Chapter 24 Lecture, Chapter 26 a&p lecture, Chapter 27
Why does a mother's blood volume increase during pregnancy? (Module 27.9B)
A mother's blood volume increases to accommodate for flow through the placenta.
The reproductive system does not include
None of the answers is correct.
Define oocyte. (Module 26.10A)
Oocyte is an immature female gamete.
Define organogenesis. (Module 27.8A)
Organogenesis is the process of organ formation.
What is postnatal development? (Module 27.1C)
Postnatal development begins at birth and continues to maturity.
Define spermatogenesis. (Module 26.3A)
Spermatogenesis is the production of sperm using mitosis, meiosis, and spermiogenesis.
How can you tell that the karyotype shown here is male? (Module 27.14C)
The 23rd pair of chromosomes is XY.
Which event occurs during week 4 of development?
The connections between the embryo and the surrounding trophoblast begin to constrict.
The trophoblast has many of the characteristics of ________ cells.
cancer
Human chromosome 7 is involved in which disorder?
cystic fibrosis
At which day post cleavage does implantation occur?
day 7
The first stage of labor is the ________ stage.
dilation
Name the structures of the male internal genitalia. (Module 26.1C)
ductus deferens, seminal gland, prostate, bulbo-urethral gland, epididymis, testis
What is the term for painful or difficult urination?
dysuria
Contraction of the dartos muscle
elevates the scrotal sac.
The stage of labor during which the fetus emerges from the vagina is called the ________ stage.
expulsion
The fibrous capsule is a layer of adipose tissue that surrounds the kidney
false
List the major changes that occur in maternal systems during pregnancy. (Module 27.9A)
increased respiratory rate and tidal volume, increased blood volume and GFR, increased nutrient requirements, and increases in the size of the uterus and mammary glands
The ________ is an opening through which the spermatic cord passes.
inguinal canal
The production of milk is called
lactation.
The special type of cell division required to produce gametes is called
meiosis.
The region known as the primitive streak is the site of
migration of ectodermal cells to form the mesoderm.
After 3 days, a pre-embryo becomes a solid ball of cells known as a
morula
The mesoderm forms
muscle
Metabolic complications of the urinary system associated with diabetes result in
polyuria
After ovulation, the ovary secretes
progesterone.
Each of the following is a normal constituent of urine except
proteins
The hormone that increases the flexibility of the pubic symphysis during pregnancy is
relaxin.
Which gestational period is dominated by the development of organs and organ systems?
second trimester
Sperm develop from stem cells called
spermatogonia.
During implantation, the
syncytial trophoblast erodes a path through the endometrium
During the dilation stage of labor:
the amnion ruptures late in the stage.
Each of the following statements concerning development is true except
the first trimester is when the fetus first looks distinctively human.
The endoderm forms
the urinary bladder.
Trisomy 21 is the clinical term for
Down syndrome.
Why does a man have a deeper voice and a larger larynx than a woman? (Module 27.13B)
During puberty, testosterone causes greater laryngeal development than estrogen so a male will have a larger larynx and a deeper voice.
Distinguish among embryonic, fetal, and prenatal development. (Module 27.1B)
Embryonic development refers to the events that occur during the first 2 months after fertilization. Fetal development begins at the 9th week and continues until birth. Prenatal development consists of both embryonic and fetal development.
Define fertilization. (Module 27.2A)
Fertilization is the fusion of a secondary oocyte and a sperm to form a zygote.
Which of the following best summarizes the difference between genotype and phenotype?
Genotype refers to the gene alleles that one has, and phenotype refers to the trait that is expressed in response to those alleles.
________ is the time spent in growing within the uterus.
Gestation
Define gestation. (Module 27.1A)
Gestation is the time a developing embryo and fetus spends in the uterus.
Define homozygous and heterozygous. (Module 27.15A)
Homozygous means that homologous chromosomes carry the same allele of a given gene. Heterozygous means that homologous chromosomes carry different alleles of a given gene.
Compare strict dominance with codominance. (Module 27.16A)
In strict dominance, one allele dominates another so a heterozygote will exhibit the dominant phenotype for the trait. In codominance, both alleles are expressed so a heterozygote will exhibit both the phenotypes for the trait.
Name the three major interacting hormonal events associated with the onset of puberty. (Module 27.13A)
Increased GnRH production, increased sensitivity of the anterior pituitary to GnRH and the subsequent release of LH and FSH, and increased sensitivity of ovaries and testes to LH and FSH.
A healthy adult typically produces ________ of urine per day.
1200 mL
Put the following urinary structures in order to represent the flow of newly produced urine: 1) minor calyx 2) renal pelvis 3) ureter 4) major calyx 5) renal papilla
5, 1, 4, 2, 3
Define lactation. (Module 26.14A)
Lactation is the production of milk by the mammary glands.
Choose the correct event that occurs during the development of the testes.
Late in fetal development, each testis is pulled through the abdominal musculature into the scrotum.
________ arteries supply blood to the functional zone of the endometrium.
Spiral
Define vasectomy. (Module 26.16C)
Vasectomy is the surgical sterilization of males by cutting the ductus deferens.
A glomerulus is
a knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle
List the structures of a sperm. (Module 26.3C)
acrosome, head, neck, middle piece, and tail
____ is/are an immediately life threatening condition. However, if an individual survives the incident, full recovery is often possible
acute renal failure
Which of the following muscles move the testes towards the body?
both the cremaster and the dartos
Which of these glands secretes a fluid that lubricates the tip of the penis?
bulbourethral gland
The small paired structures at the base of the penis that secrete a thick, alkaline mucus are the
bulbourethral glands.
Which of the following is characterized as a slowly progressing disease that is irreversible?
chronic renal failure
What is the function of the renal pelvis?
collects newly formed urine
If you have to urinate, but have to "hold it" until you can find a bathroom, what structure are you "holding it" with?
external urethral sphincter
The ability to consciously control urination depends on your ability to control which muscle?
external urethral sphincter
the medullary pyramids contain collecting tubules (ducts) that travel towards the renal cortex, carrying tribe to exit the kidney
false
Name the strong transparent covering that encases the kidney
fibrous capsule
The outermost layer of the kidney
fibrous capsule
Identify the three distinct processes of urine formation in the kidney
filtration, reabsorption, secretion
The ________ is the region of the vagina that surrounds the cervix.
fornix
The process of filtration occurs at the
glomerulus
The ________ is the part of the sperm that contains the DNA.
head
Where does the ureter penetrate the kidney?
hilum
Antidiuretic hormone
increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water by increasing the number of aquaporins
The funnel-like opening at the distal end of the uterine tube is called the
infundibulum.
The primary role of FSH in males is to
initiate sperm production in the testes.
The opening connecting the uterus to the cervical canal is the
internal os.
Testosterone is secreted by the
interstitial cells.
Which birth control method may utilize copper ions to inhibit sperm motility?
intrauterine device (IUD)
What has to happen to the external urethral sphincter to allow urination?
it must be consciously stimulated to relax
Name the major excretory organs of the urinary system
kidneys
All of the following are true of the vagina except that it
loses a portion of its lining during menses.
The breasts are attached to the chest superficial to the ________ muscle.
pectoralis major
What roles do the ovaries perform? (Module 26.9B)
produce oocytes, secrete female sex hormones, secrete inhibin
The use of which birth control method often results in the cessation of the uterine cycle? (Module 26.16B)
progesterone-only shots
Where does fertilization normally occur? (Module 26.8C)
uterine tube
In a(n) ________, each ductus deferens is cut, and either a segment is removed and the ends tied (or cauterized) or silicone plugs are inserted.
vasectomy
Name the disorder characterized by each of the following chromosome patterns: (1) XO and (2) XXY. (Module 27.17B)
(1) Turner syndrome; (2) Klinefelter syndrome
The infancy stage of life is considered to be over when the baby reaches ________ of age.
1 year
How long does each menstruation typically last? (Module 26.12B)
1-7 days
How many chromosomes are contained within a human zygote? (Module 27.2B)
46
How many chromosomes do human somatic cells contain?
46
Why are numerous sperm required to fertilize a secondary oocyte? (Module 27.2C)
Acrosomal enzymes from multiple sperm are needed to penetrate the corona radiata.
The spermatic cord is
a bundle of tissue that contains the ductus deferens, blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics that serve the testis.
A space opens within the inner cell mass that will form the
amniotic cavity.
Fertilization is complete when which of the follow occurs?
amphimixis and cleavage
The almost identical cells produced by cleavage divisions are called
blastomeres.
Name the regions of the uterus. (Module 26.11C)
fundus, body, and cervix
By day 12 of embryonic development, mesoderm begins to form through
gastrulation
At 8 months development in a male fetus, the testes
have been pulled through the abdominal musculature into the scrotum.
The functional unit of the kidney is the
nephron
The ectoderm forms
neural tissues.
Which hormone causes the milk ejection (milk let-down) reflex? (Module 27.11B)
oxytocin
Sperm are moved along the ductus deferens by
peristaltic contractions.
Are environmental factors more likely to affect genotype or phenotype?
phenotype
A fetus undergoes its largest absolute weight gain during which trimester? (Module 27.8C)
third trimester
Deoxygenated blood is carried to the placenta by the
umbilical arteries.
Oxygenated blood is carried away from the placenta by the
umbilical vein.
The male reproductive system is most closely associated with which of the following systems?
urinary
The vulva includes all of the following except the
vagina.
Briefly explain the difference between chronic and acute renal failure
Chronic renal failure involves a gradual loss of renal function, whereas acute renal failure involves a sudden loss of renal function
What structure releases the secondary oocyte during ovulation?
Graafian follicle
The pathogen responsible for nearly 75% of cervical cancers is
Human papillomavirus.
Which statement is correct regarding surgical sterilization in males?
In a vasectomy, each ductus deferens is cut, and either a segment is removed (and the ends tied or cauterized), or silicone plugs are inserted.
Choose the correct statement regarding testicular cancer.
The 5-year survival rate for localized testicular cancer is 99%.
Which is the resulting event if fertilization does not occur?
The corpus albicans is formed.
How does the urethra differ between males and females?
The male urethra is longer and also transports semen
The erectile tissue that surrounds the urethra is the
corpus spongiosum.
Identify the correct direction of urine flow from formation to exiting the kidney
cortex, medulla, renal pelvis, ureter
The ________ is a layer of smooth muscle in the skin of the scrotal sac.
dartos muscle
A male bodybuilder starts taking injections of testosterone (an anabolic steroid) on a daily basis. After 3 weeks, which of the following would you not expect to observe?
decreased levels of DHT
Contraction of which structure compresses the urinary bladder and expels it's contents into the urethra?
detrusor muscle
Define dialysis
dialysis is the process of using an artificial semipermeable membrane to remove wastes & regain plasma proteins in the blood of a person whose kidneys are not functioning properly
Which of the following is a barrier method of birth control?
diaphragm
The portion of the nephron that empties into the collecting duct is the
distal convoluted tubule
The ________ is the inner lining of the uterus.
endometrium
Which male accessory organ functions as the site of sperm maturation?
epididymis
Spermatozoa functionally mature within the
epididymis.
Which of the following is not a function of the urinary system?
excretes abundant protein molecules
Secondary sexual characteristics
may develop in response to testosterone or estrogen.
Which stage of spermatogenesis yields four immature (undifferentiated) haploid cells?
meiosis II
In French, it's "faire de pipi," in Spanish it's "hacer pipi," in English, it's "I have to pee." What's the medical term for this universal urge to pass urine?
micturition
The U-shaped segment of the nephron is the
nephron loop
The ligament that attaches the ovary to the uterus is the ________ ligament.
ovarian
Contraction of the cremaster muscles
pulls the testes closer to the body cavity.
An X-ray image of the urinary system is called a
pyelogram
The primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule is..
reabsorbing nutrients
which structure is found separating the renal pyramids?
renal columns
Where does the kidney filter blood?
renal corpuscle
Where does filtration of the blood occur within the kidneys?
renal cortex
Which of the following regions of the kidney is in contact with the fibrous capsule?
renal cortex
Which region of the kidney is the most superficial?
renal cortex
Where are the renal columns located?
renal medulla
A major calyx is a component of which of the following anatomical structures?
renal pelvis
The expanded beginning of the ureter connects to the
renal pelvis
Which structure is a conical mass within the renal medulla that ends at the papilla?
renal pyramid
Sperm production occurs in the
seminiferous tubules.
Describe filtrate
similar to blood plasma without proteins
The left kidney lies ________ to the right kidney.
slightly superior
The male gonad is called a(n)
testis.
In a mature human spermatozoan,
the acrosome is next to the nucleus, and the head contains 23 chromosomes.
On which of the following days would the level of LH be highest in a female?
the day before ovulation
What structures enter and exit the kidney at the hilum?
the renal artery and renal nerves enter; the renal vein and ureter exit at the hilum
The micturition reflex is controlled by the parasympathetic nervous system
true
The ureter, blood vessels, and nerves penetrate the kidney on its medial surface
true
The tough fibrous capsule that surrounds the testis is called the
tunica albuginea.
The most abundant waste solute in urine is
urea
Urine is carried to the urinary bladder by
ureters
Urine is transported by the ____, stored within the ____, and eliminated through the ___
ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
Urine is temporarily stored in the:
urinary bladder
The main organs of the female reproductive tract include all of the following except the
urinary bladder.
The inability to urinate is termed
urinary retention