Chapter 24

145. Which of the following statements applies to the ileocecal sphincter?

Peristaltic contractions reaching this sphincter cause it to relax.

69. Why does the superior part of the esophagus contain skeletal muscle instead of smooth muscle?

The first phase of swallowing is under voluntary control.

115. Which of the following statements regarding the pancreas is true?

The pancreatic acinar cells secrete digestive enzymes.

84. Why doesn't the stomach digest itself?

The stomach wall is protected by large amounts of mucus.

14. Diffusion and active transport are likely to be important in

absorption of food.

9. The movement of molecules out of the digestive tract into circulation or the lymphatic system is

absorption.

107. Which of the following cell types is correctly matched with its function?

absorptive cells - produce digestive enzymes

151. Enterokinase

activates trypsinogen.

183. How are ions such as sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and phosphate transported from the intestinal lumen?

active transport

87. The formation of HCl in the stomach involves the

active transport of hydrogen ions from parietal cells into the lumen of the stomach.

166. Enzymes that digest carbohydrates include

amylase, maltase, and sucrase.

51. Teeth in adults

are distributed so that there is one canine tooth in each half jaw.

114. The pancreatic islets

are endocrine glands.

46. Lipid-soluble drugs placed under the tongue

are quickly dissolved and absorbed.

171. Chylomicrons

are synthesized in intestinal epithelial cells.

109. What is found in an intestinal villus?

blood capillaries and a lacteal

185. Which of the following are effects of aging on the digestive system?

blood supply decreases, more likely to develop ulcerations and cancers and enamel on teeth becomes thinner.

55. Which of the following is NOT a muscle of mastication?

buccinator

44. What muscle forms the cheeks?

buccinator muscle

159. Gastrocolic reflexes are reflexes that

cause mass movements of the colon when food is present in the stomach.

130. Which of the following is NOT part of a portal triad?

central vein

90. Anticipation of eating food causes an increase in secretion of gastric juice. This phase of gastric secretion is called the _____ phase.

cephalic

48. What is the function of the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?

changing the tongue shape during swallowing

134. What is the main stimulus for bile secretion from the gallbladder?

cholecystokinin

146. The gallbladder contracts in response to the hormone

cholecystokinin.

108. Blockage of the ileocecal valve would prevent

chyme from entering the large intestine.

98. Food in the stomach is squeezed and mixed with gastric juices, forming a semiliquid called

chyme.

153. A proteolytic enzyme secreted by the pancreas is

chymotrypsin.

152. Trypsin can activate

chymotrypsinogen.

104. The hepatopancreatic ampulla is formed by the union of the

common bile duct and pancreatic duct

17. The muscularis layer in the wall of the digestive tract is A. skeletal muscle throughout the tract, especially in the large intestine.

composed of a layer of circular smooth muscle fibers and a layer of longitudinal smooth muscle fibers.

118. The liver

consists of two major lobes and two minor lobes.

156. The mucosa of the colon

contains many mucus-secreting goblet cells.

18. The enteric plexus

controls movement and secretion of the digestive tract.

157. One of the major functions of the large intestine is to

convert chyme to feces.

132. What connects the gallbladder to the common bile duct?

cystic duct

26. What is the function of enteric sensory neurons?

detect changes in chemical composition of digestive tract contents and detect stretch of the digestive tract wall

102. Enzymes secreted by the small intestine include

disaccharidases.

112. Which of the following will stimulate intestinal motility?

distension of the intestinal wall

97. The enterogastric reflex can be triggered by

distention of the duodenal wall.

165. Most nutrient absorption occurs in the

duodenum and jejunum.

5. Which of the following is a function performed by the digestive system?

elimination of undigested food

127. Bile

emulsifies fats in the small intestine.

2. Which of the following is NOT an accessory organ of the digestive tract?

esophagus

67. What structure moves food from the pharynx to the stomach?

esophagus

61. Salivary gland secretion is primarily controlled by the

facial and glossopharyngeal nerves.

85. Intrinsic factor

facilitates the absorption of vitamin B12.

38. Which of the following attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall?

falciform ligament

155. The major stimulus for the release of cholecystokinin is the presence of ______ in the intestine.

fatty acids and other lipids

81. Inability of the pyloric sphincter to open would prevent

food from entering the small intestine.

94. Which of the following would inhibit both gastric secretion and gastric motility?

gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)

96. Fatty acids and certain lipids in the duodenum initiate the release of

gastric inhibitory peptide and cholecystokinin (CCK).

92. The distention of the stomach by food is the primary stimulus to begin the

gastric phase of gastric secretion

79. Inflammation of the stomach mucosa in the area superior to the pyloric sphincter is most appropriately referred to as

gastric ulcer.

95. Which of the following would stimulate gastric secretion?

gastrin

53. Inflammation of the gums is called

gingivitus.

164. Insulin increases the rate of _____ transport into cells.

glucose

180. Which of the following is an end product of protein digestion?

glucose

36. A large amount of fat accumulates in the

greater omentum.

47. Where is the uvula located?

hanging in the fauces

141. The anal canal

has an internal sphincter composed of smooth muscle.

39. The oral cavity

has boundaries that include the lips, palate and cheeks.

76. The esophagus

has upper and lower sphincters to regulate movement of food.

122. The hepatic sinusoids

have phagocytic cells in their lining.

22. The enteric plexus

helps control movement and secretions of the digestive tract and contains parasympathetic neurons

116. Bile would flow directly from the

hepatic ducts into the common hepatic duct.

138. A blockage in the colon where the ascending colon turns to become the transverse colon would occur at the

hepatic flexure.

119. Nutrient-rich blood from the digestive tract comes to the liver by way of the

hepatic portal vein.

131. Where does bile enter the duodenum?

hepatopancreatic ampulla

106. What portion of the small intestine is most distal from the pylorus of the stomach?

ileum

177. A cell needs a receptor in order to absorb LDL's. A disease that interferes with the functioning of these LDL receptors would

increase serum cholesterol levels.

103. The villi, microvilli and plicae circularis function to

increase surface area for absorption.

169. Emulsification

increases surface area for lipid digestion.

63. Mastication

increases the surface area of food particles.

100. Duodenal gland secretion prevents

irritation of the duodenal mucosa by acidic chyme and digestive enzymes.

93. The intestinal phase of gastric secretion

is controlled by the entrance of acidic chyme into the duodenum.

89. Pepsinogen

is packaged in zymogen granules.

161. The defecation reflex

is stimulated by distention of the rectum.

10. Which digestive activity is NOT correctly matched to its location?

killing microorganisms with lysozyme - stomach

91. The gastric phase of gastric secretion

leads to the greatest volume of gastric secretion.

173. In comparison to a low-density lipoprotein (LDL), a high density lipoprotein (HDL) contains

less lipid

45. Which of the following would inhibit normal movements of the tongue?

lingual frenulum extending to tip of tongue

168. If the thoracic duct were tied off, which of the following classes of nutrients would not enter the circulatory system at their normal rate?

lipids

124. Damage to the liver would hamper digestion of

lipids.

25. Secretions that are added as food moves through the GI tract assist in

liquefying and digesting the food.

1. Which of the following is an accessory organ of the digestive tract?

liver

121. An organ is described as follows: cords of cells radiating outward from a central vein with sinusoids between the cords of cells. The organ having this histological structure is the

liver.

123. Bile is produced by cells of the

liver.

15. Which of the following occurs in the large intestine?

mass movements

160. Strong peristaltic contractions in the large intestine are called

mass movements.

12. Which of the following is NOT a function of the small intestine?

mastication of food

40. The lips, cheek, and tongue all aid in

mastication, speech, and swallowing.

170. Small droplets of digested lipids surrounded by bile salts are called

micelles

111. What is the purpose of segmental contractions of the small intestine?

mixing of intestinal contents

60. The digestive functions performed by saliva and salivary amylase respectively are

moistening and starch digestion.

56. Saliva

moistens food and begins starch digestion in the mouth.

99. The pyloric pump

moves chyme through a partially closed pyloric opening.

105. Which layer of the small intestine wall contains cells with microvilli?

mucosa

19. Which layer of the digestive tract is in direct contact with the food consumed?

mucosa

23. Beginning at the lumen, the sequence of layers of the digestive tract wall is

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa.

140. The major secretion of the large intestine is

mucus.

21. The myenteric plexus is found in the _____ of the digestive tract wall.

muscularis

20. Which of the following is correctly matched?

muscularis - responsible for peristalsis

83. Which of the following represents a mismatch in stomach wall structure?

muscularis - two layers; both circular

64. Which part of the pharynx is NOT involved with food transport?

nasopharynx

30. What are the two major neurotransmitters of the ENS in the digestive tract?

norepinephrine and acetylcholine

3. Which is the correct order of the regions of the digestive tract from superior to inferior?

oral cavity, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

43. What muscle forms the lips?

orbicularis oris muscle

75. The portion of the digestive tract that receives food directly from the oral cavity is the

oropharynx.

24. What is the function of interstitial cells of the myenteric plexus?

pacemaker cells that promote rhythmic contractions of the smooth muscle

135. Which of the following structures has both endocrine and exocrine tissue?

pancreas

148. The digestive juice that contains enzymes capable of digesting all major food groups is

pancreatic juice.

42. Which of the following is associated with the tongue?

papillae and taste buds

77. Which of the following cell types of the stomach is correctly matched with its function?

parietal cells - produce hydrochloric acid

33. The abdominal cavity is lined with

parietal peritoneum.

58. The salivary glands located just anterior to the ear are the

parotid glands.

178. Which of the following enzymes digests protein?

pepsin

82. Which of the following are secreted by the stomach?

pepsinogen and intrinsic factor

126. Bile secretion is

performed continuously by the liver.

52. The ____ helps hold a tooth in its socket.

periodontal ligament

72. What moves the bolus during the esophageal phase of deglutition?

peristalsis

41. The tongue

plays a major role in swallowing.

125. The liver

produces secretions that help neutralize stomach acids and emulsify fats.

86. Which of the following events occurs because of the low pH of the stomach?

proper environment for functioning of pepsin

6. The movement of food through the digestive tract is

propulsion.

50. Which of the following pairs is mismatched?

pulp cavity - cementum

78. Which of the following regions of the stomach is correctly matched with its description?

pylorus - the most inferior portion of the stomach

176. LDL's are taken into a cell by the process of

receptor mediated endocytosis.

80. Reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus occurs because of

relaxation of the cardiac sphincter.

74. Which of the following might happen if a person begins laughing while swallowing a liquid?

relaxation of the soft palate allowing liquid to enter the nasal cavity

35. Abdominal organs that lie against the body wall and have no mesenteries are said to be

retroperitoneal.

59. Which of the following components of saliva is mismatched with its function?

salivary amylase - begins protein digestion

147. When chyme enters the duodenum, ____ is released and stimulates the pancreas to secrete bicarbonates.

secretin

7. Which of the following is NOT a type of propulsion in the digestive tract?

segmental contraction

8. A mixing contraction in the small intestine is called

segmental contraction.

11. Which of the following is NOT a function of the stomach?

segmental contractions

16. In order to remove a tumor in the muscular tunic of the stomach, a surgeon must cut through the

serosa.

137. Which of the following is located closest to the rectum?

sigmoid colon

143. Cholecystokinin is produced by endocrine cells of the

small intestine.

163. Enzymes for the digestion of disaccharides are produced in the

small intestine.

65. Food is prevented from entering the nasal cavity during swallowing by the

soft palate.

49. Which of the following is NOT a necessary function of the tongue?

speech

31. The role of acetylcholine in the digestive tract is to _________, while the role of norepinephrine is to ______.

stimulate, inhibit

32. What is the role of serotonin in the digestive tract?

stimulates motility

4. Which of the following organs is part of the digestive tract or alimentary canal?

stomach

133. What is the function of the gallbladder?

store and concentrate bile

113. The gallbladder

stores bile.

57. The salivary glands that open into the oral cavity beside the frenulum of the tongue are the

submandibular glands.

144. Which of the following is mismatched?

sympathetic nerve fibers - increase intestinal motility

120. Which of the following is a function of the hepatocytes?

synthesize bile

139. The longitudinal layer of smooth muscle in the large intestinal wall forms three bands called the

teniae coli.

73. What keeps the bolus from entering the larynx during deglutition?

the epiglottis

110. Where does the majority of nutrient absorption occur?

the jejunum and duodenum

66. The epiglottis covers the opening into the larynx during

the pharyngeal phase of swallowing.

68. How does the muscularis layer of the esophagus differ from the rest of the digestive tract?

the superior part is skeletal muscle

149. Which of the following enzymes is found in inactive form in pancreatic juice?

trypsin

150. Which of the following enzymes is mismatched with its substrate?

trypsin - nucleic acids

167. Monosaccharides

use a symport process in their absorption.

27. Parasympathetic nerves extend to the digestive tract through the ____________ nerve.

vagus

70. Which of the following is the correct order for the phases of deglutition?

voluntary, pharyngeal, esophageal

182. When intestinal chyme is highly concentrated,

water moves by osmosis into the lumen of the small intestine.

62. How much saliva is generally produced each day?

1 - 1½ L

37. A man had a gunshot wound in his abdomen. The bullet passed through his anterior body and lodged inside the transverse colon. What layers did the bullet pass through to arrive at the location? (1) parietal peritoneum (2) visceral peritoneum

1, 2, 2, 2

88. Assume we could alter the conditions in the duodenum. If we inserted a large volume of highly acidic chyme which contained a large amount of fat, which of the following responses are consistent with that? (1) decreased gastric acid secretion (2) increased bile production (3) increased pancreatic bicarbonate production and pancreatic enzyme secretion (4) increased secretin and cholecystokinin

1, 2, 3, 4

136. Arrange the following structures in order from the small intestine to the rectum. (1) ascending colon (2) descending colon (3) sigmoid colon (4) transverse colon

1, 4, 2, 3

179. Arrange the following in order from largest to smallest: (1) dipeptide (2) protein (3) amino acid (4) polypeptide

2, 4, 1, 3

172. Arrange the following events in the correct order: (1) absorption of lipids (2) emulsification (3) micelle formation (4) digestion of lipids

2, 4, 3, 1

13. Arrange the following in proper sequence: (1) digestion (2) elimination (3) ingestion (4) absorption

3, 1, 4, 2

117. Arrange the ducts in the order that bile would pass through them when moving from the bile canaliculi to the small intestine without being stored in the gallbladder. (1) common bile duct (2) common hepatic duct (3) cystic duct (4) left and right hepatic ducts

4, 2, 1

158. Feces consist of

All of these are found in feces.

128. Functions of the liver include

All of these are functions of the liver.

142. Which of the following apply to the small intestine?

All of these choices apply to the small intestine.

129. Hepatocytes

All of these choices are functions of hepatocytes.

34. Which of the following organs is retroperitoneal?

All of these organs are retroperitoneal

162. Which of the following does NOT illustrate digestion?

CO2 and H2O→carbohydrates

154. Which of the following statements concerning cholecystokinin is correct?

Cholecystokinin stimulates the pancreas to release an enzyme-rich solution.

101. Gastritis, peptic ulcers and gastric cancer can all be caused by

Helicobacter pylori, a bacterium.

29. What disease is caused by the absence of enteric neurons in the distal large intestine?

Hirschprung disease

71. Which of the following statements regarding swallowing is true?

In the pharyngeal phase, food is moved through the pharynx.

181. Which of the following is true?

Intestinal epithelial cells absorb more dipeptides and tripeptides than single amino acids.

174. Which of the following lipoproteins contains the highest percentage of cholesterol?

LDL