**Chapter 24** Digestive System (STR**)
174. Which of the following lipoproteins contains the highest percentage of cholesterol? A. LDL B. HDL C. VLDL D. chylomicron E. CDL
A. LDL
62. How much saliva is generally produced each day? A. ½ - 1 L B. 1 - 1½ L C. 2 - 3 L D. 4 - 5 L
B. 1 - 1½ L
47. Where is the uvula located? A. on the hard palate B. hanging in the fauces C. lateral walls of the fauces D. under the tongue
B. hanging in the fauces
105. Which layer of the small intestine wall contains cells with microvilli? A. submucosa B. mucosa C. muscularis D. serosa E. adventitia
B. mucosa
57. The salivary glands that open into the oral cavity beside the frenulum of the tongue are the A. parotid glands. B. sublingual glands. C. submandibular glands. D. labial glands. E. lacrimal glands.
B. sublingual glands
88. Assume we could alter the conditions in the duodenum. If we inserted a large volume of highly acidic chyme which contained a large amount of fat, which of the following responses are consistent with that? (1) decreased gastric acid secretion (2) increased bile production (3) increased pancreatic bicarbonate production and pancreatic enzyme secretion (4) increased secretin and cholecystokinin A. 1, 2, 3, 4 B. 1, 2, 3 C. 2, 3, 4 D. 1, 3, 4 E. 1, 2, 4
A. 1, 2, 3, 4
136. Arrange the following structures in order from the small intestine to the rectum. (1) ascending colon (2) descending colon (3) sigmoid colon (4) transverse colon A. 1, 2, 3, 4 B. 1, 4, 2, 3 C. 2, 3, 1, 4 D. 2, 4, 1, 3 E. 1, 4, 3, 2
B. 1, 4, 2, 3
111. What is the purpose of segmental contractions of the small intestine? A. propelling the chyme forward B. mixing of intestinal contents C. moving intestinal contents into the colon D. stretching the intestinal wall
B. mixing of intestinal contents
3. Which is the correct order of the regions of the digestive tract from superior to inferior? A. pharynx, esophagus, large intestine, small intestine B. oral cavity, stomach, small intestine, large intestine C. stomach, esophagus, large intestine, small intestine D. anus, large intestine, stomach, esophagus
B. oral cavity, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
179. Arrange the following in order from largest to smallest: (1) dipeptide (2) protein (3) amino acid (4) polypeptide A. 3, 1, 4, 2 B. 4, 1, 2, 3 C. 2, 4, 1, 3 D. 1, 2, 3, 4 E. 2, 4, 3, 1
C. 2, 4, 1, 3
117. Arrange the ducts in the order that bile would pass through them when moving from the bile canaliculi to the small intestine without being stored in the gallbladder. (1) common bile duct (2) common hepatic duct (3) cystic duct (4) left and right hepatic ducts A. 3, 4, 2 B. 3, 2, 1 C. 4, 2, 1 D. 4, 1, 2 E. 1, 4, 2
C. 4, 2, 1
37. A man had a gunshot wound in his abdomen. The bullet passed through his anterior body and lodged inside the transverse colon. What layers did the bullet pass through to arrive at the location? (1) parietal peritoneum (2) visceral peritoneum A. 1, 2 B. 1, 2, 1, 2 C. 1, 2, 2, 1 D. 1, 2, 2, 2 E. 2, 1, 1, 1
D. 1, 2, 2, 2
84. Why doesn't the stomach digest itself? A. The stomach wall lacks proteins so enzymes won't attack it. B. The digestive enzymes in the stomach aren't efficient enough. C. The stomach lining is too tough to be digested. D. The stomach wall is protected by large amounts of mucus. E. The stomach is protected by HCl.
D. The stomach wall is protected by large amounts of mucus.
183. How are ions such as sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and phosphate transported from the intestinal lumen? A. passive transport B. osmosis C. diffusion D. active transport
D. active transport
101. Gastritis, peptic ulcers and gastric cancer can all be caused by A. Helicobacter pylori, a bacterium. B. increased secretion of gastric bicarbonate. C. pH of the stomach contents continuously greater than 4. D. increased mucus production by the neck cells. E. None of these choices is correct.
A. Helicobacter pylori, a bacterium.
173. In comparison to a low-density lipoprotein (LDL), a high density lipoprotein (HDL) contains A. less lipid. B. less protein. C. more cholesterol. D. more carbohydrate. E. more amino acids.
A. less lipid
35. Abdominal organs that lie against the body wall and have no mesenteries are said to be A. retroperitoneal. B. antiperitoneal. C. falciperitoneal. D. hyperperitoneal. E. mesoperitoneal.
A. retroperitoneal.
139. The longitudinal layer of smooth muscle in the large intestinal wall forms three bands called the A. teniae coli. B. haustra. C. coli longitudini. D. omental appendages. E. rugae.
A. teniae coli.
124. Damage to the liver would hamper digestion of A. carbohydrates. B. lipids. C. proteins. D. disaccharides. E. All of these choices are correct.
B. lipids.
149. Which of the following enzymes is found in inactive form in pancreatic juice? A. bile B. trypsin C. sucrase D. pepsin E. lipase
B. trypsin
162. Which of the following does NOT illustrate digestion? A. polysaccharides → disaccharides B. fat → fatty acids and glycerol C. CO2 and H2O→carbohydrates D. protein → amino acids E. disaccharides → monosaccharides
C. CO2 and H2O→carbohydrates
154. Which of the following statements concerning cholecystokinin is correct? A. Cholecystokinin stimulates relaxation of the gallbladder. B. Cholecystokinin stimulates secretion of mucus by the gastric glands. C. Cholecystokinin stimulates the pancreas to release an enzyme-rich solution. D. Cholecystokinin stimulates the intestine to secrete trypsin. E. Cholecystokinin stimulates gastric secretions.
C. Cholecystokinin stimulates the pancreas to release an enzyme-rich solution.
48. What is the function of the intrinsic muscles of the tongue? A. sticking the tongue out B. moving the tongue side to side C. changing the tongue shape during swallowing D. retracting the tongue
C. changing the tongue shape during swallowing
132. What connects the gallbladder to the common bile duct? A. hepatic duct B. gallbladder duct C. cystic duct D. portal duct
C. cystic duct
89. Pepsinogen A. is secreted by parietal cells. B. is activated by salivary amylase in swallowed food. C. is packaged in zymogen granules. D. operates optimally at a pH of 5 or more. E. helps to form peptide bonds.
C. is packaged in zymogen granules.
168. If the thoracic duct were tied off, which of the following classes of nutrients would not enter the circulatory system at their normal rate? A. amino acids B. glucose C. lipids D. disaccharides E. monosaccharides
C. lipids
1. Which of the following is an accessory organ of the digestive tract? A. pharynx B. stomach C. liver D. large intestine
C. liver
23. Beginning at the lumen, the sequence of layers of the digestive tract wall is A. submucosa, mucosa, serous membrane, muscularis. B. muscularis, lamina propria, submucosa, mucosa. C. mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa. D. peritoneum, submucosa, mucosa, lamina propria. E. submucosa, mucosa, adventitia, muscularis.
C. mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa.
140. The major secretion of the large intestine is A. bile. B. hormones. C. mucus. D. vitamins. E. bacteria.
C. mucus.
43. What muscle forms the lips? A. buccinator muscle B. orbicularis oculi muscle C. orbicularis oris muscle D. labial frenulum muscle
C. orbicularis oris muscle
135. Which of the following structures has both endocrine and exocrine tissue? A. colon B. liver C. pancreas D. gallbladder E. spleen
C. pancreas
113. The gallbladder A. produces bile. B. is attached to the pancreas. C. stores bile. D. produces secretin. E. breaks down red blood cells.
C. stores bile.
110. Where does the majority of nutrient absorption occur? A. the stomach and duodenum B. the duodenum and ileum C. the jejunum and duodenum D. the ileum and jejunum
C. the jejunum and duodenum
130. Which of the following is NOT part of a portal triad? A. hepatic artery B. hepatic duct C. hepatic portal vein D. central vein
D. central vein
169. Emulsification A. converts small lipid droplets into larger droplets. B. occurs in the gallbladder. C. chemically digests lipids. D. increases surface area for lipid digestion. E. involves enzymes.
D. increases surface area for lipid digestion.
91. The gastric phase of gastric secretion A. decreases the release of gastrin in the stomach. B. is triggered by taste, sight, thought, or smell of food. C. is mediated by impulses on sympathetic nerves. D. leads to the greatest volume of gastric secretion. E. leads to the least volume of gastric secretion.
D. leads to the greatest volume of gastric secretion.
21. The myenteric plexus is found in the _____ of the digestive tract wall. A. mucosa B. serosa C. submucosa D. muscularis E. adventitia
D. muscularis
163. Enzymes for the digestion of disaccharides are produced in the A. mouth. B. stomach. C. pancreas. D. small intestine. E. liver.
D. small intestine.
65. Food is prevented from entering the nasal cavity during swallowing by the A. epiglottis. B. palatine tonsils. C. tongue. D. soft palate. E. hard palate.
D. soft palate.
49. Which of the following is NOT a necessary function of the tongue? A. swallowing B. chewing C. taste D. speech E.
D. speech
133. What is the function of the gallbladder? A. produce bile B. store bicarbonate C. add pigment to bile D. store and concentrate bile
D. store and concentrate bile
120. Which of the following is a function of the hepatocytes? A. produce digestive enzymes B. synthesize hormones C. produce hydrochloric acid D. synthesize bile E. regulate pH
D. synthesize bile
172. Arrange the following events in the correct order: (1) absorption of lipids (2) emulsification (3) micelle formation (4) digestion of lipids A. 1, 2, 3, 4 B. 3, 4, 2, 1 C. 4, 1, 2, 3 D. 2, 4, 1, 3 E. 2, 4, 3, 1
E. 2, 4, 3, 1
13. Arrange the following in proper sequence: (1) digestion (2) elimination (3) ingestion (4) absorption A. 3, 4, 2, 1 B. 1, 4, 3, 2 C. 4, 1, 2, 3 D. 3, 4, 1, 2 E. 3, 1, 4, 2
E. 3, 1, 4, 2
158. Feces consist of A. water. B. undigestible food. C. bacteria. D. sloughed-off epithelial cells. E. All of these are found in feces.
E. All of these are found in feces.
171. Chylomicrons A. are synthesized in intestinal epithelial cells. B. enter capillaries in the small intestine. C. help emulsify fats. D. are a rich source of carbohydrate. E. are synthesized in the lumen of the small intestines.
A. are synthesized in intestinal epithelial cells.
177. A cell needs a receptor in order to absorb LDL's. A disease that interferes with the functioning of these LDL receptors would A. increase serum cholesterol levels. B. decrease serum cholesterol levels. C. halt endocytosis. D. promote endocytosis. E. have no effect on serum cholesterol or endocytosis.
A. increase serum cholesterol levels.
63. Mastication A. increases the surface area of food particles. B. decreases the efficiency of digestion. C. occurs in both the mouth and stomach. D. is never under voluntary control. E. decreases the surface area of food particles.
A. increases the surface area of food particles.
126. Bile secretion is A. performed continuously by the liver. B. is stimulated by sympathetic nerves. C. is stimulated by decreased amounts of bile salts. D. stimulated by increased vitamin B12 storage. E. controlled by the gallbladder.
A. performed continuously by the liver.
125. The liver A. produces secretions that help neutralize stomach acids and emulsify fats. B. produces several digestive enzymes. C. stores vitamin C. D. receives oxygenated blood from the portal vein. E. can not synthesize new molecules.
A. produces secretions that help neutralize stomach acids and emulsify fats.
80. Reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus occurs because of A. relaxation of the cardiac sphincter. B. contraction of the pyloric sphincter. C. spasms of the submucosal layer of the stomach wall. D. increased hydrochloric acid production by the parietal cells. E. increased amounts of mucous produced by the stomach.
A. relaxation of the cardiac sphincter.
181. Which of the following is true? A. Peptidases are made in the large intestine. B. Intestinal epithelial cells absorb more dipeptides and tripeptides than single amino acids. C. The hepatic artery transports amino acids from the small intestine to the liver. D. Amino acids leave intestinal epithelial cells and enter the lacteals. E. Protein digestion starts in the duodenum.
B. Intestinal epithelial cells absorb more dipeptides and tripeptides than single amino acids.
98. Food in the stomach is squeezed and mixed with gastric juices, forming a semiliquid called A. bolusin. B. chyme. C. bile. D. phlegm. E. feces.
B. chyme.
153. A proteolytic enzyme secreted by the pancreas is A. ribonuclease. B. chymotrypsin. C. amylase. D. enterogastrone. E. pancreatic lipase.
B. chymotrypsin.
152. Trypsin can activate A. pepsinogen. B. chymotrypsinogen. C. angiotensinogen. D. endopeptidase. E. lipase.
B. chymotrypsinogen.
165. Most nutrient absorption occurs in the A. stomach and esophagus. B. duodenum and jejunum. C. ascending colon and cecum. D. pancreatic duct and gall bladder. E. ileum and transverse colon.
B. duodenum and jejunum.
119. Nutrient-rich blood from the digestive tract comes to the liver by way of the A. hepatic artery. B. hepatic portal vein. C. hepatic vein. D. inferior vena cava. E. celiac trunk.
B. hepatic portal vein.
131. Where does bile enter the duodenum? A. cystic duct B. hepatopancreatic ampulla C. hepatic duct D. duodenal ampulla
B. hepatopancreatic ampulla
45. Which of the following would inhibit normal movements of the tongue? A. swollen lips B. lingual frenulum extending to tip of tongue C. decrease in number of taste buds D. loss of all teeth E. swollen tonsils
B. lingual frenulum extending to tip of tongue
123. Bile is produced by cells of the A. duodenum. B. liver. C. gallbladder. D. pancreas. E. hepatopancreatic ampulla.
B. liver.
170. Small droplets of digested lipids surrounded by bile salts are called A. chylomicrons. B. micelles. C. monoglycerides. D. diglycerides. E. lacteals.
B. micelles
77. Which of the following cell types of the stomach is correctly matched with its function? A. mucous cells - produce intrinsic factor B. parietal cells - produce hydrochloric acid C. chief cells - produce mucus D. endocrine cells - produce enzymes E. chief cells - produce hormones
B. parietal cells - produce hydrochloric acid
178. Which of the following enzymes digests protein? A. bile B. pepsin C. isomaltose D. sucrase E. lipase
B. pepsin
82. Which of the following are secreted by the stomach? A. amylase and lipase B. pepsinogen and intrinsic factor C. bile and lipase D. trypsin and amylase E. bicarbonate and secretin
B. pepsinogen and intrinsic factor
145. Which of the following statements applies to the ileocecal sphincter? A. Cecal distention enhances relaxation of this sphincter. B. Closure of this sphincter inhibits absorption in the small intestine. C. Peristaltic contractions reaching this sphincter cause it to relax. D. This sphincter is usually relaxed. E. This sphincter stays contracted.
C. Peristaltic contractions reaching this sphincter cause it to relax.
115. Which of the following statements regarding the pancreas is true? A. The head of the pancreas lies in the curvature of the ileum. B. The pancreatic duct carries both enzymes and hormones. C. The pancreatic acinar cells secrete digestive enzymes. D. The pancreas assists the stomach in the absorption of digested food. E. The pancreas digests sugar.
C. The pancreatic acinar cells secrete digestive enzymes.
151. Enterokinase A. is a hormone. B. triggers the release of bile from the gallbladder. C. activates trypsinogen. D. increases duodenal motility. E. digests proteins.
C. activates trypsinogen.
159. Gastrocolic reflexes are reflexes that A. empty the stomach. B. release gastric secretions into the stomach. C. cause mass movements of the colon when food is present in the stomach. D. lead to mass movements of the colon in response to food in the duodenum. E. stop movement in the colon.
C. cause mass movements of the colon when food is present in the stomach.
104. The hepatopancreatic ampulla is formed by the union of the A. pancreatic duct with the lacteals. B. greater duodenal papilla with the lesser duodenal papilla. C. common bile duct and pancreatic duct. D. cystic duct and interlobular duct. E. hepatic ducts and cystic ducts.
C. common bile duct and pancreatic duct
5. Which of the following is a function performed by the digestive system? A. cellular respiration B. food selection C. elimination of undigested food D. regulation of blood pH E. integration and coordination of other systems
C. elimination of undigested food
67. What structure moves food from the pharynx to the stomach? A. larynx B. laryngopharynx C. esophagus D. epiglottis
C. esophagus
85. Intrinsic factor A. increases gastric motility. B. causes the release of stomach acid. C. facilitates the absorption of vitamin B12. D. protects the stomach lining from the effects of stomach acid. E. stimulates the synthesis of DNA.
C. facilitates the absorption of vitamin B12.
94. Which of the following would inhibit both gastric secretion and gastric motility? A. vagal stimulation and gastrin B. chewing and swallowing food C. gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) D. gastrin and cholecystokinin (CCK) E. large amounts of fiber in the diet
C. gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)
121. An organ is described as follows: cords of cells radiating outward from a central vein with sinusoids between the cords of cells. The organ having this histological structure is the A. pancreas. B. spleen. C. liver. D. stomach. E. gall bladder.
C. liver.
160. Strong peristaltic contractions in the large intestine are called A. segmental contractions. B. churning contractions. C. mass movements. D. rectal propulsions. E. defecation.
C. mass movements.
52. The ____ helps hold a tooth in its socket. A. crown B. cementum C. periodontal ligament D. dental arch E. alveoli
C. periodontal ligament
118. The liver A. has two major lobes - caudate and quadrate. B. is located on the superior surface of the diaphragm. C. is not vascular. D. is located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen. E. consists of two major lobes and two minor lobes.
E. consists of two major lobes and two minor lobes.
20. Which of the following is correctly matched? A. mucosa - controls peristalsis B. serosa - contains an extensive supply of nerves and blood vessels C. submucosa - lamina propria D. serosa - increased surface area E. muscularis - responsible for peristalsis
E. muscularis - responsible for peristalsis
122. The hepatic sinusoids A. transport bile. B. have phagocytic cells in their lining. C. are part of the portal triad. D. connect to the gallbladder. E. do not have a function.
B. have phagocytic cells in their lining.
116. Bile would flow directly from the A. gallbladder into the hepatic duct. B. hepatic ducts into the common hepatic duct. C. bile canaliculus into the cystic duct. D. common bile duct into the gallbladder. E. cystic duct into the hepatic ducts.
B. hepatic ducts into the common hepatic duct.
138. A blockage in the colon where the ascending colon turns to become the transverse colon would occur at the A. ileocecal valve. B. hepatic flexure. C. splenic flexure. D. cardiac sphincter. E. gastric flexure.
B. hepatic flexure.
8. A mixing contraction in the small intestine is called A. peristalsis. B. segmental contraction. C. deglutition. D. mass movement.
B. segmental contraction.
150. Which of the following enzymes is mismatched with its substrate? A. pepsin - protein B. amylase - starch C. trypsin - nucleic acids D. lipase - fat E. deoxyribonucleases - DNA
C. trypsin - nucleic acids
167. Monosaccharides A. are emulsified before absorption. B. are absorbed into lacteals. C. use a symport process in their absorption. D. need vitamin C to be absorbed. E. can not be absorbed.
C. use a symport process in their absorption.
27. Parasympathetic nerves extend to the digestive tract through the ____________ nerve. A. gastric B. cardiac C. vagus D. accessory
C. vagus
22. The enteric plexus A. is found in the mucosa B. consists of the myenteric plexus and the ciliac plexus C. helps control movement and secretions of the digestive tract D. contains parasympathetic neurons E. helps control movement and secretions of the digestive tract and contains parasympathetic neurons
E. helps control movement and secretions of the digestive tract and contains parasympathetic neurons
34. Which of the following organs is retroperitoneal? A. pancreas B. ascending colon C. duodenum D. descending colon E. All of these organs are retroperitoneal
E. All of these organs are retroperitoneal
29. What disease is caused by the absence of enteric neurons in the distal large intestine? A. Hirschprung disease B. multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 C. spastic colon D. gastroenteritis
A. Hirschprung disease
87. The formation of HCl in the stomach involves the A. active transport of hydrogen ions from parietal cells into the lumen of the stomach. B. exchange of sodium ions for hydrogen ions in the transport process. C. active transport of chloride ions from parietal cells into the lumen of the stomach. D. exchange of sodium and bicarbonate ions. E. the combination of carbon dioxide and water.
A. active transport of hydrogen ions from parietal cells into the lumen of the stomach.
90. Anticipation of eating food causes an increase in secretion of gastric juice. This phase of gastric secretion is called the _____ phase. A. cephalic B. gastric C. intestinal D. pancreatic E. conscious
A. cephalic
134. What is the main stimulus for bile secretion from the gallbladder? A. cholecystokinin B. vagal stimulation C. secretin D. large amounts of protein in the chyme
A. cholecystokinin
156. The mucosa of the colon A. contains many mucus-secreting goblet cells. B. exchanges sodium ions for chloride ions. C. actively secretes sodium and chloride ions. D. produces enzymes that complete lipid digestion. E. consists of stratified columnar epithelium.
A. contains many mucus-secreting goblet cells.
112. Which of the following will stimulate intestinal motility? A. distension of the intestinal wall B. low pH C. presence of amino acids D. All of the choices will stimulate intestinal motility
A. distension of the intestinal wall
97. The enterogastric reflex can be triggered by A. distention of the duodenal wall. B. the presence of food in the stomach. C. increased pH in the duodenum. D. the cerebral cortex. E. the hormone secretin.
A. distention of the duodenal wall.
19. Which layer of the digestive tract is in direct contact with the food consumed? A. mucosa B. muscularis C. submucosa D. serosa E. peritoneum
A. mucosa
182. When intestinal chyme is highly concentrated, A. water moves by osmosis into the lumen of the small intestine. B. water moves by osmosis from the intestinal lumen into the blood. C. water moves by endocytosis from intestinal lumen into interstitial spaces. D. water moves by exocytosis from interstitial spaces into the stomach. E. water does not move.
A. water moves by osmosis into the lumen of the small intestine.
71. Which of the following statements regarding swallowing is true? A. The voluntary phase begins in the pharynx. B. In the pharyngeal phase, food is moved through the pharynx. C. The uvula rises during the esophageal phase. D. Peristalsis occurs in all phases of swallowing. E. Breathing occurs during swallowing.
B. In the pharyngeal phase, food is moved through the pharynx.
14. Diffusion and active transport are likely to be important in A. mastication of food. B. absorption of food. C. elimination of undigested food. D. propulsion of food through the digestive tract. E. mixing of food.
B. absorption of food.
107. Which of the following cell types is correctly matched with its function? A. endocrine cells - produce mucus B. absorptive cells - produce digestive enzymes C. granular cells - absorb nutrients D. goblet cells - produce hormones E. granular cells - produce granules
B. absorptive cells - produce digestive enzymes
180. Which of the following is an end product of protein digestion? A. glucose B. amino acids C. LDL molecules D. micelles E. nucleic acids
B. amino acids
166. Enzymes that digest carbohydrates include A. peptidases. B. amylase, maltase, and sucrase. C. lipase. D. maltase and lipase. E. trypsin and chymotrypsin.
B. amylase, maltase, and sucrase.
146. The gallbladder contracts in response to the hormone A. secretin. B. cholecystokinin. C. gastrin. D. enterokinin. E. insulin.
B. cholecystokinin.
141. The anal canal A. begins at the sigmoid colon and ends at the rectum. B. has an internal sphincter composed of smooth muscle. C. contains many goblet cells. D. contains tubular glands called crypts. E. has an external sphincter composed of smooth muscle.
B. has an internal sphincter composed of smooth muscle.
41. The tongue A. secretes saliva. B. plays a major role in swallowing. C. contains a lot of connective and lymphatic tissues. D. is attached to the hard palate. E. functions in deglutition apnea.
B. plays a major role in swallowing.
78. Which of the following regions of the stomach is correctly matched with its description? A. body - portion closest to the esophagus B. pylorus - the most inferior portion of the stomach C. fundus - opening from the stomach into the duodenum D. cardiac region - the largest portion of the stomach E. pyloric opening - opening from the esophagus
B. pylorus - the most inferior portion of the stomach
147. When chyme enters the duodenum, ____ is released and stimulates the pancreas to secrete bicarbonates. A. gastrin B. secretin C. insulin D. cholecystokinin E. glucagon
B. secretin
143. Cholecystokinin is produced by endocrine cells of the A. stomach. B. small intestine. C. pancreas. D. large intestine. E. liver.
B. small intestine.
31. The role of acetylcholine in the digestive tract is to _________, while the role of norepinephrine is to ______. A. stimulate, stimulate B. stimulate, inhibit C. inhibit, inhibit D. inhibit, stimulate
B. stimulate, inhibit
32. What is the role of serotonin in the digestive tract? A. decreased nausea B. stimulates motility C. hormone release D. inhibits motility
B. stimulates motility
66. The epiglottis covers the opening into the larynx during A. the voluntary phase of swallowing. B. the pharyngeal phase of swallowing. C. the esophageal phase of swallowing. D. the gastric phase of swallowing. E. the oral phase of swallowing.
B. the pharyngeal phase of swallowing.
68. How does the muscularis layer of the esophagus differ from the rest of the digestive tract? A. it is all skeletal muscle B. the superior part is skeletal muscle C. the inferior part is skeletal muscle D. it has alternating smooth and skeletal muscle sections
B. the superior part is skeletal muscle
46. Lipid-soluble drugs placed under the tongue A. are more easily swallowed. B. can be detected by taste buds. C. are quickly dissolved and absorbed. D. are then easy to chew. E. are not readily absorbed.
C. are quickly dissolved and absorbed.
109. What is found in an intestinal villus? A. brush border B. digestive enzymes C. blood capillaries and a lacteal D. Peyer patches and a lacteal
C. blood capillaries and a lacteal
155. The major stimulus for the release of cholecystokinin is the presence of ______ in the intestine. A. bile B. pancreatic juice C. fatty acids and other lipids D. sugars E. proteins
C. fatty acids and other lipids
164. Insulin increases the rate of _____ transport into cells. A. sucrose B. fructose C. glucose D. galactose E. lactose
C. glucose
106. What portion of the small intestine is most distal from the pylorus of the stomach? A. jejunum B. duodenum C. ileum D. common bile duct E. hepatopancreatic ampulla
C. ileum
42. Which of the following is associated with the tongue? A. uvula B. constrictor muscles C. papillae and taste buds D. periodontal ligament E. fauces
C. papillae and taste buds
86. Which of the following events occurs because of the low pH of the stomach? A. activation of salivary amylase B. enhanced carbohydrate digestion C. proper environment for functioning of pepsin D. protein synthesis E. lipid digestion
C. proper environment for functioning of pepsin
176. LDL's are taken into a cell by the process of A. simple diffusion. B. osmosis. C. receptor mediated endocytosis. D. HDL carrier molecules. E. facilitated diffusion.
C. receptor mediated endocytosis.
144. Which of the following is mismatched? A. segmental contractions - mix intestinal contents B. peristaltic contractions - propel intestinal contents along G.I. tract C. sympathetic nerve fibers - increase intestinal motility D. distention of intestinal wall - increases intestinal motility E. parasympathetic nerve fibers - stimulate secretion of pancreatic juices
C. sympathetic nerve fibers - increase intestinal motility
81. Inability of the pyloric sphincter to open would prevent A. food from entering the stomach. B. stomach acid from being released. C. digestive enzymes from being released. D. food from entering the small intestine. E. the making of chyme.
D. food from entering the small intestine.
79. Inflammation of the stomach mucosa in the area superior to the pyloric sphincter is most appropriately referred to as A. esophagitis. B. a duodenal ulcer. C. a hiatal hernia. D. gastric ulcer. E. indigestion
D. gastric ulcer.
53. Inflammation of the gums is called A. dental carries. B. pyorrhea. C. halitosis. D. gingivitus.
D. gingivitus.
39. The oral cavity A. opens into the nasopharynx. B. directly connects with the esophagus. C. contains the parotid salivary glands. D. has boundaries that include the lips, palate and cheeks. E. is lined with cuboidal epithelium.
D. has boundaries that include the lips, palate and cheeks.
76. The esophagus A. extends from the fauces to the stomach. B. has cartilage in its walls to keep it from collapsing. C. produces two enzymes that digest proteins. D. has upper and lower sphincters to regulate movement of food. E. has thin walls of connective tissue.
D. has upper and lower sphincters to regulate movement of food.
103. The villi, microvilli and plicae circularis function to A. liberate hormones. B. promote peristalsis. C. produce bile. D. increase surface area for absorption. E. stimulate chemical digestion.
D. increase surface area for absorption.
60. The digestive functions performed by saliva and salivary amylase respectively are A. flushing and protein digestion. B. swallowing and fat digestion. C. peristalsis and polysaccharide digestion. D. moistening and starch digestion. E. None of these choices is correct.
D. moistening and starch digestion.
56. Saliva A. is produced only when there is food in the mouth. B. increases ulceration in the mouth. C. is responsible for peristalsis in the mouth. D. moistens food and begins starch digestion in the mouth. E. does not prevent bacterial infection in the mouth.
D. moistens food and begins starch digestion in the mouth.
30. What are the two major neurotransmitters of the ENS in the digestive tract? A. epinephrine and serotonin B. epinephrine and norepinephrine C. acetylcholine and epinephrine D. norepinephrine and acetylcholine
D. norepinephrine and acetylcholine
148. The digestive juice that contains enzymes capable of digesting all major food groups is A. gastric juice. B. biliary juice. C. salivary juice. D. pancreatic juice. E. hepatic juice.
D. pancreatic juice.
33. The abdominal cavity is lined with A. the omental bursa. B. mesenteries. C. the greater omentum. D. parietal peritoneum. E. superficial fascia.
D. parietal peritoneum.
11. Which of the following is NOT a function of the stomach? A. storage B. protein digestion C. absorption of aspirin D. segmental contractions
D. segmental contractions
137. Which of the following is located closest to the rectum? A. ascending colon B. descending colon C. transverse colon D. sigmoid colon E. cecum
D. sigmoid colon
128. Functions of the liver include A. production of many blood proteins. B. interconversion of nutrients. C. detoxification of harmful chemicals. D. bile production. E. All of these are functions of the liver.
E. All of these are functions of the liver.
142. Which of the following apply to the small intestine? A. Secretions from the liver and pancreas enter this organ. B. Segmentation contractions occur in this organ. C. Both digestion and absorption occur in this organ. D. Mixing and propulsion of chyme. E. All of these choices apply to the small intestine.
E. All of these choices apply to the small intestine.
129. Hepatocytes A. phagocytize cells. B. form phospholipids and hydroxylate vitamin D. C. convert ammonia to urea. D. remove sugar from the blood and store is as glycogen. E. All of these choices are functions of hepatocytes.
E. All of these choices are functions of hepatocytes.
114. The pancreatic islets A. are found in the wall of the stomach. B. excrete mucus. C. produce digestive enzymes. D. are exocrine glands. E. are endocrine glands.
E. are endocrine glands.
185. Which of the following are effects of aging on the digestive system? A. blood supply decreases B. more likely to develop ulcerations and cancers C. enamel on teeth becomes thinner D. blood supply decreases and more likely to develop ulcerations and cancers. E. blood supply decreases, more likely to develop ulcerations and cancers and enamel on teeth becomes thinner.
E. blood supply decreases, more likely to develop ulcerations and cancers and enamel on teeth becomes thinner.
108. Blockage of the ileocecal valve would prevent A. pancreatic juice from entering the duodenum. B. bile from entering the duodenum. C. lymph from entering the jejunum. D. chyme from entering the ileum. E. chyme from entering the large intestine.
E. chyme from entering the large intestine.
26. What is the function of enteric sensory neurons? A. detect changes in chemical composition of digestive tract contents B. stimulate or inhibit smooth muscle contraction in the digestive tract C. stimulate or inhibit glandular secretion in the digestive tract D. detect stretch of the digestive tract wall E. detect changes in chemical composition of digestive tract contents and detect stretch of the digestive tract wall
E. detect changes in chemical composition of digestive tract contents and detect stretch of the digestive tract wall
161. The defecation reflex A. is stimulated by distention of the rectum. B. inhibits further peristalsis in the rectum and lower colon. C. constricts the internal anal sphincter. D. lasts several hours. E. None of these choices is correct.
A. is stimulated by distention of the rectum.
127. Bile A. digests proteins in the small intestine. B. emulsifies fats in the small intestine. C. is made by the gallbladder and stored by the liver. D. activates trypsin in the small intestine. E. activates the pancreas.
B. emulsifies fats in the small intestine.
157. One of the major functions of the large intestine is to A. produce vitamin C. B. regulate the release of bile. C. break down hemoglobin to release bilirubin. D. convert chyme to feces. E. absorb nutrients.
D. convert chyme to feces.
44. What muscle forms the cheeks? A. buccinator muscle B. orbicularis oculi muscle C. orbicularis oris D. zygomaticus muscles
A. buccinator muscle
102. Enzymes secreted by the small intestine include A. disaccharidases. B. secretin. C. cholecystokinin. D. bile. E. histamine.
A. disaccharidases.
2. Which of the following is NOT an accessory organ of the digestive tract? A. esophagus B. salivary glands C. pancreas D. gallbladder
A. esophagus
61. Salivary gland secretion is primarily controlled by the A. facial and glossopharyngeal nerves. B. vagus nerve. C. taste centers of the medulla. D. intercostal nerves. E. trigeminal nerve.
A. facial and glossopharyngeal nerves.
36. A large amount of fat accumulates in the A. greater omentum. B. lesser omentum. C. coronary ligament. D. sigmoid mesocolon. E. visceral peritoneum.
A. greater omentum.
93. The intestinal phase of gastric secretion A. is controlled by the entrance of acidic chyme into the duodenum. B. leads to increased gastric secretion if duodenal pH falls below 2. C. only stimulates gastric secretion. D. will decrease gastric secretion when gastrin is released by the duodenum. E. is controlled by the entrance of alkaline material into the small intestines.
A. is controlled by the entrance of acidic chyme into the duodenum.
10. Which digestive activity is NOT correctly matched to its location? A. killing microorganisms with lysozyme - stomach B. digestion of carbohydrates - mouth C. absorption of nutrients - small intestine D. production of mucus - esophagus
A. killing microorganisms with lysozyme - stomach
25. Secretions that are added as food moves through the GI tract assist in A. liquefying and digesting the food. B. vitamin A and D production and storage. C. distribution of nutrients throughout the body. D. insulin production. E. bile production.
A. liquefying and digesting the food.
12. Which of the following is NOT a function of the small intestine? A. mastication of food B. absorption of nutrients C. complete digestion of food D. mixing by segmental contractions
A. mastication of food
83. Which of the following represents a mismatch in stomach wall structure? A. muscularis - two layers; both circular B. rugae - folds of mucosa and submucosa C. mucosa - gastric glands D. gastric pits - open onto surface of stomach mucosa E. lining - simple columnar epithelium
A. muscularis - two layers; both circular
64. Which part of the pharynx is NOT involved with food transport? A. nasopharynx B. oropharynx C. laryngopharynx D. All the the choices are involved with food transport
A. nasopharynx
58. The salivary glands located just anterior to the ear are the A. parotid glands. B. submandibular glands. C. buccal glands. D. labial glands. E. sublingual glands.
A. parotid glands.
73. What keeps the bolus from entering the larynx during deglutition? A. the epiglottis B. the uvula C. the tongue D. the upper esophageal sphincter
A. the epiglottis
51. Teeth in adults A. are replaced by osteoblast activity if they are extracted. B. are distributed so that there is one canine tooth in each half jaw. C. are all of the same type - molars. D. are composed of living cells called enamel cells. E. do not play a role in speech.
B. are distributed so that there is one canine tooth in each half jaw.
96. Fatty acids and certain lipids in the duodenum initiate the release of A. secretin and gastrin. B. gastric inhibitory peptide and cholecystokinin (CCK). C. gastrin and gastric inhibitory peptide. D. somatomedin and GIP. E. insulin and glucagon.
B. gastric inhibitory peptide and cholecystokinin (CCK).
92. The distention of the stomach by food is the primary stimulus to begin the A. cephalic phase of gastric secretion. B. gastric phase of gastric secretion. C. intestinal phase of gastric secretion. D. cystic phase of gastric secretion. E. hepatic phase of gastric secretion.
B. gastric phase of gastric secretion
15. Which of the following occurs in the large intestine? A. chemical digestion B. mass movements C. mastication D. mixing waves E. neutralization
B. mass movements
40. The lips, cheek, and tongue all aid in A. speech and swallowing. B. mastication, speech, and swallowing. C. mastication and swallowing. D. mastication and sense of taste. E. deglutition and peristalsis.
B. mastication, speech, and swallowing.
75. The portion of the digestive tract that receives food directly from the oral cavity is the A. nasopharynx. B. oropharynx. C. laryngopharynx. D. esophagus. E. larynx.
B. oropharynx.
72. What moves the bolus during the esophageal phase of deglutition? A. pharyngeal constriction B. peristalsis C. the tongue D. segmentation
B. peristalsis
6. The movement of food through the digestive tract is A. segmentation. B. propulsion. C. mixing. D. mastication.
B. propulsion.
74. Which of the following might happen if a person begins laughing while swallowing a liquid? A. laryngeal constriction forcing liquid through the pharynx B. relaxation of the soft palate allowing liquid to enter the nasal cavity C. the tongue might be swallowed D. nothing - swallowing will be normal E. peristalsis will not begin
B. relaxation of the soft palate allowing liquid to enter the nasal cavity
69. Why does the superior part of the esophagus contain skeletal muscle instead of smooth muscle? A. The first phase of swallowing is under involuntary control. B. The second phase of swallowing is under voluntary control. C. The first phase of swallowing is under voluntary control. D. The second phase of swallowing is under involuntary control.
C. The first phase of swallowing is under voluntary control.
95. Which of the following would stimulate gastric secretion? A. acidic chyme in duodenum B. secretin C. gastrin D. cholecystokinin E. pepsin
C. gastrin
100. Duodenal gland secretion prevents A. digestive enzyme release. B. release of bile from the liver. C. irritation of the duodenal mucosa by acidic chyme and digestive enzymes. D. the release of insulin. E. peristalsis.
C. irritation of the duodenal mucosa by acidic chyme and digestive enzymes.
99. The pyloric pump A. mixes stomach contents for digestion. B. causes hunger contractions. C. moves chyme through a partially closed pyloric opening. D. causes rugae to flatten. E. opens the pyloric sphincter completely.
C. moves chyme through a partially closed pyloric opening.
24. What is the function of interstitial cells of the myenteric plexus? A. chemoreceptors that detect the chemical composition of food B. production of mucus for lubrication and protection C. pacemaker cells that promote rhythmic contractions of the smooth muscle D. release of enzymes for chemical digestion
C. pacemaker cells that promote rhythmic contractions of the smooth muscle
16. In order to remove a tumor in the muscular tunic of the stomach, a surgeon must cut through the A. lamina propria. B. submucosa. C. serosa. D. mucosa. E. lamina propria.
C. serosa.
70. Which of the following is the correct order for the phases of deglutition? A. pharyngeal, voluntary, esophageal B. esophageal, pharyngeal, voluntary C. voluntary, pharyngeal, esophageal D. voluntary, esophageal, pharyngeal
C. voluntary, pharyngeal, esophageal
9. The movement of molecules out of the digestive tract into circulation or the lymphatic system is A. secretion. B. peristalsis. C. chemical digestion. D. absorption.
D. absorption.
55. Which of the following is NOT a muscle of mastication? A. temporalis B. masseter C. medial and lateral pterygoids D. buccinator
D. buccinator
17. The muscularis layer in the wall of the digestive tract is A. skeletal muscle throughout the tract, especially in the large intestine. B. the layer of the digestive tract wall that contains capillaries. C. in direct contact with the food that is consumed. D. composed of a layer of circular smooth muscle fibers and a layer of longitudinal smooth muscle fibers. E. connective tissue and the peritoneum.
D. composed of a layer of circular smooth muscle fibers and a layer of longitudinal smooth muscle fibers.
18. The enteric plexus A. is found in the mucosa. B. consists of the myenteric plexus and the celiac plexus. C. contains sympathetic neurons and fibers. D. controls movement and secretion of the digestive tract. E. is a valve in the GI tract.
D. controls movement and secretion of the digestive tract.
38. Which of the following attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall? A. greater omentum B. lesser omentum C. transverse mesocolon D. falciform ligament E. round ligament
D. falciform ligament
50. Which of the following pairs is mismatched? A. crown - enamel B. root - root canal C. alveoli - periodontal ligament D. pulp cavity - cementum E. apical foramen - blood supply
D. pulp cavity - cementum
7. Which of the following is NOT a type of propulsion in the digestive tract? A. peristalsis B. mass movement C. deglutition D. segmental contraction
D. segmental contraction
4. Which of the following organs is part of the digestive tract or alimentary canal? A. salivary gland B. liver C. gallbladder D. stomach E. pancreas
D. stomach
59. Which of the following components of saliva is mismatched with its function? A. mucin - lubricant B. lysozyme - antibacterial properties C. bicarbonate - neutralizes acid D. IgA - prevents infection E. salivary amylase - begins protein digestion
E. salivary amylase - begins protein digestion