Chapter 24: The Digestive System
Approximately __________ liters of fluid are secreted by the small intestine each day. -20 -1 -2 -7 -10
2
Mary had her stomach mostly removed to try to overcome obesity. As a result, you would expect Mary to be at risk for -protein malnutrition -diarrhea -abnormal erythropoiesis -dehydration -an ulcer
abnormal erythropoiesis
The functions of the oral cavity include all of the following EXCEPT: -sensory analysis of material before swallowing -digestion of carbohydrates -mechanical processing of food -lubrication -absorption of monosaccharides
absorption of monosaccharides
Functions of the stomach include all of the following EXCEPT -initiation of protein digestion -absorption of triglycerides -denaturation of proteins -storage of ingested food -mechanical breakdown of food
absorption of triglycerides
Absorption of glucose from the gut lumen depends on -cotransporter proteins in the apical membrane of the epithelial cell -higher sodium ion concentration in the lumen than in the epithelial cell -the sodium-potassium pump in the basolateral membrane of the epithelial cell. -sodium-linked cotransport. -All of the answers are correct.
all of the above
During deglutition, -the soft palate elevates -smooth muscle contracts -the larynx elevates and the epiglottis closes -the lower esophageal sphincter opens -all of the answers are correct
all of the answers are correct
Functions of teeth include -clipping -tearing -crushing -cutting -all of the answers are correct
all of the answers are correct
The activities of the digestive system are regulated by -hormones -the contents of the digestive tract -parasympathetic anf sympathetic neurons -intrinsic nerve plexuses -All of the answers are correct
all of the answers are correct
Tony is a chronic alcoholic with cirrhosis of the liver, a condition in which liver cells die and are replaces by connective tissue. Which of the following signs would you expect to observe in Tony? -jaundice -increased clotting time -portal hypertension and ascites -decrease in plasma protein production -all of the answers are correct
all of the answers are correct
If the pancreatic duct was obstructed, you would expect to see elevated blood levels of -amylase -cholecytokinin -bilirubin -gastrin -secretin
amylase
The enzyme that digests starch into disaccharides and trisaccharides is -rennin -lipase -lactase -saccharase -amylase
amylase
A small, wormlike structure attached to the posteromedial surface of the cecum is the -gallbladder -appendix -ileum -pancreas -haustra
appendix
Your patient with liver failure has a firm, rounded abdomen due to accumulation of fluid. This is known clinically as -ascites -hepatitis B -gastritis -cirrhosis -hepatitis C
ascites
Hydrochloric acid from the stomach is neutralized in the small intestine by -water that was ingested with the food -bicarbonate from the pancreas -bile from the liver -trypsin -enzymes from the intestinal crypts
bicarbonate from the pancreas
Each of the following organs is a component of the digestive tract EXCEPT the -pharynx -colon -esophagus -stomach -bladder
bladder
The part of the stomach that functions as a mixing chamber for food and secretions is the -fundus -body -antrum -pylorus -carida
body
To which region of the stomach does the esophagus connect? -cardia -antrum -body -fundus -pylorus
cardia
Which of the following descriptions BEST matches the term cholecystokinin? -carries absorbed sugars and amino acids -stimulates pancreas to secrete bicarbonate-rich fluid -where pancreatic juice and bile enter duodenum -stimulates gastric secretion
causes gallbladder to contract
The pouchlike structure that joins the ileum at the ileocecal valve is the -cecum -haustra -sigmoid colon -appendix -rectum
cecum
The root of a tooth is covered by -dentin -pulp -cementum -enamel -the root canal
cementum
The ________ duct is formed by the union of the cystic duct and the common hepatic duct. -hepatopancreatic -duodenal -pancreatic -gastric -common bile
common bile
The absorption of some sugars in the small intestine involves -phagocytosis -contrasport -pinocytosis -diffusion -osmosis
contrasport
_____________ are also known as canines. -secondary teeth -cuspids -bicuspids -incisors -molars
cuspids
The bulk of each tooth consists of a mineralized matrix similar to that of bone called -cementum -enamel -dentin -periodontium -pulp
dentin
At the splenic flexure, the colon becomes the -sigmoid colon -transverse colon -ascending colon -descending colon -rectum
descending colon
Pancreatic juice enters the small intestine at the -pyloric sphincter -cystic duct -hepatic duct -ileocecal valve -duodenal papilla
duodenal papilla
The pylorus empties into the -jejeunum -cecum -duodenum -ileum -colon
duodenum
Bile salts aid in digestion of fats by ______________ large fat droplets. -anabolizing -emulsifying -binding -dehydrating -combining
emulsifying
The gastric phase of gastric secretion is triggered by the -sight, though, or smell of food -entry of chyme into the small intestine -entry of food into the stomach -entry of chyme into the large intestine -release of cholecystokinin and secretin by the small intestine
entry of food into the stomach
The pancreas has endocrine cells that produce hormones and ____________ cells that produce digestive enzymes. -hepatic -exocrine -gastric -mucosal -smooth muscle
exocrine
Haustra are -the source of colon hormones -compact feces stored in the rectum -expansible pouches of the colon -strips of muscle in the colon -glands in the large intestine that secrete mucus
expansible pouches of the colon
The clinical term for the gas produced by bacteria in the colon as they metabolize indigestible carbohydrates is called -vapors -wind -fumes -flatus -gust
flatus
Sucrose is hydrolyzed by sucrase into glucose and -maltose -fructose -glucose -lactose -galactose
fructose
The portion of the stomach that is superior to the junction between the stomach and the esophagus is the -cardia -antrum -body -fundus -pylorus
fundus
During deglutition, which of the following phases is NOT present? -gastric -esophageal -phartngeal -buccal -They are all present during deglutition
gastric
G cells of the stomach secrete -enteropeptidase -gastrin -pepsin -cholecystokinin -secretin
gastrin
The hormone that stimulates secretion and contraction by the stomach is -gastrin -enteropeptidase -CCK -secretin -cholecystokinin
gastrin
Which of the following contains adipose tissue and provides padding for the anterior and lateral portions of the abdomen? -mesentery proper -diaphragm -lesser omentum -greater omentum -falciform ligament
greater omentum
During the cephalic phase of gastric secretion, -the intestinal reflex inhibits gastric emptying -the stomach responds to distetion -increased production of gastric juice occurs -secretin inhibits parietal and chief cells -production of gastric juice slows down
increased production of gastric juice occurs
A blockage of ducts from the parotid glands would -inhibit the secretion of saliva from other glands -occur when too much protein is ingested -interfere with carbohydrate digestion in the mouth -prevent emulsification of lipids -cause mumps
interfere with carbohydrate digestion in the mouth
Tom has hepatitis, an inflammation of the liver. Which of the following symptoms would you expect to observe in Tom? -jaundice -impaired digestion of protein -elevated levels of blood glucose -blood in the feces -overproduction of blood -plasma albumin
jaundice
The muddle segment of the small intestine is called the -ileum -jejunum -hilum -cecum -duodenum
jejunum
People who lack the enzyme ________ often experience GI upset after consuming milk and other dairy products. -lactase -lipase -maltase -galactase -sucrase
lactase
If digestion of a carbohydrate results in equal amounts of glucose and galactose, this carbohydrate is probably -glycogen -sucrose -lactose -maltose -cellulose
lactose
Which organ is responsible for dehydration and compaction of indigestible materials? -anus -small intestine -esophagus -stomach -large intestine
large intestine
The __________ supports all but 25 cm of the small intestine and provides stability and limited movement. -lesser omentum -falciform ligament -greater omentum -mesentery proper -diaphragm
mesentery proper
Complexes of fatty acids, monoglycerides, and bile salts are called -countertransporters -varicosities -micelles -chylomicrons -vesicles
micelles
Carbohydrate digestion begins in the -stomach -esophagus -ileum -mouth -duodenum
mouth
The lamina propria and muscosa epithelium are components of the -serosa -muscularis mucosa -mucosa -submucosa -adventitia
mucosa
Chief cells secrete -hydrochloric acid -intrinsic factor -gastrin -pepsinogen -mucus
pepsinogen
All of the following are true of the intestinal phase of gastric digestion EXCEPT that it -functions to control the rate of gastric emptying -begins when chyme enters the small intestine -involves both neutral and endocrine reflexes -precedes the gastric phase -helps ensure that the functions of the small intestine proceed with relative efficeincy
precedes the gastric phase
The enzyme pepsin digests -protiens -carbohydrates -vitamins -lipids -nucleic acids
proteins
The region of the stomach that empties into the duodenum is the -fundus -cardia -body -antrum -pylorus
pylorus
Approximately the last 15 cm of the digestive tract is the -sigmoid colon -anus -anal canal -rectum -rectal column
rectum
The stomach secretes the hormone ghrelin which functions to -initiate secretion of gastric juice containing enzymes and acid -stimulate secretion of mucus from submucosal glands -stimulate hunger -regulate the digestion of lipids -inhibit hunger
stimulate hunger
Which of the following descriptions BEST matches the term gastrin? -where pancreatic juice and bile enter duodenum -causes gallbaldder to contract -stimulates gastric secretion -carries absorbed sugars and amino acids -stimulates pancreas to secrete bicarbonate-rich fluid
stimulates gastric secretion
A stratified squamous epithelial lining can be found in all of the following EXCEPT in the -oral cavity -oropharynx -stomach -anal canal -esophagus
stomach
the epithelium lining the oropharynx is -simple columnar -simple cuboidal -stratified squamous -pseudostratified squamous -simple squamous
stratified squamous
Large blood vessels and lymphatics are found in the -adventitia -mucosa -muscularis -serosa -submucosa
submucosa
Sensory nerve cells, parasympathetic ganglia, and sympathetic prosganglionic fibers can be found in the -adventitia -mucosa -serosa -submucosa plexus -lamina propria
submusoca plexus
Muscles known as the pharyngeal constrictors function in -mastication -esophageal peristalsis -opening the cardiac sphincter -swallowing -moving the tongue
swallowing
In the large intestine the wall has three strips of longitudinal muscle called the -musularis mucosa -muscularis externa -haustral bands -muscularis interna -taenia coli
taenia coli
Parietal cells secrete -gastrin -enteropeptidase -hydrochloric acid -pepsinogen -mucus
hydrochloric acid
Identify the INCORRECT pairing. -stomach; has an alkaline lining -esophagus; transports materials to stomach -liver; produces intrinsic factor -pancreas; secretes amylases -gallbladder; store bile
liver; produces intrinsic fator
Distension of the gastric wall leads to secretion of histamines from the lamina propria. This is an example of ___________ response. -muscular -neural -hormonal -local -none of the above
local
The taenia coli are -tears of the colon -longitudinal bands of smooth muscle in the colon wall -polyps that obstruct the sigmoid colon -tumors normally confined in the sigmoid colon -ridges in the mucosa of the colon
longitudinal bands of smooth muscle in the colon wall
Products of fat digestion are transported initially by -the interstitial fluid -lymphatic vessels -veins -the arterioles -capillaries
lymphatic vessels
Maltose is hydrolyzed into monosaccharides by the enzyme -sucrase -dextrase -lactase -maltase -galactase
maltase
Movements unique to the large intestine are ________ movements. -pendular -peristaltic -writhing -segmentation -mass
mass
Digestion refers to the -mechanical breakdown of food -chemical breakdown of food -progressive dehydration of indigestible residue -mechanical and chemical breakdown of food -all of the answers are correct
mechanical and chemical breakdown of food
The esophagus has several variations from the standard plan of the GI tract. These include -epithelium of mucosa is stratified squamous -muscularis externa has some skeletal muscle -epithelium of mucosa is simple columnar and muscularis externa may be striated muscle -epithelium of mucosa is simple columnar -epithelium of mucosa is stratified squamous and simple columnar
muscularis externa has some skeletal muscle
Contraction of the _____________ alters the shape of the intestinal lumen and moves epithelial pleats and folds. -adventitia -mucosa -muscularis mucosa -submucosa -submucosal plexus
muscularis mucosa
Which of the following is NOT a pharyngeal muscle involved in swallowing? -omohyoid -pharyngeal constrictor muscle -palatophartngeus -stylopharyngeus -they are all pharyngeal muscles involved in swallowing
omohyoid
Which of the following is FALSE concerning the process known as cotransport? -molecules can be moved against a concentration gradient -only neutral compounds such as sugars are transported -ATP is not required by the transport protein -more than one molecule or ion is moved through the cell membrane at one time.
only neutral compounds such as sugars are transported
Gastric pits are -acid scars in the esophagus -hollows where proteins are stored -openings into gastric glands -involved in absorption of liquids from the stomach -ridges in the body of the stomach
openings into the gastric glands
Upon swallowing, food moves from the mouth directly into the -sublingual space -oral vestibule -buccal cavity -oral mucosae -oropharynx
oropharynx
Which digestive juice contains enzymes that breakdown carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins? -bile -pancreatic juice -gastric juice -saliva -intestinal juice
pancreatic juice
In most cases, the mumps is a viral infection of the __________ glands. -parotid -submandibular -lingual -mandibular -sublingual
parotid
The defecation reflex involves -parasympathetic nerve control from sacral nerves -sympathetic nerves -conscious control of both the internal and external anal sphincters -relaxation of both the internal and external anal sphincters -relaxation of the ileocecal valve to move feces into the rectum
relaxation of both the internal and external anal sphincters
An enzyme secreted by the gastric mucosa of a newborn that coagulates milk proteins is -rennin -gastrin -pepsin -cholecystokinin -trypsin
rennin
In response to the hormone secretin, the pancreas secretes a fluid -that contains only amylase -rich in mucus -rich in bile -rich in bicarbonate ion -rich in enzymes
rich in bicarbonate ion
In response to the hormone cholecystokinin, the pancreas secretes a fluid -rich in mucus -that contains only amylase -rich in bile -rich in bicarbonate -rich in enzymes
rich in enzymes
The prominent ridges in the lining of the empty stomach are called -villi -cardia -rugae -papillae -plicae
rugae
Which of the following is NOT a function of the tongue? -mechanical processing -passing food across occlusal surfaces -manipulation to assist with chewing -secretion of mucins -all of these are functions of the tounge
secretion of mucins
Which of the following descriptions BEST matches the term submucosal plexus? -sensory neural network -component of mucosa -secretes a watery fluid -coordinates activity of muscularis externa -loose connective tissue layer containing blood vessels
sensory neural network
Which of the following is TRUE regarding lactose intolerance? -the intestinal crypts are not producing the enzyme lactase -the person cannot digest any type of monosaccharide -the stomach produces inadequate amounts of lactase -the enzyme maltase begins to digest lactose -lactose-intolerant infants cannot digest dairy fat and are at risk of starvation
the intestinal crypts are not producing the enzyme lactase
______________ pair(s) of savilary glands secrete into the oral cavity. -three -six to ten -two -four -one
three
At the hepatic flexure, the colon becomes the -sigmoid colon -rectum -transverse colon -ascending colon -descending colon
transverse colon
An enzyme that digests proteins into peptides is -nuclease -trypsin -maltase -lipase -amylase
trypsin
An obstruction of the common bile duct often results in -undigested fat in feces -cirrhosis of the liver -hepatitis -inability to digest protein -a decrease in production of pancreatic juice
undigested fat in the feces
A structure that helps prevent food from entering the pharynx prematurely is the -palatoglossal arch -epiglottis -pharyngeal arch -uvula -palatopharyngeal arch
uvula
Which of the following descriptions BEST matches the term duodenal ampulla? -stimulates pancreas to secrete bicarbonate-rich fluid -causes gallbladder to contract -stimulates gastric secretion -where pancreatic juice and bile enter duodenum -carries absorbed sugars and amino acids
where pancreatic juice and bile enter duodenum
