Chapter 23 Random

Define pulmonary lobule.

A pulmonary lobule is the smallest subdivision of the lungs; branches of the pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins, and a terminal bronchiole supply each lobule.

What is the function of the structures labeled "12"?

All of the answers are correct.

What function do the C-shaped tracheal cartilages allow? (Module 21.5B)

Allow room for the esophagus to expand during swallowing.

If tissue oxygen demand increases and respiratory rate and tidal volume remain the same, what happens?

Alveolar PO2 decreases; blood and tissue PCO2 decreases

Which of the following statements is true regarding activity in the alveoli?

Alveolar macrophages collect stray dust particles

Define oxyhemoglobin.

Oxyhemoglobin is hemoglobin that has 4 molecules of oxygen bound.

For maximum loading of hemoglobin with oxygen at the lungs, the

PCO2 should be low

Distinguish between phonation and articulation. (Module 21.4C)

Phonation is the movement of the vocal folds to produce sound; articulation is the modification of sound by the tongue, teeth, and lips

Define respiratory rate. (

Respiratory rate is the number of breaths taken each minute.

Which of the following statements about bronchioles is true?

Sympathetic action causes bronchodilation.

What would happen to the alveoli if surfactant were not produced? (Module 21.7C)

The alveoli would collapse because of the normally high surface tension of the water coating the alveolar surfaces.

Asthma is

an acute condition resulting from unusually sensitive, irritated conducting airways.

Air remaining in the conducting portion of the respiratory system that does not reach the alveoli is known as

anatomic dead space.

A period in which breathing has stopped, followed by a forceful expulsion of air, is termed

apnea.

Prolonged deep inspirations can result from stimulating the ________ center.

apneustic

Modification of the sounds produced by the larynx is known as

articulation.

The paired cartilages that articulate with the superior border of the cricoid cartilage and help with opening and closing the glottis to produce sound are the ________ cartilages.

arytenoid

Identify three chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPDs). (Module 21.15B)

asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema

If the fluid bond between the parietal and visceral pleura is broken and the lung collapses, the resulting condition is termed

atelectasis

The term "hypercapnia" refers to

elevated PCO2 .

The obstructive lung disease in which elastic fibers are lost, leading to collapse of alveoli and bronchioles, is called

emphysema.

The elastic cartilage that covers the opening to the larynx during swallowing is the

epiglottis.

The laryngeal cartilage composed of elastic cartilage that prevents entry of solids or liquids into the larynx when swallowing is the

epiglottis.

The amount of air that a person can voluntarily expel after completing a normal, quiet respiratory cycle is termed

expiratory reserve volume

The openings to the nostrils are the

external nares.

The lungs are divided into lobes by structures called

fissures.

After a quiet expiration, the amount of air in your lungs is called the

functional residual capacity.

Identify the structure labeled "10."

glottis

The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by the

hard palate

Which of the following would be greater?

hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when the BPG level is low

The ________ is a depression in the lung that allows attachment of the primary bronchi, pulmonary vessels, and other structures

hilum

The condition of having low tissue oxygen levels is known as

hypoxia.

Dalton's law states that

in a mixture of gases such as air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture.

In quiet breathing,

inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive.

Expiratory movements are produced by contraction of the ________ muscle(s).

internal intercostal

Absorption of O2 from blood and release of CO2 from tissue cells is known as

internal respiration

The process by which dissolved gases are exchanged between the blood and interstitial fluid is

internal respiration

Boyle's law states that gas volume is

inversely proportional to pressure.

Inhaling through defense system is important for all of the following reasons except

it allows better conditioning of the inhaled air

All of the following are true regarding carbonic anhydrase except that

it can convert carbonic acid into CO2.

The vocal folds are located within the

larynx.

Which respiratory organ features a cardiac notch?

left lung

Components of the upper respiratory system include all of the following except the

lips.

Secondary bronchi supply air to the

lobes of the lungs.

The pneumotaxic center of the pons

modifies the rate and depth of breathing.

At a PO2 of 70 mm Hg and normal temperature and pH, hemoglobin is ________ percent saturated with oxygen.

more than 90

Tension on the vocal cords is regulated by the

movement of the arytenoid cartilages and contraction of voluntary muscles.

The beating of the cilia of the respiratory passages in the direction of the pharynx forms the

mucus escalator.

The nasal cavity is divided into left and right portions by the

nasal septum

The auditory tubes open into the

nasopharynx

All of the below are sensory stimuli that can stimulate respiratory reflexes except

nociceptors.

Which muscle(s) contract(s) to cause the movement indicated by the arrows labeled "6" and "7"

none, quiet expiration is passive

List the structures of the upper respiratory system.

nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and pharynx

All of the following provide chemoreceptor input to the respiratory centers of the medulla oblongata except the

olfactory epithelium.

Identify the structure labeled "7."

oropharynx

The ________ extends between the soft palate and the base of the tongue at the level of the hyoid bone

oropharynx

Which of the following organs is not part of the lower respiratory system?

oropharynx

In emphysema, all of the following occur except

patients present with cyanosis.

The common passageway shared by the respiratory and digestive systems is the

pharynx.

Air passing through the glottis vibrates the vocal folds and produces

phonation.

Higher brain centers that alter the activity of the respiratory centers include all of the following except the

pons

What branches from the trachea?

primary bronchi

The inflation reflex

protects the lungs from damage during forced inspiration.

The ultimate function of pulmonary ventilation is to

provide adequate alveolar ventilation.

The respiratory defense system is important for all of the following except

providing gas exchange

The respiratory mucosa of the conducting airways consists of

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

Which of the following muscles would not be recruited to increase inspired volume?

rectus abdominis

Which of the following systems is responsible for gas exchange?

respiratory

The condition resulting from inadequate production of surfactant and the resultant collapse of alveoli is

respiratory distress syndrome.

Which of the following can be calculated if the tidal volume and respiratory rate are known?

respiratory minute volume

What membrane lines the conducting portion of the respiratory tract? (Module 21.2B)

respiratory mucosa membrane

During a choking episode, most foreign objects are more likely to become lodged in the ________ bronchus due to its larger diameter and steeper angle.

right primary

The respiratory membrane of the gas exchange surfaces consists of

simple squamous epithelium.

Which ventilates alveoli more effectively: slow, deep breaths or rapid, shallow breaths? Explain why.

slow, deep breaths because a smaller amount of the tidal volume of each breath is spent moving air into and out of the anatomic dead space

Air traveling from the tertiary bronchi must pass through the ________ to reach the pulmonary lobule

terminal bronchioles

The movement of chloride ions into the RBCs in exchange for bicarbonate ions is known as

the chloride shift.

Which of the following is greater?

the partial pressure of oxygen in atmospheric air

Which of the following would be greater?

the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the pH is 7.6

Which of the following would be greater?

the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the temperature is 38 degrees centigrade

Henry's law states that

the volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the partial pressure of that gas.

When there is no air movement, the relationship between the intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressure is that

they are equal.

The right lung has ________; the left lung has ________.

three lobes; two lobes

The visible and palpable prominence on the throat known as the Adam's apple is part of the

thyroid cartilage

Name the various measurable pulmonary volumes.

tidal volume, expiratory reserve volume, residual volume, and inspiratory reserve volume

The unit of measurement for pressure specifically preferred by many respiratory therapists is

torr

The ________ extends from the larynx to the mediastinum.

trachea

The airway that connects the larynx to the bronchi is the

trachea.

Air entering the body is filtered, warmed, and humidified by the

upper respiratory tract.

If a patient being tested inhales as deeply as possible and then exhales as much as possible, the volume of air expelled would be the patient's

vital capacity.

The vocal ligaments are found in the

vocal folds.

Alveolar ventilation (VA) refers to the

amount of air reaching the alveoli each minute.

The most important chemical regulator of respiration is

carbon dioxide.

If you looked closely at a pulmonary lobule, you would see all of the following structures except

cartilage plates.

Identify the structure labeled "2."

choanae

Functions of the nasal cavity include all of the following except

cooling the air.

The ring-shaped cartilage just inferior to the thyroid cartilage is the ________ cartilage.

cricoid

Breathing through the nose rather than the mouth is advantageous for all of the following reasons except

decreased breath volumes on inhalation.

Which of the following factors would increase the amount of oxygen discharged by hemoglobin into peripheral tissues?

decreased pH

Each of the following factors affects the rate of external respiration except the

diameter of an alveolus.

The apneustic centers promote quiet inhalation by stimulating the

dorsal respiratory group (DRG).

A 10 percent increase in the level of carbon dioxide in the blood will

double the rate of breathing

The normal respiratory rate of a resting adult ranges from ________ breaths each minute, or roughly one for every four heartbeats.

12 to 18

A hemoglobin molecule contains ________ globular protein subunits.

2 alpha and 2 beta

The adult human trachea is about ________ in diameter and contains ________ tracheal cartilages.

2.5 cm; 15-20

Each 100 ml of blood leaving the alveolar capillaries carries away roughly ________ ml of oxygen. A) 10 B) 20 C) 30 D) 50 E) 75

20 mL

Which structure leads to the middle ear?

4

The partial pressure of oxygen (PO2 ) in pulmonary veins during internal respiration is approximately

95 mm Hg

Explain the relationship among BPG, oxygen, and hemoglobin. (Module 21.13C)

BPG is a compound generated by RBCs that decreases hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen. If the concentration of BPG increases, the amount of oxygen released by hemoglobin will increase.

Define Boyle's law. (Module 21.9A)

Boyle's law states that at a constant temperature, the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume.

The larynx contains all of the following except

C-rings composed of hyaline cartilage

Define compliance and resistance.

Compliance is the ease with which the lungs expand and recoil. Resistance is an indication of how much force is required to inflate or deflate the lungs.

________ is the most common lethal inherited disease affecting people of Northern European descent.

Cystic fibrosis

________ is the amount of air that you can inhale above the resting tidal volume

Inspiratory reserve volume

Compare dysplasia, metaplasia, neoplasia, and anaplasia. (Module 21.18C)

Dysplasia is the development of abnormal cells; metaplasia is the development of abnormal changes in tissue structure; neoplasia is the conversion of normal cells to tumor cells; and anaplasia is the spread of the malignant cells throughout the body.

Define hypercapnia and hypocapnia.

Hypercapnia is an abnormally high arterial PCO2. Hypocapnia is an abnormally low arterial PCO2

How are hypoxia and anoxia different?

Hypoxia is low tissue oxygen levels; anoxia is the complete cutoff of oxygen supply.

During exercise, hemoglobin releases more oxygen to active skeletal muscles than it does when those muscles are at rest. Why?

Increased temperature and decreased pH generated by active skeletal muscles cause hemoglobin to release more oxygen during exercise than when the muscles are at rest.

What does not happen to a carbon dioxide molecule once it enters the bloodstream?

It binds to heme groups in hemoglobin.

Which of the following statements about the chloride shift is false?

It causes RBCs to swell.

Which of the following is false about the pharynx?

It is shared by the integumentary and respiratory systems

Which of the following statements regarding tobacco smoking and lung damage is true?

Neoplasia is not reversible, even if the person stops smoking, but can be treated by surgery.

Describe the structures of the glottis. (Module 21.4B)

The glottis contains the vocal folds that contain the vocal ligaments and the rima glottidis which is the opening between the vocal folds.

What pressures determine the direction of airflow within the respiratory tract? (Module 21.9C)

The intrapulmonary pressure and the atmospheric pressure

What physical changes affect the volume of the lungs? (Module 21.9B)

The movements of the diaphragm and rib cage affect the volume of the lungs

Describe the forces that drive oxygen and carbon dioxide transport between the blood and peripheral tissues.

The partial pressure gradients push oxygen into peripheral tissues and carbon dioxide out of tissues and into blood.

Define respiratory defense system.

The respiratory defense system is a series of filtration mechanisms that prevent airway contamination.

Why is the vascularization of the nasal cavity important?

The rich collection of blood vessels allows the white blood cells to attract and destroy pathogens in incoming air before it leaves the nasal cavity

Compare the two main bronchi

The right main bronchus is larger in diameter than the left main bronchus and it descends toward the lung at a steeper angle than the left main bronchus.

________ is the amount of air that moves into the respiratory system during a single respiratory cycle under resting conditions.

Tidal volume

Which of these age-based changes is false?

Vital capacity increases.

Where does gas exchange between the air and the lungs occur? (Module 21.1A)

alveoli

The sites of gas exchange within the lungs are the

alveoli.

If the dorsal respiratory group of neurons in the medulla oblongata were destroyed bilaterally,

a person would stop breathing.

Which of these descriptions best matches the term "external intercostal"?

accessory muscle of inspiration

At the level of the alveoli, where does gas exchange occur?

across the respiratory membrane

____________ equals the respiratory rate x (tidal volume - anatomic dead space)

alveolar ventilation rate

Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as

bicarbonate ions.

Are chemoreceptors more sensitive to blood CO2 levels or blood O2 levels? (Module 21.17A)

blood CO2 levels

Harry suffers from cystic fibrosis and has severe breathing difficulties. His problems result from

both the inability of the respiratory defense mechanism to transport mucus and the production of thick secretions that are difficult to transport.

The respiratory center is housed in the ________ of the brain.

brain stem

The normal rate and depth of breathing is established by all of the following except the ________ center.

breathing cortex of the cerebrum