Chapter 24 Lecture, Chapter 26 a&p lecture, Chapter 27

Why does a mother's blood volume increase during pregnancy? (Module 27.9B)

A mother's blood volume increases to accommodate for flow through the placenta.

The reproductive system does not include

None of the answers is correct.

Define oocyte. (Module 26.10A)

Oocyte is an immature female gamete.

Define organogenesis. (Module 27.8A)

Organogenesis is the process of organ formation.

What is postnatal development? (Module 27.1C)

Postnatal development begins at birth and continues to maturity.

Define spermatogenesis. (Module 26.3A)

Spermatogenesis is the production of sperm using mitosis, meiosis, and spermiogenesis.

How can you tell that the karyotype shown here is male? (Module 27.14C)

The 23rd pair of chromosomes is XY.

Which event occurs during week 4 of development?

The connections between the embryo and the surrounding trophoblast begin to constrict.

The trophoblast has many of the characteristics of ________ cells.

cancer

Human chromosome 7 is involved in which disorder?

cystic fibrosis

At which day post cleavage does implantation occur?

day 7

The first stage of labor is the ________ stage.

dilation

Name the structures of the male internal genitalia. (Module 26.1C)

ductus deferens, seminal gland, prostate, bulbo-urethral gland, epididymis, testis

What is the term for painful or difficult urination?

dysuria

Contraction of the dartos muscle

elevates the scrotal sac.

The stage of labor during which the fetus emerges from the vagina is called the ________ stage.

expulsion

The fibrous capsule is a layer of adipose tissue that surrounds the kidney

false

List the major changes that occur in maternal systems during pregnancy. (Module 27.9A)

increased respiratory rate and tidal volume, increased blood volume and GFR, increased nutrient requirements, and increases in the size of the uterus and mammary glands

The ________ is an opening through which the spermatic cord passes.

inguinal canal

The production of milk is called

lactation.

The special type of cell division required to produce gametes is called

meiosis.

The region known as the primitive streak is the site of

migration of ectodermal cells to form the mesoderm.

After 3 days, a pre-embryo becomes a solid ball of cells known as a

morula

The mesoderm forms

muscle

Metabolic complications of the urinary system associated with diabetes result in

polyuria

After ovulation, the ovary secretes

progesterone.

Each of the following is a normal constituent of urine except

proteins

The hormone that increases the flexibility of the pubic symphysis during pregnancy is

relaxin.

Which gestational period is dominated by the development of organs and organ systems?

second trimester

Sperm develop from stem cells called

spermatogonia.

During implantation, the

syncytial trophoblast erodes a path through the endometrium

During the dilation stage of labor:

the amnion ruptures late in the stage.

Each of the following statements concerning development is true except

the first trimester is when the fetus first looks distinctively human.

The endoderm forms

the urinary bladder.

Trisomy 21 is the clinical term for

Down syndrome.

Why does a man have a deeper voice and a larger larynx than a woman? (Module 27.13B)

During puberty, testosterone causes greater laryngeal development than estrogen so a male will have a larger larynx and a deeper voice.

Distinguish among embryonic, fetal, and prenatal development. (Module 27.1B)

Embryonic development refers to the events that occur during the first 2 months after fertilization. Fetal development begins at the 9th week and continues until birth. Prenatal development consists of both embryonic and fetal development.

Define fertilization. (Module 27.2A)

Fertilization is the fusion of a secondary oocyte and a sperm to form a zygote.

Which of the following best summarizes the difference between genotype and phenotype?

Genotype refers to the gene alleles that one has, and phenotype refers to the trait that is expressed in response to those alleles.

________ is the time spent in growing within the uterus.

Gestation

Define gestation. (Module 27.1A)

Gestation is the time a developing embryo and fetus spends in the uterus.

Define homozygous and heterozygous. (Module 27.15A)

Homozygous means that homologous chromosomes carry the same allele of a given gene. Heterozygous means that homologous chromosomes carry different alleles of a given gene.

Compare strict dominance with codominance. (Module 27.16A)

In strict dominance, one allele dominates another so a heterozygote will exhibit the dominant phenotype for the trait. In codominance, both alleles are expressed so a heterozygote will exhibit both the phenotypes for the trait.

Name the three major interacting hormonal events associated with the onset of puberty. (Module 27.13A)

Increased GnRH production, increased sensitivity of the anterior pituitary to GnRH and the subsequent release of LH and FSH, and increased sensitivity of ovaries and testes to LH and FSH.

A healthy adult typically produces ________ of urine per day.

1200 mL

Put the following urinary structures in order to represent the flow of newly produced urine: 1) minor calyx 2) renal pelvis 3) ureter 4) major calyx 5) renal papilla

5, 1, 4, 2, 3

Define lactation. (Module 26.14A)

Lactation is the production of milk by the mammary glands.

Choose the correct event that occurs during the development of the testes.

Late in fetal development, each testis is pulled through the abdominal musculature into the scrotum.

________ arteries supply blood to the functional zone of the endometrium.

Spiral

Define vasectomy. (Module 26.16C)

Vasectomy is the surgical sterilization of males by cutting the ductus deferens.

A glomerulus is

a knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle

List the structures of a sperm. (Module 26.3C)

acrosome, head, neck, middle piece, and tail

____ is/are an immediately life threatening condition. However, if an individual survives the incident, full recovery is often possible

acute renal failure

Which of the following muscles move the testes towards the body?

both the cremaster and the dartos

Which of these glands secretes a fluid that lubricates the tip of the penis?

bulbourethral gland

The small paired structures at the base of the penis that secrete a thick, alkaline mucus are the

bulbourethral glands.

Which of the following is characterized as a slowly progressing disease that is irreversible?

chronic renal failure

What is the function of the renal pelvis?

collects newly formed urine

If you have to urinate, but have to "hold it" until you can find a bathroom, what structure are you "holding it" with?

external urethral sphincter

The ability to consciously control urination depends on your ability to control which muscle?

external urethral sphincter

the medullary pyramids contain collecting tubules (ducts) that travel towards the renal cortex, carrying tribe to exit the kidney

false

Name the strong transparent covering that encases the kidney

fibrous capsule

The outermost layer of the kidney

fibrous capsule

Identify the three distinct processes of urine formation in the kidney

filtration, reabsorption, secretion

The ________ is the region of the vagina that surrounds the cervix.

fornix

The process of filtration occurs at the

glomerulus

The ________ is the part of the sperm that contains the DNA.

head

Where does the ureter penetrate the kidney?

hilum

Antidiuretic hormone

increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water by increasing the number of aquaporins

The funnel-like opening at the distal end of the uterine tube is called the

infundibulum.

The primary role of FSH in males is to

initiate sperm production in the testes.

The opening connecting the uterus to the cervical canal is the

internal os.

Testosterone is secreted by the

interstitial cells.

Which birth control method may utilize copper ions to inhibit sperm motility?

intrauterine device (IUD)

What has to happen to the external urethral sphincter to allow urination?

it must be consciously stimulated to relax

Name the major excretory organs of the urinary system

kidneys

All of the following are true of the vagina except that it

loses a portion of its lining during menses.

The breasts are attached to the chest superficial to the ________ muscle.

pectoralis major

What roles do the ovaries perform? (Module 26.9B)

produce oocytes, secrete female sex hormones, secrete inhibin

The use of which birth control method often results in the cessation of the uterine cycle? (Module 26.16B)

progesterone-only shots

Where does fertilization normally occur? (Module 26.8C)

uterine tube

In a(n) ________, each ductus deferens is cut, and either a segment is removed and the ends tied (or cauterized) or silicone plugs are inserted.

vasectomy

Name the disorder characterized by each of the following chromosome patterns: (1) XO and (2) XXY. (Module 27.17B)

(1) Turner syndrome; (2) Klinefelter syndrome

The infancy stage of life is considered to be over when the baby reaches ________ of age.

1 year

How long does each menstruation typically last? (Module 26.12B)

1-7 days

How many chromosomes are contained within a human zygote? (Module 27.2B)

46

How many chromosomes do human somatic cells contain?

46

Why are numerous sperm required to fertilize a secondary oocyte? (Module 27.2C)

Acrosomal enzymes from multiple sperm are needed to penetrate the corona radiata.

The spermatic cord is

a bundle of tissue that contains the ductus deferens, blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics that serve the testis.

A space opens within the inner cell mass that will form the

amniotic cavity.

Fertilization is complete when which of the follow occurs?

amphimixis and cleavage

The almost identical cells produced by cleavage divisions are called

blastomeres.

Name the regions of the uterus. (Module 26.11C)

fundus, body, and cervix

By day 12 of embryonic development, mesoderm begins to form through

gastrulation

At 8 months development in a male fetus, the testes

have been pulled through the abdominal musculature into the scrotum.

The functional unit of the kidney is the

nephron

The ectoderm forms

neural tissues.

Which hormone causes the milk ejection (milk let-down) reflex? (Module 27.11B)

oxytocin

Sperm are moved along the ductus deferens by

peristaltic contractions.

Are environmental factors more likely to affect genotype or phenotype?

phenotype

A fetus undergoes its largest absolute weight gain during which trimester? (Module 27.8C)

third trimester

Deoxygenated blood is carried to the placenta by the

umbilical arteries.

Oxygenated blood is carried away from the placenta by the

umbilical vein.

The male reproductive system is most closely associated with which of the following systems?

urinary

The vulva includes all of the following except the

vagina.

Briefly explain the difference between chronic and acute renal failure

Chronic renal failure involves a gradual loss of renal function, whereas acute renal failure involves a sudden loss of renal function

What structure releases the secondary oocyte during ovulation?

Graafian follicle

The pathogen responsible for nearly 75% of cervical cancers is

Human papillomavirus.

Which statement is correct regarding surgical sterilization in males?

In a vasectomy, each ductus deferens is cut, and either a segment is removed (and the ends tied or cauterized), or silicone plugs are inserted.

Choose the correct statement regarding testicular cancer.

The 5-year survival rate for localized testicular cancer is 99%.

Which is the resulting event if fertilization does not occur?

The corpus albicans is formed.

How does the urethra differ between males and females?

The male urethra is longer and also transports semen

The erectile tissue that surrounds the urethra is the

corpus spongiosum.

Identify the correct direction of urine flow from formation to exiting the kidney

cortex, medulla, renal pelvis, ureter

The ________ is a layer of smooth muscle in the skin of the scrotal sac.

dartos muscle

A male bodybuilder starts taking injections of testosterone (an anabolic steroid) on a daily basis. After 3 weeks, which of the following would you not expect to observe?

decreased levels of DHT

Contraction of which structure compresses the urinary bladder and expels it's contents into the urethra?

detrusor muscle

Define dialysis

dialysis is the process of using an artificial semipermeable membrane to remove wastes & regain plasma proteins in the blood of a person whose kidneys are not functioning properly

Which of the following is a barrier method of birth control?

diaphragm

The portion of the nephron that empties into the collecting duct is the

distal convoluted tubule

The ________ is the inner lining of the uterus.

endometrium

Which male accessory organ functions as the site of sperm maturation?

epididymis

Spermatozoa functionally mature within the

epididymis.

Which of the following is not a function of the urinary system?

excretes abundant protein molecules

Secondary sexual characteristics

may develop in response to testosterone or estrogen.

Which stage of spermatogenesis yields four immature (undifferentiated) haploid cells?

meiosis II

In French, it's "faire de pipi," in Spanish it's "hacer pipi," in English, it's "I have to pee." What's the medical term for this universal urge to pass urine?

micturition

The U-shaped segment of the nephron is the

nephron loop

The ligament that attaches the ovary to the uterus is the ________ ligament.

ovarian

Contraction of the cremaster muscles

pulls the testes closer to the body cavity.

An X-ray image of the urinary system is called a

pyelogram

The primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule is..

reabsorbing nutrients

which structure is found separating the renal pyramids?

renal columns

Where does the kidney filter blood?

renal corpuscle

Where does filtration of the blood occur within the kidneys?

renal cortex

Which of the following regions of the kidney is in contact with the fibrous capsule?

renal cortex

Which region of the kidney is the most superficial?

renal cortex

Where are the renal columns located?

renal medulla

A major calyx is a component of which of the following anatomical structures?

renal pelvis

The expanded beginning of the ureter connects to the

renal pelvis

Which structure is a conical mass within the renal medulla that ends at the papilla?

renal pyramid

Sperm production occurs in the

seminiferous tubules.

Describe filtrate

similar to blood plasma without proteins

The left kidney lies ________ to the right kidney.

slightly superior

The male gonad is called a(n)

testis.

In a mature human spermatozoan,

the acrosome is next to the nucleus, and the head contains 23 chromosomes.

On which of the following days would the level of LH be highest in a female?

the day before ovulation

What structures enter and exit the kidney at the hilum?

the renal artery and renal nerves enter; the renal vein and ureter exit at the hilum

The micturition reflex is controlled by the parasympathetic nervous system

true

The ureter, blood vessels, and nerves penetrate the kidney on its medial surface

true

The tough fibrous capsule that surrounds the testis is called the

tunica albuginea.

The most abundant waste solute in urine is

urea

Urine is carried to the urinary bladder by

ureters

Urine is transported by the ____, stored within the ____, and eliminated through the ___

ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

Urine is temporarily stored in the:

urinary bladder

The main organs of the female reproductive tract include all of the following except the

urinary bladder.

The inability to urinate is termed

urinary retention