chapter 23

is a colorless, odorless, poisonous gas that can bind to hemoglobin, even more tightly than O2 does.

CO

Stimulus: -----levels in the blood rise as a result of exercise. Breathing control centers in the brain monitor the rising CO2 levels in the blood. Response: ----------- -----trigger contraction of muscles to increase breathing rate and depth.

CO2 Nerve signals

diffusion of ----and ----- out of tissue cells and into capillary

CO2 and wastes

-------then forms the clots

FIBRIN

what is a bypass

add a vein to get around plaque that is causing a blockage

The bronchioles dead-end in grapelike clusters of air sacs called

alveoli

iny sacs in the lungs involved in gas exchange are called

alveoli

Iron deficiency is the most common cause of

amnemia

closed circulatory system double: animals that have it? and what does it mean?

amphibians, reptiles, mammals has a chance to load. 2 circuits to the heart

is a condition in which there is an abnormally low amount of hemoglobin or a low number of red blood cells.

anemia

---------is the insertion of a tiny catheter with a balloon that is inflated to compress the plaque and widen clogged arteries.

angioplasty

from heart

artery

has a lot more smooth muscle and connective tissue in it, the ------, compared to the _-------

artery vein

in the procedure --------only platelets or plasma is removed from a donor's blood. The remaining blood components are returned to the donor's circulation. also collect stem cells

aspheresis

when walls of arteries are blocked by fat (plaque) making it impossinle for blood to flow, can be very deadly

atheroscierosis

2. electrical impulses then spread through

atriam

The heart always receives blood in a chamber called the

atrium

when you inhale the cavity becomes -------and pressure -------

bigger decreases

The most important function of the circulatory system is the chemical exchange between the ------- and------cells within capillary beds.

blood tissue

is the force that blood exerts against the walls of your arteries.

blood pressure

erythropoietin (EPO) is a hormone produced by the kidneys and stimulates the -------- --------- production of --------------

bone marrow, oxygen-carrying red blood cells

The human respiratory system has three phases of gas exchange:

breathing transport O2 to the body diffusion of O2 at the tissue

The walls of --------- are thin and leaky.

capillaries

O2 diffuses from the alveoli into surrounding --------, then ----- enters a red blood cell, oxygen binds to a molecule of --------, O2 is carried through blood vessels to a ---------, blood diffuesse from the blood to the body's--------

capillaries O2 hemoglobin capillary tissues

Blood circulates to and from the heart through three types of vessels.

capillaries arteries veins

As red blood cells pass through the-------------of your -----, oxygen diffuses into them and binds to the hemoglobin.

capillary beds lungs

If a heart continually fails to maintain a normal rhythm, an artificial pacemaker that emits rhythmic electrical signals can be surgically implanted into----- ------ to maintain a normal heartbeat.

cardiac muscle

Diseases of the heart and blood vessels are collectively called -------- ---------- and they account for 1 in 3 death in the US

cardiovascular disease

The closed circulatory system of humans and other vertebrates is called a

cardiovascular system,

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), characterized by

chronic cough difficulty breathing irritated and swollen apithelial tissue lining the bronchioles damages alveloli

Smoking slowly damages the respiratory system and leads to

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COPD

Despite its potentially deadly effects, millions of Americans willingly inhale CO in the form of

cigarette smoke.

transports substances to all cells of the body.

circulatory system

which facilitates the exchange of materials, providing a rapid, long-distance internal transport system that brings resources close enough to cells for diffusion to occur.

circulatory system

Certain drugs can lower the risk of developing------

clots.

air inhaled the diagphram -------mives --------

contracts downward

are the vessels that supply oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle.

coronary arteries

the ------is enough for day to day breathing, if you need more oxygen the -----will then move

diagphrma ribs

During inhalation, the chest is expanded by the upward movement of the ribs and downward movement of the -------------, a sheet of muscle.

diaphragm

The relaxation phase of the heart cycle is known as ----------; the contraction phase is called -------

diastole systole.

, the spontaneous movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration,

diffusion

Gas exchange between an organism and its environment takes place by

diffusion

Every organism must exchange materials with its environment, relying upon (2)

diffusion circulatry system

Breathing CO can therefore interfere with the delivery of ----- to body cells, blocking cellular respiration and causing rapid death.

O2

Consequently, as blood enters a capillary at the arterial end, blood pressure pushes fluid rich in -----, nutrients, and other molecules out of the capillary and into the interstitial fluid.

O2

The respiratory system consists of several organs that facilitate exchange of-- and ----between the ------------ and -----

O2 CO2 environment cells.

The human respiratory system takes ---- into the body and expels ----- but it relies on the --------- system to shuttle these gases between the lungs and the body's cells.

O2 CO2, circulatory

-------- does not readily dissolve in blood, so O2 does not tend to move from the air into the blood on its own.

Oxygen

All blood vessels are lined by a thin layer of tightly packed --------- ------

epithelial cells

The inner surface of each alveolus is lined with a layer of ---------- -------

epithelial cells

The kidneys produce a hormone called---------------- that stimulates the bone marrow's production of oxygen-carrying red blood cells.

erythropoietin (EPO)

closed circulatory system single: animals that have it? and what does it mean

fish rays sharks sharing blood, 50% oxygenated

Essential to the human cardiovascular system is the---- ------ ---------

four-chambered heart.

heart muscles are connected by ---------- which are used to

gap junctions spread signals across the atrium so that all the muscles can contract at once

With fewer alveoli and less surface area, ------- ----------- ----------

gas exchange decreases.

Hemophilia is caused by a ---------- -------in one of several genes that code for clotting factors.

genetic mutation

are outfoldings of the body surface that are suspended in water and are found in most aquatic animals, such as fishes, which are vertebrates, and lobsters and sea slugs, which are invertebrates.

gills

Blood pressure pushes blood from the ------through the arteries, arterioles, and capillary beds.

heart

After a while without contracting muscles, a person will start to become weak and dizzy and could even faint because gravity prevents blood from returning to the -----in sufficient amounts to supply the brain with-----------.

heart oxygen.

In the circulatory system of a mammal, there are two circuits from the heart: blood passes from the ------ to the ------- where it absorbs oxygen and releases carbon dioxide - then back to the heart blood passes from the------to the ----- and ------in the body, and back to the heart

heart lungs heart organs/tissues

cardiovascular system consists of the (3)

heart blood blood vessels

An embolus that blocks blood flow to the heart may cause a ----------- and an embolus in the brain may cause a -------.

heart attack, stroke.

indicates a defect in one or more of the valves.

heart murmer

For those who survive, the ability of the damaged heart to pump blood may be seriously impaired for life because

heart muscle cannot be replaced or repaired.

The --------- ---------- directs muscles of the heart to beat faster or slower under the influence of a variety of signals.

heart's pacemaker

A shortage of iron causes less ---------- to be produced by the body.

hemoglobin

Each red blood cell contains approximately 250 million molecules of ----------, an iron-containing protein that transports oxygen.

hemoglobin

are larger and lack hemoglobin, and less abundant

hemoglobin

In the inherited disease -------------, excessive and sometimes fatal bleeding can occur from even minor cuts and bruises.

hemophilia

is a muscular organ about the size of a fist, is located under the breastbone, and has four chambers that

human heart

high bloos pressure or, ---------, is persistent systolic blood pressure higher than 140 and/or diastolic blood pressure higher than 90.

hypertension

For most animals, however, the outer surface is either ----------- --- ---- or lacks ------ ---------- ---- to exchange gases for the whole body.

impermeable to gases sufficient surface area

Breathing is the alternating process of

inhalation and exhalation.

The --------- ----- of each ------- is lined with a layer of epithelial cells, where the exchange of gases actually takes place.

inner surface alveolus

Closed circulatory systems are found in many-----------, including nearly all other animals.

invertebrates

Open circulatory systems are found in many ----------, including most molluscs and all------------

invertebrates arthropods.

a type of cancer that originates in the cells of bone marrow, can be treated with stem cells.

leukemia

white blood cells are also called

leukocytes

are localized organs lined with moist epithelium and the most common respiratory surface among snails, some spiders, and terrestrial vertebrates such as amphibians, birds and other reptiles, and mammals.

lungs

Gases are carried between the ----- and the ------- ------ by the circulatory system.

lungs body cells

carbon dioxide is released from the --------- then diffuses into a -------- carried to the ------------- diffuses into an 0-------then the air exits throgh nose or mouth

mitochondira capillary lungs alveolus

also called erythrocytes, are by far the most numerous type of blood cell.

red blood cells

During exhalation, the rib and diaphragm muscles---------, decreasing the volume of the chest cavity. This decreased volume increases the air pressure inside the lungs, forcing air to rush out of the -------------- -----------

relax respiratory system.

air exhales the diagrphram ------and moves ---------

relaxes up

The part of an animal where O2 from the environment diffuses into living cells and CO2 diffuses out to the surrounding environment is called the

respiratory surface

pacemaker is in the

right atrium AV Node

where does the pacemaker generate electrical impulses

right ventricle

Insects breathe using a ---------- -------, an extensive network of branching internal tubes called tracheae.

tracheal system

blood pressure is recorded as

two numbers, such as 120/80 ("120 over 80").

prevent backflow and keep blood moving in the right direction.

valves

Over time, leg veins may stretch and enlarge and the valves within them weaken. As a result, veins just under the skin can become visibly swollen, a condition called

varicose veins

has valves running through it to make sure fluids all go the same direction

vein

to heart

vein

By the time blood enters the ------ the pressure originating from the heart has dropped to near zero.

veins,

and blood is always pumped away from the heart from a chamber called the

ventricle

which section of the heart has a greater contraction

ventricle

3. electrical impules lastly reach the

ventricles

Impulses cause the ------ ------- ------ --------, driving the blood out of the heart.

ventricles to contract strongly

If a blood clot becomes lodged in a ------------- , it can cause shortness of breath and lung tissue damage.

vessel of a lung

plasma consists of (6)

water, dissolved salts, proteins, and various other molecules such as nutrients wastes and hormones

heart attack is the blockage and will kill section because of the deprivation of ----- then you will have one part that ------- ----- --------- or your heart will just -------

o2 not be doing anything rupture

diffusion of ----and -------out of capillary and into tissue cell

o2 nutrients

The respiratory surface usually has three major characteristics: these characteristics allow for rapid diffusion between the body and the environment

one layer of living cells very thin needs to be moist

Approximately ------- of heart attack victims die almost immediately.

one-third

time for systole stage what happens here

.4 total .1 atria contract blood is forced into ventricles .3 ventricles contract blood is pumped out

The impulses then pass to a relay point that delays the signals by about ---- second, allowing the atria to empty before the impulses are passed to the ventricles.

0.1

time for diastole stahe what happens

0.4 heart is relaxed, blood flows in

More than 4,000 different chemicals are contained in cigarette smoke, many of which are known to be toxic and even potentially deadly.

4000

The circulatory system of an adult human has about ----- of blood.

5 L

Each of your lungs contains millions of these tiny sacs, alveoli, that provide about--------more surface area than your skin.

50 times

what is a closed circulaotry system

A closed circulatory system is called "closed" because the circulating fluid, called blood, is pumped within a set of closed tubes and is distinct from the interstitial fluid.

A --------- --------- is usually a thin, moist layer of cells that provides a large surface area for gas exchange with the environment.

A respiratory surface

Most of the time,-------- from breathing control centers in the brainstem maintain a respiratory rate of-------- inhalations per minute.

nerves 10-14

Hypertension is sometimes called a "silent killer" because it often displays ----------------while increasing the risks of heart disease, a heart attack, or a stroke.

no outward symptoms for years

Air enters the respiratory system through the

nostrils and mouth

Cardiovascular disease involves inherited factors but can be reduced by

not smoking exercising regularly and eating a healthy diet high in fruits vegetables and whole grains

what do white blood cells have

nuclei and other organelles

in an --------- the circulating fluid is pumped through open-ended tubes and flows out among cells.

open circulatory system

red blood cells are cells that carry

oxygen

In the circulatory system of a fish, the blood travels from the heart to the gills, where it absorbs ---------- and releases ------------.It then flows from the gills to the organs and tissues in the rest of the body, and back to the heart. There is just one circuit from the heart.

oxygen carbon dioxide.

Which of the following statements best describes the function of the left ventricle? It pumps --------- blood around the body via the ------- circulation.

oxygenated systemic

or SA (sinoatrial) node, is made up of specialized muscle tissue in the wall of the right atrium that generates electrical impulses, which spread quickly through the walls of both atria, prompting the atria to contract at the same time.

pacemaker

Just over half this volume consists of a yellowish liquid called

plasma

bits of membrane enclosed cytoplam that aid clotting

platelets

everything in the heart is working because of

pressure

Matching bone marrow cell type between two unrelated individuals is complicated because of an extreme diversity in the -------- on the surface of bone marrow cells.

proteins

The ------- circulation pumps blood between the heart and lungs, whereas the ---------- circulation pumps blood between the heart and the rest of the body.

pulmonary systemic

When whole blood is donated, all the components (plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets) are collected and then -----------

separated. partial blood donation is possible

The blood still moves through veins, even against the force of gravity, because veins are sandwiched between -----------

skeletal muscles.

Earthworms are ------------their entire outer body surface functions in gas exchange.

skin-breathers

exhale the cavity becomes -------and the pressure --------

smaller increases

as skeletal muscles contract they ---------the blood ---------

squeeze blood

If the clot is large enough, it may completely obstruct blood flow through the pulmonary circuit and cause --------- as the heart and brain lose access to O2-rich blood.

sudden death

there must be enough-------- ------ to take up O2 for every cell in the body.

surface area

120 called --------- 80 called ---------

systile, pressure right after distile relaxation

white blood cells -------- ------ ---- --------- when the body os combating an infection

temporarily incrase in number

when talkin about the heart always talk about it as if...

you are looking at the person L R