean governments the upper hand.

How was slavery abolished in Brazil

In Brazil, progress toward the abolition of slavery was slower and depended on pressure from the British. The heroism of former slaves who joined the Brazilian army in the war against Paraguay helped to feed abolitionist sentiment that led to the abolition in 1888.

Who responded to demands for political reform in Canada?

In Canada, Britain responded to demands for political reform by establishing responsible government in each of the provinces in the 1840s. In 1867 the provincial governments of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia entered into a confederation to form the Dominion of Canada with a central government in Ottawa.

What disadvantaged drafters of constitutions in Latin America?

In Latin America, lack of experience with elected legislatures and municipal governments led the drafters of constitutions to experiment with untested and impractical political institutions. Latin American nations also found it difficult to define the political role of the church and to subordinate the army and its prestigious leaders to civilian government

What did plantation owners in the Yucatán Peninsula do to the native people? How did this turn back on them?

In Mexico, plantation owners in the Yucatán Peninsula had forced Maya communities off their land and into poverty. In 1847, when the Mexican government was busy with its war against the United States, Maya communities in the Yucatán rose in a revolt (the Caste War) that nearly returned the Yucatán to Maya rule.

What did Spanish American what after the post independence efforts?

In Spanish America, all of the post independence efforts to create large multistate federations failed.

What contrasted sharply with the reality of slavery and when was slavery eliminated?

In most of the new nations, rhetorical assertion of the universal ideals of freedom and citizenship contrasted sharply with the reality of slavery. Slavery survived in much of the Western Hemisphere until the 1850s—it was strongest in those areas where the export of plantation products was most important.

What did the governments of both Argentina and Chile do in the 1870s?

In the 1870s the governments of both Argentina and Chile crushed native resistance and drove surviving Amerindians onto marginal land.

How was slavery abolished in the Caribbean?

In the Caribbean colonies there was little support for abolition among whites or among free blacks. Abolition in the British Caribbean colonies was the result of government decisions made in the context of the declining profitability of the sugar plantations of the British West Indies, while abolition in the French colonies followed the overthrow of the government of Louis Philippe. Slavery was abolished in Puerto Rico in 1873 and in Cuba in 1886.

Who played important roles in the abolition movement?

In the United States, abolitionists made moral and religious arguments against slavery. Two groups denied full citizenship rights under the Constitution, women and free African-Americans, played important roles in the abolition movement.

What led to conflict between the forces of the American government and Amerindian confederations?

In the United States, rapid expansion of white settlements between 1790 and 1810 led to conflict between the forces of the American government and Amerindian confederations like that led by Tecumseh and Prophet in 1811-1812. Further white settlement led to the Indian Removal Act of 1830, which forced the resettlement of eastern Amerindian peoples to land west of the Mississippi River.

Where was slavery weakened?

In the early nineteenth century slavery was weakened by abolition in some of the northern states of the United States, by the termination of the African slave trade to the United States (1808), and by the freeing of tens of thousands of slaves who joined the revolutionary armies in the Spanish American republics.

What happened to women's rights in the second half of the nineteenth century?

In the second half of the nineteenth century women's rights movements made slow progress toward the achievement of economic, legal, political, and educational equality in the United States, Canada, and Latin America. Most working class women played no role in the women's rights movements; nonetheless, economic circumstances forced working-class women to take jobs outside the home and thus to contribute to the transformation of gender relations.

What did Independent Amerindian peoples posed as?

Independent Amerindian peoples posed a significant challenge to the new nations of the Western Hemisphere, but Amerindian military resistance was overcome in both North and South America by the end of the 1880s.

What did Jackson do?

Jackson, born in humble circumstances, was a successful general who, as president, increased the powers of the presidency at the expense of the Congress and the Supreme Court.

What happened in 1821 that King John VI of Portugal stopped ruling?

King John VI of Portugal ruled his kingdom from Brazil until 1821, when unrest in Spain and Portugal led him to return to Lisbon. King John's son Pedro remained in Brazil, where he ruled as regent until 1822, when he declared Brazil to be an independent constitutional monarchy with himself as king.

Where was personalist politics more influential?

Latin America's slow development of stable political institutions made personalist politics much more influential than it was in the United States.

What produced deep structural differences among Western Hemisphere economies?

Latin America, the United States, and Canada all participated in the increasingly integrated world market, but interdependence and competition produced deep structural differences among Western Hemisphere economies. Those nations that industrialized achieved prosperity and development while those nations that depended on the export of raw materials and low wage industries experienced underdevelopment.

What leaders took hold of constitutionalism? How did these countries use this idea and were they successful?

Leaders in both the United States and in Latin America espoused constitutionalism. In the United States, the colonists' prior experience with representative government contributed to the success of constitutionalism; in Latin America, inexperience with popular politics contributed to the failure of constitutions.

What did Napoleon's invasion of Portugal and Spain in 1807 and 1808 lead to?

Napoleon's invasion of Portugal and Spain in 1807 and 1808 led dissenters in Venezuela, Mexico, and Bolivia to overthrow Spanish colonial officials in 1808-1809.

What did Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla urge people to do on September 16, 1810 and what did it result in?

On September 16, 1810 a parish priest, Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla urged the people to rise up against the Spanish authorities. The resulting violent rebellion took place under the leadership of Hidalgo and then, after Hidalgo's capture and execution, under José María Morelos. Loyalist forces defeated the insurrection and executed Morelos in 1815.

How did Pedro's liberal policies alienated the community and how did the people respond?

Pedro's liberal policies (including opposition to slavery) alienated the political slave-holding elite, and he incurred heavy losses of men and money as he attempted to control Uruguay by military force. Street demonstrations and violence led Pedro I to abdicate in favor of his son, Pedro II, who reigned until republicans overthrew him in 1889

How did personalist leaders like Páez and Jackson dominate national politics?

Personalist leaders like Páez and Jackson dominated national politics by identifying with the common people, but in practice, they promoted the interests of powerful property owners.

Who had better Personalist leaders and what did most Personalist leaders turn into in Latin America?

Personalist leaders were common in both the United States and Latin America, but in Latin America, the weaker constitutional tradition, less protection of property rights, lower literacy levels, and less developed communications systems allowed personalist leaders to become dictators.

What brought about deforestation, soil exhaustion, and erosion?

Population growth, economic expansion, and the introduction of new plants and animals brought about deforestation, soil exhaustion, and erosion. Rapid urbanization put strain on water delivery systems and sewage and garbage disposal systems and led to the spread of the timber industry. The expansion of the mining industry led to erosion and pollution in the western United States, Chile, and Brazil

What did Páez do in 1829?

Páez declared Venezuela's independence from Bolívar's Gran Colombia in 1829 and ruled as president or dictator for the next eighteen years.

What concept threatened the United States?

Regionalism threatened the United States when the issue of slavery divided the nation, leading to the establishment of the Confederacy and the U.S. Civil War.

What was the result in Rising demand for mine products ?

Rising demand for mine products led to mining booms in the western United States, Mexico, and Chile. Heavily capitalized European and North American corporations played a significant role in developing mining enterprises in Latin America. The expense of transportation and communications technology also increased dependence on foreign capital.

Who emerged as the leader of the Venezuelan revolutionaries. and how did he lead?

Simón Bolívar emerged as the leader of the Venezuelan revolutionaries. Bolívar used the force of his personality in order to attract new allies (including slaves and free blacks) to his cause and to command the loyalty of his troops.

Who were Spanish authorities able to rally?

Spanish authorities were able to rally free blacks and slaves to defend the Spanish Empire because the junta's leaders were interested primarily in pursuing the interests of creole landholders.

How did people get political power?

Successful military leaders in both the United States and Latin America were able to use their military reputations as the foundations of political power.

Why did the Confederacy fail?

The Confederacy failed because of poor timing; the new states of the Western Hemisphere were most vulnerable during the first decades after independence.

When did the Confederacy's attempt happen in terms of how the United States government was run?

The Confederacy's attempt to secede from the United States came when the national government was well-established and strengthened by experience, economic growth, and population growth.

What ended slavery in the rebel states?

The Emancipation Proclamation ended slavery in the rebel states not occupied by the Union army, while final abolition was accomplished with the passage of the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution in 1865.

Where did the Portuguese royal family flea to?

The Portuguese royal family fled to Brazil, where King John VI maintained his court for over a decade.

Who quickly reasserted control after Napoleon's invasion?

The Spanish authorities quickly reasserted reasserted, but a new round of revolutions began in 1810.

What states did the United States get from defeating Mexico?

The United States defeated Mexico and forced the Mexican government to give up Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and Colorado in 1848.

What did the desire to sustain a common citizenship inspire?

The desire to sustain a common citizenship inspired a number of policies that aimed to compel immigrants to assimilate. Schools in particular were used to inculcate language, cultural values, and patriotic feelings in an attempt to create homogeneous national cultures.

Who did the first constitutions exclude and what did it lead to?

The first constitutions of nearly all the American republics excluded large numbers of poor citizens from full political participation. This led to the rise of populist leaders who articulated the desires of the excluded poor and who at times used populist politics to undermine constitutional order and move toward dictatorship.

How was the new government after local junta leaders declared independence?

The new government was weak and the region quickly descended into political chaos

Who were the Wealthy colonial residents of Latin America inspired by?

They were inspired by the Enlightenment thinkers and by the examples of the American and French Revolutions.

What were some reasons that Latin American development was slow?

Weak governments, political instability, and (in some cases) civil war also slowed Latin American development. Latin America became dependent on Britain and, later, on the United States for technology and capital.

What were Wealthy colonial residents of Latin America frustrated by?

Wealthy colonial residents of Latin America were frustrated by the political and economic power of colonial officials and angered by high taxes and imperial monopolies.

What happened when the French invaded Mexico in 1862?

When the French invaded Mexico in 1862 they ousted President Benito Juárez and established Maximilian Habsburg as emperor. Juárez drove the French out in 1867; Maximilian was captured and executed.

What happened when the former colonies of the Western Hemisphere became independent?

When the former colonies of the Western Hemisphere became independent, the colonial powers ceased to play a role as mediator for and protector of the native peoples.