Chapter 24
145. Which of the following statements applies to the ileocecal sphincter?
Peristaltic contractions reaching this sphincter cause it to relax.
69. Why does the superior part of the esophagus contain skeletal muscle instead of smooth muscle?
The first phase of swallowing is under voluntary control.
115. Which of the following statements regarding the pancreas is true?
The pancreatic acinar cells secrete digestive enzymes.
84. Why doesn't the stomach digest itself?
The stomach wall is protected by large amounts of mucus.
14. Diffusion and active transport are likely to be important in
absorption of food.
9. The movement of molecules out of the digestive tract into circulation or the lymphatic system is
absorption.
107. Which of the following cell types is correctly matched with its function?
absorptive cells - produce digestive enzymes
151. Enterokinase
activates trypsinogen.
183. How are ions such as sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and phosphate transported from the intestinal lumen?
active transport
87. The formation of HCl in the stomach involves the
active transport of hydrogen ions from parietal cells into the lumen of the stomach.
166. Enzymes that digest carbohydrates include
amylase, maltase, and sucrase.
51. Teeth in adults
are distributed so that there is one canine tooth in each half jaw.
114. The pancreatic islets
are endocrine glands.
46. Lipid-soluble drugs placed under the tongue
are quickly dissolved and absorbed.
171. Chylomicrons
are synthesized in intestinal epithelial cells.
109. What is found in an intestinal villus?
blood capillaries and a lacteal
185. Which of the following are effects of aging on the digestive system?
blood supply decreases, more likely to develop ulcerations and cancers and enamel on teeth becomes thinner.
55. Which of the following is NOT a muscle of mastication?
buccinator
44. What muscle forms the cheeks?
buccinator muscle
159. Gastrocolic reflexes are reflexes that
cause mass movements of the colon when food is present in the stomach.
130. Which of the following is NOT part of a portal triad?
central vein
90. Anticipation of eating food causes an increase in secretion of gastric juice. This phase of gastric secretion is called the _____ phase.
cephalic
48. What is the function of the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?
changing the tongue shape during swallowing
134. What is the main stimulus for bile secretion from the gallbladder?
cholecystokinin
146. The gallbladder contracts in response to the hormone
cholecystokinin.
108. Blockage of the ileocecal valve would prevent
chyme from entering the large intestine.
98. Food in the stomach is squeezed and mixed with gastric juices, forming a semiliquid called
chyme.
153. A proteolytic enzyme secreted by the pancreas is
chymotrypsin.
152. Trypsin can activate
chymotrypsinogen.
104. The hepatopancreatic ampulla is formed by the union of the
common bile duct and pancreatic duct
17. The muscularis layer in the wall of the digestive tract is A. skeletal muscle throughout the tract, especially in the large intestine.
composed of a layer of circular smooth muscle fibers and a layer of longitudinal smooth muscle fibers.
118. The liver
consists of two major lobes and two minor lobes.
156. The mucosa of the colon
contains many mucus-secreting goblet cells.
18. The enteric plexus
controls movement and secretion of the digestive tract.
157. One of the major functions of the large intestine is to
convert chyme to feces.
132. What connects the gallbladder to the common bile duct?
cystic duct
26. What is the function of enteric sensory neurons?
detect changes in chemical composition of digestive tract contents and detect stretch of the digestive tract wall
102. Enzymes secreted by the small intestine include
disaccharidases.
112. Which of the following will stimulate intestinal motility?
distension of the intestinal wall
97. The enterogastric reflex can be triggered by
distention of the duodenal wall.
165. Most nutrient absorption occurs in the
duodenum and jejunum.
5. Which of the following is a function performed by the digestive system?
elimination of undigested food
127. Bile
emulsifies fats in the small intestine.
2. Which of the following is NOT an accessory organ of the digestive tract?
esophagus
67. What structure moves food from the pharynx to the stomach?
esophagus
61. Salivary gland secretion is primarily controlled by the
facial and glossopharyngeal nerves.
85. Intrinsic factor
facilitates the absorption of vitamin B12.
38. Which of the following attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall?
falciform ligament
155. The major stimulus for the release of cholecystokinin is the presence of ______ in the intestine.
fatty acids and other lipids
81. Inability of the pyloric sphincter to open would prevent
food from entering the small intestine.
94. Which of the following would inhibit both gastric secretion and gastric motility?
gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)
96. Fatty acids and certain lipids in the duodenum initiate the release of
gastric inhibitory peptide and cholecystokinin (CCK).
92. The distention of the stomach by food is the primary stimulus to begin the
gastric phase of gastric secretion
79. Inflammation of the stomach mucosa in the area superior to the pyloric sphincter is most appropriately referred to as
gastric ulcer.
95. Which of the following would stimulate gastric secretion?
gastrin
53. Inflammation of the gums is called
gingivitus.
164. Insulin increases the rate of _____ transport into cells.
glucose
180. Which of the following is an end product of protein digestion?
glucose
36. A large amount of fat accumulates in the
greater omentum.
47. Where is the uvula located?
hanging in the fauces
141. The anal canal
has an internal sphincter composed of smooth muscle.
39. The oral cavity
has boundaries that include the lips, palate and cheeks.
76. The esophagus
has upper and lower sphincters to regulate movement of food.
122. The hepatic sinusoids
have phagocytic cells in their lining.
22. The enteric plexus
helps control movement and secretions of the digestive tract and contains parasympathetic neurons
116. Bile would flow directly from the
hepatic ducts into the common hepatic duct.
138. A blockage in the colon where the ascending colon turns to become the transverse colon would occur at the
hepatic flexure.
119. Nutrient-rich blood from the digestive tract comes to the liver by way of the
hepatic portal vein.
131. Where does bile enter the duodenum?
hepatopancreatic ampulla
106. What portion of the small intestine is most distal from the pylorus of the stomach?
ileum
177. A cell needs a receptor in order to absorb LDL's. A disease that interferes with the functioning of these LDL receptors would
increase serum cholesterol levels.
103. The villi, microvilli and plicae circularis function to
increase surface area for absorption.
169. Emulsification
increases surface area for lipid digestion.
63. Mastication
increases the surface area of food particles.
100. Duodenal gland secretion prevents
irritation of the duodenal mucosa by acidic chyme and digestive enzymes.
93. The intestinal phase of gastric secretion
is controlled by the entrance of acidic chyme into the duodenum.
89. Pepsinogen
is packaged in zymogen granules.
161. The defecation reflex
is stimulated by distention of the rectum.
10. Which digestive activity is NOT correctly matched to its location?
killing microorganisms with lysozyme - stomach
91. The gastric phase of gastric secretion
leads to the greatest volume of gastric secretion.
173. In comparison to a low-density lipoprotein (LDL), a high density lipoprotein (HDL) contains
less lipid
45. Which of the following would inhibit normal movements of the tongue?
lingual frenulum extending to tip of tongue
168. If the thoracic duct were tied off, which of the following classes of nutrients would not enter the circulatory system at their normal rate?
lipids
124. Damage to the liver would hamper digestion of
lipids.
25. Secretions that are added as food moves through the GI tract assist in
liquefying and digesting the food.
1. Which of the following is an accessory organ of the digestive tract?
liver
121. An organ is described as follows: cords of cells radiating outward from a central vein with sinusoids between the cords of cells. The organ having this histological structure is the
liver.
123. Bile is produced by cells of the
liver.
15. Which of the following occurs in the large intestine?
mass movements
160. Strong peristaltic contractions in the large intestine are called
mass movements.
12. Which of the following is NOT a function of the small intestine?
mastication of food
40. The lips, cheek, and tongue all aid in
mastication, speech, and swallowing.
170. Small droplets of digested lipids surrounded by bile salts are called
micelles
111. What is the purpose of segmental contractions of the small intestine?
mixing of intestinal contents
60. The digestive functions performed by saliva and salivary amylase respectively are
moistening and starch digestion.
56. Saliva
moistens food and begins starch digestion in the mouth.
99. The pyloric pump
moves chyme through a partially closed pyloric opening.
105. Which layer of the small intestine wall contains cells with microvilli?
mucosa
19. Which layer of the digestive tract is in direct contact with the food consumed?
mucosa
23. Beginning at the lumen, the sequence of layers of the digestive tract wall is
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa.
140. The major secretion of the large intestine is
mucus.
21. The myenteric plexus is found in the _____ of the digestive tract wall.
muscularis
20. Which of the following is correctly matched?
muscularis - responsible for peristalsis
83. Which of the following represents a mismatch in stomach wall structure?
muscularis - two layers; both circular
64. Which part of the pharynx is NOT involved with food transport?
nasopharynx
30. What are the two major neurotransmitters of the ENS in the digestive tract?
norepinephrine and acetylcholine
3. Which is the correct order of the regions of the digestive tract from superior to inferior?
oral cavity, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
43. What muscle forms the lips?
orbicularis oris muscle
75. The portion of the digestive tract that receives food directly from the oral cavity is the
oropharynx.
24. What is the function of interstitial cells of the myenteric plexus?
pacemaker cells that promote rhythmic contractions of the smooth muscle
135. Which of the following structures has both endocrine and exocrine tissue?
pancreas
148. The digestive juice that contains enzymes capable of digesting all major food groups is
pancreatic juice.
42. Which of the following is associated with the tongue?
papillae and taste buds
77. Which of the following cell types of the stomach is correctly matched with its function?
parietal cells - produce hydrochloric acid
33. The abdominal cavity is lined with
parietal peritoneum.
58. The salivary glands located just anterior to the ear are the
parotid glands.
178. Which of the following enzymes digests protein?
pepsin
82. Which of the following are secreted by the stomach?
pepsinogen and intrinsic factor
126. Bile secretion is
performed continuously by the liver.
52. The ____ helps hold a tooth in its socket.
periodontal ligament
72. What moves the bolus during the esophageal phase of deglutition?
peristalsis
41. The tongue
plays a major role in swallowing.
125. The liver
produces secretions that help neutralize stomach acids and emulsify fats.
86. Which of the following events occurs because of the low pH of the stomach?
proper environment for functioning of pepsin
6. The movement of food through the digestive tract is
propulsion.
50. Which of the following pairs is mismatched?
pulp cavity - cementum
78. Which of the following regions of the stomach is correctly matched with its description?
pylorus - the most inferior portion of the stomach
176. LDL's are taken into a cell by the process of
receptor mediated endocytosis.
80. Reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus occurs because of
relaxation of the cardiac sphincter.
74. Which of the following might happen if a person begins laughing while swallowing a liquid?
relaxation of the soft palate allowing liquid to enter the nasal cavity
35. Abdominal organs that lie against the body wall and have no mesenteries are said to be
retroperitoneal.
59. Which of the following components of saliva is mismatched with its function?
salivary amylase - begins protein digestion
147. When chyme enters the duodenum, ____ is released and stimulates the pancreas to secrete bicarbonates.
secretin
7. Which of the following is NOT a type of propulsion in the digestive tract?
segmental contraction
8. A mixing contraction in the small intestine is called
segmental contraction.
11. Which of the following is NOT a function of the stomach?
segmental contractions
16. In order to remove a tumor in the muscular tunic of the stomach, a surgeon must cut through the
serosa.
137. Which of the following is located closest to the rectum?
sigmoid colon
143. Cholecystokinin is produced by endocrine cells of the
small intestine.
163. Enzymes for the digestion of disaccharides are produced in the
small intestine.
65. Food is prevented from entering the nasal cavity during swallowing by the
soft palate.
49. Which of the following is NOT a necessary function of the tongue?
speech
31. The role of acetylcholine in the digestive tract is to _________, while the role of norepinephrine is to ______.
stimulate, inhibit
32. What is the role of serotonin in the digestive tract?
stimulates motility
4. Which of the following organs is part of the digestive tract or alimentary canal?
stomach
133. What is the function of the gallbladder?
store and concentrate bile
113. The gallbladder
stores bile.
57. The salivary glands that open into the oral cavity beside the frenulum of the tongue are the
submandibular glands.
144. Which of the following is mismatched?
sympathetic nerve fibers - increase intestinal motility
120. Which of the following is a function of the hepatocytes?
synthesize bile
139. The longitudinal layer of smooth muscle in the large intestinal wall forms three bands called the
teniae coli.
73. What keeps the bolus from entering the larynx during deglutition?
the epiglottis
110. Where does the majority of nutrient absorption occur?
the jejunum and duodenum
66. The epiglottis covers the opening into the larynx during
the pharyngeal phase of swallowing.
68. How does the muscularis layer of the esophagus differ from the rest of the digestive tract?
the superior part is skeletal muscle
149. Which of the following enzymes is found in inactive form in pancreatic juice?
trypsin
150. Which of the following enzymes is mismatched with its substrate?
trypsin - nucleic acids
167. Monosaccharides
use a symport process in their absorption.
27. Parasympathetic nerves extend to the digestive tract through the ____________ nerve.
vagus
70. Which of the following is the correct order for the phases of deglutition?
voluntary, pharyngeal, esophageal
182. When intestinal chyme is highly concentrated,
water moves by osmosis into the lumen of the small intestine.
62. How much saliva is generally produced each day?
1 - 1½ L
37. A man had a gunshot wound in his abdomen. The bullet passed through his anterior body and lodged inside the transverse colon. What layers did the bullet pass through to arrive at the location? (1) parietal peritoneum (2) visceral peritoneum
1, 2, 2, 2
88. Assume we could alter the conditions in the duodenum. If we inserted a large volume of highly acidic chyme which contained a large amount of fat, which of the following responses are consistent with that? (1) decreased gastric acid secretion (2) increased bile production (3) increased pancreatic bicarbonate production and pancreatic enzyme secretion (4) increased secretin and cholecystokinin
1, 2, 3, 4
136. Arrange the following structures in order from the small intestine to the rectum. (1) ascending colon (2) descending colon (3) sigmoid colon (4) transverse colon
1, 4, 2, 3
179. Arrange the following in order from largest to smallest: (1) dipeptide (2) protein (3) amino acid (4) polypeptide
2, 4, 1, 3
172. Arrange the following events in the correct order: (1) absorption of lipids (2) emulsification (3) micelle formation (4) digestion of lipids
2, 4, 3, 1
13. Arrange the following in proper sequence: (1) digestion (2) elimination (3) ingestion (4) absorption
3, 1, 4, 2
117. Arrange the ducts in the order that bile would pass through them when moving from the bile canaliculi to the small intestine without being stored in the gallbladder. (1) common bile duct (2) common hepatic duct (3) cystic duct (4) left and right hepatic ducts
4, 2, 1
158. Feces consist of
All of these are found in feces.
128. Functions of the liver include
All of these are functions of the liver.
142. Which of the following apply to the small intestine?
All of these choices apply to the small intestine.
129. Hepatocytes
All of these choices are functions of hepatocytes.
34. Which of the following organs is retroperitoneal?
All of these organs are retroperitoneal
162. Which of the following does NOT illustrate digestion?
CO2 and H2O→carbohydrates
154. Which of the following statements concerning cholecystokinin is correct?
Cholecystokinin stimulates the pancreas to release an enzyme-rich solution.
101. Gastritis, peptic ulcers and gastric cancer can all be caused by
Helicobacter pylori, a bacterium.
29. What disease is caused by the absence of enteric neurons in the distal large intestine?
Hirschprung disease
71. Which of the following statements regarding swallowing is true?
In the pharyngeal phase, food is moved through the pharynx.
181. Which of the following is true?
Intestinal epithelial cells absorb more dipeptides and tripeptides than single amino acids.
174. Which of the following lipoproteins contains the highest percentage of cholesterol?
LDL