Chapter 24 Study Aid

10. Antibodies are included in what class of macromolecules?

Proteins

25. What happens in the immune system of someone with allergies? What cells are activated to produce what chemicals?

Allergies are overreactions to certain environmental antigens. Allergens enter the blood stream, plasma cells (B cells) make antibodies, antibodies attach to mast cells, allergens bind to antibodies on mast cells, histamine is released causing allergy symptoms.

17. What are monoclonal antibodies and when are they produced?

An antibody secreted by a clone of cells that are formed when a B cell is fused to a tumor cell.

11. What is passive immunity, and how could someone get it?

Antibodies made by another organism. For example, a fetus obtains antibodies from its mother's blood stream or babies receive antibodies from breast milk.

14. A substance that elicits an immune response is call a what?

Antigen

1. What are the body's innate, nonspecific defenses against infection?

Barriers such as dead skin cells and mucus.

4. What mobilizes nonspecific defenses?

Inflammation

3. What is interferon and what does it do?

Interferon is a nonspecific defensive protein produced by virus-infected cells. It diffuses to neighboring cells to help them fight a viral infection.

6. What happens in the inflammatory response?

It increases blood flow to the area, causes local blood vessels to dilate, causes local swelling of the tissue, and causes local blood vessels to leak additional fluids. The results include redness, heat, and swelling in the affected tissues which disinfect and clean damaged tissues.

2. What are macrophages and what do they do?

Macrophages are large phagocytic white blood cells. They wander through the interstitial fluid eating whatever bacteria and virus-infected cells they encounter.

19. How can an individual get HIV?

HIV is transmitted by body fluids transporting infected cells.

23. Which cells can destroy cancerous cells?

cytotoxic T cells

22. What enzyme allows HIV to make DNA from RNA?

reverse transcriptase

8. What are the two main functions of the lymphatic system?

Returning tissue fluid to the circulatory system and fighting infections.

26. What is anaphylactic shock?

A dangerous type of allergic reaction.

20. What happens over time in the immune system of someone with HIV?

AIDS results for infection by HIV, HIV attacks helper T cells, new HIV are produced inside helper T cells, it may take ten years or more for Aids to develop, AIDS patients often suffer from opportunistic infections.

18. T cells identify and destroy invaders in which part of the body?

Cells

5. When cells are damaged what chemical is released? What does that chemical do to the local area?

Histamine Histamine increases blood flow to the area, causes local blood vessels to dilate, causes local swelling of the tissue, and causes local blood vessels to leak additional fluids.

24. What is autoimmune disease?

The body's immune system fails to distinguish self from nonself.

7. Why do you have a fever when you are sick?

The brain's temperature control center responds to systemic inflammation by creating a hot environment unfavorable to microorganisms.

15. Explain the primary immune response?

The immune response elicited by the first exposure of lymphocytes to a particular antigen.

16. Explain the secondary immune response?

The immune response elicited when an animal encounters the same antigen at some later time. It is more rapid, of greater magnitude, and of longer duration than the primary immune response.

9. How do vaccines work?

The immune system is confronted with a vaccine composed of a harmless variant or component of a disease-causing microbe. The vaccine stimulates the immune system to mount defenses against this antigen.

21. Why is it difficult to make a vaccine for HIV?

The tendency of HIV surface antigens to undergo frequent mutational changes.

13. What is cell-mediated immunity and which cells are responsible for it?

The type of specific immunity brought about by T-cells.

12. What is humoral immunity and which cells are responsible for it?

The type of specific immunity brought about by antibody-producing B cells.

28. How can someone catch an infectious disease?

Through coughing, sneezing, or physical contact, contaminated water and food and from infected animals.

27. What type of cell acts as an intermediary between humoral and cell mediated immunity?

helper T cells