Chapter 24 Review

"Young Italy is republican. It is Republican because theoretically every nation is destined, by the law of god and humanity, to form a free and equal community of brothers; abd the republic is the only form of governemtn that insures this future." The author of this passage would...

reject unity at the cost of monarchy

Briefly explain why the Ottoman Empire collapsed. (2 Points)

rising unemployment competition of trade with America european powers wanted to expand central government powers weakening lack of industrialization

Friedrich Wilhelm IV of Prussia is supposed to have said "I will not pick up the crown out of the gutter," in response to a request made by

the Frankfurt Parliament

The "Second Republic" of France began in which year?

1848

Charles X as overthrown as King of France in 1830 for all of the following reasons EXCEPT

worked out the results of the Hapsburg Valois wars

Which of the following countries did not experience a rebellion or civil disturbance between 1820 and 1830

Russia

List and describe 3 possible plans for Italian unification. (6 Points)

-Radical program of Guiseppe Mazzini, a centralized democratic republic based on universal manhood suffrage and the will of the people -Vincenzo Gioberti's idea of a federation of existing states under the presidency of a progressive pope -Leadership by the autocratic kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont

German economic development during and after unification

-Social welfare programs -Modern security laws -National sickness/accident insurance -Union membership increased -Collective bargaining became desirable

List and describe, in order, four significant wars for the unification of Germany. (8 Points)

1. Napoleonic Wars- Napoleon and his armies conquered much of Europe, but after the failed invasion of Russia in 1812, Napoleon was defeated, exiled, and then finally defeated at the 1815 Battle of Waterloo 2. Danish War- Prussia and Denmark went to war, Prussia acquired the provinces Schleswig-Holestein 3. Seven Weeks War/Austro-Prussian War- Prussia vs. Austria. The reorganized Prussian army easily defeated Austria. Austria withdrew from German affairs and the German Confederation was dissolved & replaced by the new North German Confederation, adding all remaining principalities that had previously been excluded 4. Franco-Prussian War- Germany vs. France. German forces under Prussian leadership defeated the French, even capturing Louis Napoleon. Paris surrendered January 1871 and all of the German states were united.

Crimean War

1853-1856, France, GB, sardinia, and ottoman empire inflicted a humiliating defeat on russia, proving to Russia they are far behind. Industrialization in Russia begins.

1860 or 1870 (Rome)

1860-unification of northern italy 1870-rome added to italy, completed unification

Home-Rule Bill

1913 bill to allow Irish Catholics to rule themselves. In 1914 a new compromise bill was introduced by liberals in the House of Lords that did not apply to the Northern countries, but since this betrayed promises made to French Nationalists, it was rejected. The original Bill was passed but at the same time suspended for the duration of the hostilities.

Dreyfus Affair

A divisive case in which Alfred ____, a Jewish captain in the French army, was falsely accused and convicted of treason. The Catholic Church sided with the anti-Semites against ____; after ____ was declared innocent, the French government severed all ties between the state and the church.

Adolph Thiers

Aging politician that was leader of the National Assembly in France. Ordered the French army into Paris to crush the Paris Commune, and was successful.

"We had to avoid wounding her too severely; we had to avoid leaving behind her any unnecessary bitterness of feeling or desire for revenge; we ought rather to reserve the possibilty of becoming friends again as soon as possible" Otto Bismarck wrote the above passage in 1866 about...

Austria

The "Dual Monarchy" refes to...?

Austria-Hungary

"The dangers which we have to face are of a two-fold nature. The first is presented by the tendency of our liberal-minded German population to gravitate towards the larger portion of the German-speaking people now represented by Prussia, Saxony, what was Hanover, Wurttemberg, and Bavaria. The second is the diversity of language and race in the empire." The author of the above passage was of what nationality?

Austrian

Which of the following was NOT incorporated into the New German Empire by 1871?

Belgium

Bismarck's Kulturkampf

Bismark's attack on the Catholic Church within Germany from 1870 to 1878, resulting from Pope Pius IX's declaration of papal infallibility

Theodore Herzel

Creator of Zionism, a movement toward Jewish political nationhood Pushed for the equality of Jews, known as the father of modern Zionism and formed the World Zionist Organization. Also a journalist and writer from Austria-Hungary. He worked to create a Jewish state and was spurred to action by the electoral victories of the "Christian Socialists," led by Karl Lueger (whose anti-Semetic beliefs inspired Hitler)

Place the following events in the correct chronological order from earliest to latest.

Crimean War, Cavour meets Napoleon III, Garibaldi lands in Sicily, Papal States absorbed into Italy

Choose the correct sequence of events in the proper chronological order from earliest to the latest in the unification of Germany during the 1860's and 1870's

Danish War, Seven Weeks War, Ems Telegram, Franco-Prussian War

Socialists International

First international group of socialists, founded by Marx. Marx was supportive of the Paris Commune and its violence, scaring away more moderate socialists and resulting in the collapse of the first International. A second International was created, it met every three years and grew in power.

Giuseppe Mazzini, the leader of Young Italy, was left out of the Italian unification movement in the 1850's and 1860's because...?

He was devoted to republicanism.

1871

Franco-Prussian War, German states are united under Prussia with Kaiser William II with the help of Otto Von Bismarck.

Zollverein

German customs union, founded in 1834 to stimulate trade and increase the revenue of member states. By the end of 1853 Austria was the only state in the German confederation that had not joined. Prussia had a leading role, giving them an advantage over German affairs.

The Home-Rule struggle in the British parliament during the second half of the nineteenth century was concerned with...

Ireland

Ulserites

Irish Protestants of the Northern Countries (____) who supported Britain and would not submit to Irish Catholic rule.

Who was NOT opposed to German unification under Prussian leadership before 1870?

Italy

The most serious challenge to Hasburg authority within the empire in the period 1848-1868 came from...

Magyars

May Day

May 1st, declared an annual international one day strike, a day of marches and demonstrations, by the second International Working Men's Association.

EMS Dispatch

Message from French Ambassador that was intercepted and edited by Bismarck to make it seem that Kaiser Wilhelm had slighted the French people. The letter was sent not only to Napoleon III but also to the media, resulting in French opinion favoring war with Prussia. Stuck between a rock and a hard place, Napoleon III declared war on Prussia.

Victor Emmanuel II

Monarch of Sardinia, retained a liberal constitution. This constitution combined a strong monarchy with a fair amount of civil liberties and parliamentary government. When he met in Naples with Garibaldi this marked the union of northern and southern Italy. Became ruler of a united Italy.

The Belgium revolt against the Dutch in 1830 was prompted by

Nationalism

One of the most serious impediments to Italian unification in the mid-nineteenth century was...

Pope Pius IX

Pius IX

Pope from 1846-1878, opposed to Italian unity. Wrote Syllabus of Errors in 1864. He denounced rationalism, socialism, separation of church and state, and religious liberty. Declaration of papal infallibility in 1870. Immaculate Conception.

Paris Commune

Proclaimed in March 1871 as a result of the loss of Alsace-Lorraine, this group was vaguely radical and the leaders wanted to govern Paris without interference from the conservative French countryside. The National Assembly ordered the French Army into Paris and crushed the Commune. 20,000 people died in the fighting.

Two House legislature of Germany

Reichstag-The popularly elected lower house of government of the new German Empire after 1871. The Bundestag, or Federal Convention, was the German Confederation's governing body from 1815 to 1848, and then again from 1850 to 1866.

A revolution is psychology at the end of the 19th century popularized the notion that human behavior springs from irrational forces and unconscious urges. It was pioneered by...?

Sigmund Freud

Why do the areas of Germany and Italy not fully unify until the mid to late 1800's. (4 Points)

Slight cultural differences lack of leadership allegiances to the city-state/small kingdom rather than to a united people. Foreign intervention (Especially French and Spanish) Congress of Vienna split them up

Results of the Crimean War include all of the following EXCEPT...?

Spain was restored to the status of a great power

Alsace-Lorraine

Taken by Germany after the Franco-Prussian War in 1871. This was seen as a terrible crime by the French people, so relations between France and Germany were damaged.

Duma

The Russian parliament that opened in 1906, elected indirectly by universal male suffrage but controlled after 1907 by the tsar and the conservative classes.

Which country or province was NOT incorporated into the united kingdom of Italy during the nineteenth century

Trentino

The Irish emigrated to the United States and elsewhere in the mid-nineteenth century because

Unemployment and famine

Rule of William I and Otto von Bismarck over Prussia and then Germany

William I: -reign = 1861-1888 -pushed to raise taxes and increase defense budget to double the size of the army -he called on Otto von Bismarck to head the ministry and defy Parliament (which was against the budget changes & rejected them) Otto von Bismarck: -Question of Schleswig-Holstein territories -Bismarck believed that Prussia had to have complete control over northern part of German Confederation -- meant removing Austrian influence -Austro-Prussian war removed this Austrian influence, and helped to form the new Northern German Confederation, Bismarck's goal of Prussian expansion almost complete -Worked on a new federal constitution for the Confederation -Franco-Prussian War sealed the deal, making William I the emperor of Germany in January 1871 -Severe penalty on France after war -Legislature with lower house elected by universal manhood suffrage -Social Security -Gave Austria generous peace terms

Syllabus of Errors

Written in 1864 by Pius IX. Restated the immaculate conception. Denounced rationalism, socialism, separation of church and state, and secular liberty

Panslavism was...

a nationalist movement among Slavs

Political ideologies of Camillo Benso di Cavour and Otto von Bismarck (Realpolitik)

cavour- -liberal constitutional state -highways and railroads -against clerical privledge

The Great Reform Act of 1832 in Britain

doubled the size of the electorate

Russo-Japanese War

feb 1904 (surprise attack)- sep 1905, russia loses horribly. As a result of the loss, Nicholas II, the last of the Romanovs, loses a lot of popularity with his people

Bloody Sunday

january 1905, a massacre of peaceful protesters at the winter palace in st petersburg. it triggered a revolution that overturned absolutist tsarist rule and made russia into a conservative constitutional monarchy. October Manifesto

A noted historian once wrote, 1848 was a turning point in history at which Europe failed to turn. He meant?

liberalism failed to overcome nationalism

Zemstvo

local assembly in russia, executive council dealt with local problems, subordinate to local nobility and traditional bureaucracy.

Florence Nightingale

nurse during the crimean war and founded modern nursing

Napolean III entered the Franco-Prussian war for all of the following reasons EXCEPT...?

to conquer southern Germany

Alexander II

tsar 1855-1881, when he was assasinatewd by a small group of anarchist terrorists. Emancipated the serfs, had a liberalizing attitude towards the Jews, and lessened censorship somewhat.

Completion of Italian Unification (1866-1870)

venitia from austria in 1866 papal states and rome in 1870