chapter 23
is a colorless, odorless, poisonous gas that can bind to hemoglobin, even more tightly than O2 does.
CO
Stimulus: -----levels in the blood rise as a result of exercise. Breathing control centers in the brain monitor the rising CO2 levels in the blood. Response: ----------- -----trigger contraction of muscles to increase breathing rate and depth.
CO2 Nerve signals
diffusion of ----and ----- out of tissue cells and into capillary
CO2 and wastes
-------then forms the clots
FIBRIN
what is a bypass
add a vein to get around plaque that is causing a blockage
The bronchioles dead-end in grapelike clusters of air sacs called
alveoli
iny sacs in the lungs involved in gas exchange are called
alveoli
Iron deficiency is the most common cause of
amnemia
closed circulatory system double: animals that have it? and what does it mean?
amphibians, reptiles, mammals has a chance to load. 2 circuits to the heart
is a condition in which there is an abnormally low amount of hemoglobin or a low number of red blood cells.
anemia
---------is the insertion of a tiny catheter with a balloon that is inflated to compress the plaque and widen clogged arteries.
angioplasty
from heart
artery
has a lot more smooth muscle and connective tissue in it, the ------, compared to the _-------
artery vein
in the procedure --------only platelets or plasma is removed from a donor's blood. The remaining blood components are returned to the donor's circulation. also collect stem cells
aspheresis
when walls of arteries are blocked by fat (plaque) making it impossinle for blood to flow, can be very deadly
atheroscierosis
2. electrical impulses then spread through
atriam
The heart always receives blood in a chamber called the
atrium
when you inhale the cavity becomes -------and pressure -------
bigger decreases
The most important function of the circulatory system is the chemical exchange between the ------- and------cells within capillary beds.
blood tissue
is the force that blood exerts against the walls of your arteries.
blood pressure
erythropoietin (EPO) is a hormone produced by the kidneys and stimulates the -------- --------- production of --------------
bone marrow, oxygen-carrying red blood cells
The human respiratory system has three phases of gas exchange:
breathing transport O2 to the body diffusion of O2 at the tissue
The walls of --------- are thin and leaky.
capillaries
O2 diffuses from the alveoli into surrounding --------, then ----- enters a red blood cell, oxygen binds to a molecule of --------, O2 is carried through blood vessels to a ---------, blood diffuesse from the blood to the body's--------
capillaries O2 hemoglobin capillary tissues
Blood circulates to and from the heart through three types of vessels.
capillaries arteries veins
As red blood cells pass through the-------------of your -----, oxygen diffuses into them and binds to the hemoglobin.
capillary beds lungs
If a heart continually fails to maintain a normal rhythm, an artificial pacemaker that emits rhythmic electrical signals can be surgically implanted into----- ------ to maintain a normal heartbeat.
cardiac muscle
Diseases of the heart and blood vessels are collectively called -------- ---------- and they account for 1 in 3 death in the US
cardiovascular disease
The closed circulatory system of humans and other vertebrates is called a
cardiovascular system,
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), characterized by
chronic cough difficulty breathing irritated and swollen apithelial tissue lining the bronchioles damages alveloli
Smoking slowly damages the respiratory system and leads to
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COPD
Despite its potentially deadly effects, millions of Americans willingly inhale CO in the form of
cigarette smoke.
transports substances to all cells of the body.
circulatory system
which facilitates the exchange of materials, providing a rapid, long-distance internal transport system that brings resources close enough to cells for diffusion to occur.
circulatory system
Certain drugs can lower the risk of developing------
clots.
air inhaled the diagphram -------mives --------
contracts downward
are the vessels that supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle.
coronary arteries
the ------is enough for day to day breathing, if you need more oxygen the -----will then move
diagphrma ribs
During inhalation, the chest is expanded by the upward movement of the ribs and downward movement of the -------------, a sheet of muscle.
diaphragm
The relaxation phase of the heart cycle is known as ----------; the contraction phase is called -------
diastole systole.
, the spontaneous movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration,
diffusion
Gas exchange between an organism and its environment takes place by
diffusion
Every organism must exchange materials with its environment, relying upon (2)
diffusion circulatry system
Breathing CO can therefore interfere with the delivery of ----- to body cells, blocking cellular respiration and causing rapid death.
O2
Consequently, as blood enters a capillary at the arterial end, blood pressure pushes fluid rich in -----, nutrients, and other molecules out of the capillary and into the interstitial fluid.
O2
The respiratory system consists of several organs that facilitate exchange of-- and ----between the ------------ and -----
O2 CO2 environment cells.
The human respiratory system takes ---- into the body and expels ----- but it relies on the --------- system to shuttle these gases between the lungs and the body's cells.
O2 CO2, circulatory
-------- does not readily dissolve in blood, so O2 does not tend to move from the air into the blood on its own.
Oxygen
All blood vessels are lined by a thin layer of tightly packed --------- ------
epithelial cells
The inner surface of each alveolus is lined with a layer of ---------- -------
epithelial cells
The kidneys produce a hormone called---------------- that stimulates the bone marrow's production of oxygen-carrying red blood cells.
erythropoietin (EPO)
closed circulatory system single: animals that have it? and what does it mean
fish rays sharks sharing blood, 50% oxygenated
Essential to the human cardiovascular system is the---- ------ ---------
four-chambered heart.
heart muscles are connected by ---------- which are used to
gap junctions spread signals across the atrium so that all the muscles can contract at once
With fewer alveoli and less surface area, ------- ----------- ----------
gas exchange decreases.
Hemophilia is caused by a ---------- -------in one of several genes that code for clotting factors.
genetic mutation
are outfoldings of the body surface that are suspended in water and are found in most aquatic animals, such as fishes, which are vertebrates, and lobsters and sea slugs, which are invertebrates.
gills
Blood pressure pushes blood from the ------through the arteries, arterioles, and capillary beds.
heart
After a while without contracting muscles, a person will start to become weak and dizzy and could even faint because gravity prevents blood from returning to the -----in sufficient amounts to supply the brain with-----------.
heart oxygen.
In the circulatory system of a mammal, there are two circuits from the heart: blood passes from the ------ to the ------- where it absorbs oxygen and releases carbon dioxide - then back to the heart blood passes from the------to the ----- and ------in the body, and back to the heart
heart lungs heart organs/tissues
cardiovascular system consists of the (3)
heart blood blood vessels
An embolus that blocks blood flow to the heart may cause a ----------- and an embolus in the brain may cause a -------.
heart attack, stroke.
indicates a defect in one or more of the valves.
heart murmer
For those who survive, the ability of the damaged heart to pump blood may be seriously impaired for life because
heart muscle cannot be replaced or repaired.
The --------- ---------- directs muscles of the heart to beat faster or slower under the influence of a variety of signals.
heart's pacemaker
A shortage of iron causes less ---------- to be produced by the body.
hemoglobin
Each red blood cell contains approximately 250 million molecules of ----------, an iron-containing protein that transports oxygen.
hemoglobin
are larger and lack hemoglobin, and less abundant
hemoglobin
In the inherited disease -------------, excessive and sometimes fatal bleeding can occur from even minor cuts and bruises.
hemophilia
is a muscular organ about the size of a fist, is located under the breastbone, and has four chambers that
human heart
high bloos pressure or, ---------, is persistent systolic blood pressure higher than 140 and/or diastolic blood pressure higher than 90.
hypertension
For most animals, however, the outer surface is either ----------- --- ---- or lacks ------ ---------- ---- to exchange gases for the whole body.
impermeable to gases sufficient surface area
Breathing is the alternating process of
inhalation and exhalation.
The --------- ----- of each ------- is lined with a layer of epithelial cells, where the exchange of gases actually takes place.
inner surface alveolus
Closed circulatory systems are found in many-----------, including nearly all other animals.
invertebrates
Open circulatory systems are found in many ----------, including most molluscs and all------------
invertebrates arthropods.
a type of cancer that originates in the cells of bone marrow, can be treated with stem cells.
leukemia
white blood cells are also called
leukocytes
are localized organs lined with moist epithelium and the most common respiratory surface among snails, some spiders, and terrestrial vertebrates such as amphibians, birds and other reptiles, and mammals.
lungs
Gases are carried between the ----- and the ------- ------ by the circulatory system.
lungs body cells
carbon dioxide is released from the --------- then diffuses into a -------- carried to the ------------- diffuses into an 0-------then the air exits throgh nose or mouth
mitochondira capillary lungs alveolus
also called erythrocytes, are by far the most numerous type of blood cell.
red blood cells
During exhalation, the rib and diaphragm muscles---------, decreasing the volume of the chest cavity. This decreased volume increases the air pressure inside the lungs, forcing air to rush out of the -------------- -----------
relax respiratory system.
air exhales the diagrphram ------and moves ---------
relaxes up
The part of an animal where O2 from the environment diffuses into living cells and CO2 diffuses out to the surrounding environment is called the
respiratory surface
pacemaker is in the
right atrium AV Node
where does the pacemaker generate electrical impulses
right ventricle
Insects breathe using a ---------- -------, an extensive network of branching internal tubes called tracheae.
tracheal system
blood pressure is recorded as
two numbers, such as 120/80 ("120 over 80").
prevent backflow and keep blood moving in the right direction.
valves
Over time, leg veins may stretch and enlarge and the valves within them weaken. As a result, veins just under the skin can become visibly swollen, a condition called
varicose veins
has valves running through it to make sure fluids all go the same direction
vein
to heart
vein
By the time blood enters the ------ the pressure originating from the heart has dropped to near zero.
veins,
and blood is always pumped away from the heart from a chamber called the
ventricle
which section of the heart has a greater contraction
ventricle
3. electrical impules lastly reach the
ventricles
Impulses cause the ------ ------- ------ --------, driving the blood out of the heart.
ventricles to contract strongly
If a blood clot becomes lodged in a ------------- , it can cause shortness of breath and lung tissue damage.
vessel of a lung
plasma consists of (6)
water, dissolved salts, proteins, and various other molecules such as nutrients wastes and hormones
heart attack is the blockage and will kill section because of the deprivation of ----- then you will have one part that ------- ----- --------- or your heart will just -------
o2 not be doing anything rupture
diffusion of ----and -------out of capillary and into tissue cell
o2 nutrients
The respiratory surface usually has three major characteristics: these characteristics allow for rapid diffusion between the body and the environment
one layer of living cells very thin needs to be moist
Approximately ------- of heart attack victims die almost immediately.
one-third
time for systole stage what happens here
.4 total .1 atria contract blood is forced into ventricles .3 ventricles contract blood is pumped out
The impulses then pass to a relay point that delays the signals by about ---- second, allowing the atria to empty before the impulses are passed to the ventricles.
0.1
time for diastole stahe what happens
0.4 heart is relaxed, blood flows in
More than 4,000 different chemicals are contained in cigarette smoke, many of which are known to be toxic and even potentially deadly.
4000
The circulatory system of an adult human has about ----- of blood.
5 L
Each of your lungs contains millions of these tiny sacs, alveoli, that provide about--------more surface area than your skin.
50 times
what is a closed circulaotry system
A closed circulatory system is called "closed" because the circulating fluid, called blood, is pumped within a set of closed tubes and is distinct from the interstitial fluid.
A --------- --------- is usually a thin, moist layer of cells that provides a large surface area for gas exchange with the environment.
A respiratory surface
Most of the time,-------- from breathing control centers in the brainstem maintain a respiratory rate of-------- inhalations per minute.
nerves 10-14
Hypertension is sometimes called a "silent killer" because it often displays ----------------while increasing the risks of heart disease, a heart attack, or a stroke.
no outward symptoms for years
Air enters the respiratory system through the
nostrils and mouth
Cardiovascular disease involves inherited factors but can be reduced by
not smoking exercising regularly and eating a healthy diet high in fruits vegetables and whole grains
what do white blood cells have
nuclei and other organelles
in an --------- the circulating fluid is pumped through open-ended tubes and flows out among cells.
open circulatory system
red blood cells are cells that carry
oxygen
In the circulatory system of a fish, the blood travels from the heart to the gills, where it absorbs ---------- and releases ------------.It then flows from the gills to the organs and tissues in the rest of the body, and back to the heart. There is just one circuit from the heart.
oxygen carbon dioxide.
Which of the following statements best describes the function of the left ventricle? It pumps --------- blood around the body via the ------- circulation.
oxygenated systemic
or SA (sinoatrial) node, is made up of specialized muscle tissue in the wall of the right atrium that generates electrical impulses, which spread quickly through the walls of both atria, prompting the atria to contract at the same time.
pacemaker
Just over half this volume consists of a yellowish liquid called
plasma
bits of membrane enclosed cytoplam that aid clotting
platelets
everything in the heart is working because of
pressure
Matching bone marrow cell type between two unrelated individuals is complicated because of an extreme diversity in the -------- on the surface of bone marrow cells.
proteins
The ------- circulation pumps blood between the heart and lungs, whereas the ---------- circulation pumps blood between the heart and the rest of the body.
pulmonary systemic
When whole blood is donated, all the components (plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets) are collected and then -----------
separated. partial blood donation is possible
The blood still moves through veins, even against the force of gravity, because veins are sandwiched between -----------
skeletal muscles.
Earthworms are ------------their entire outer body surface functions in gas exchange.
skin-breathers
exhale the cavity becomes -------and the pressure --------
smaller increases
as skeletal muscles contract they ---------the blood ---------
squeeze blood
If the clot is large enough, it may completely obstruct blood flow through the pulmonary circuit and cause --------- as the heart and brain lose access to O2-rich blood.
sudden death
there must be enough-------- ------ to take up O2 for every cell in the body.
surface area
120 called --------- 80 called ---------
systile, pressure right after distile relaxation
white blood cells -------- ------ ---- --------- when the body os combating an infection
temporarily incrase in number
when talkin about the heart always talk about it as if...
you are looking at the person L R
