Chapter 24

Which of the following are functions of the digestive tract?

Absorb electrolytes Absorb water Digest food

Identify the substances within saliva. Select all that apply.

Bicarbonate ion Amylase Mucin Lysozymes Water

What are the basic functions of the digestive system?

Ingestion Mastication Absorption Digestion Defecation

Absorption

Movement of molecules from the digestive tract into the circulation or lymphatic system

Acetylcholine, norepinephrine and serotonin are ______ that affect digestive tract ______.

Neurotransmitters, motility

Identify the functions of saliva. Select all that apply.

Neutralizes bacterial acids Moistens food and the oral cavity Digests starch

Identify the major neurotransmitters that regulate the digestive system.

Norepinephrine Acetylcholine Serotonin

Identify the parts of the pharynx that function in digestion. Select all that apply.

Oropharynx Laryngopharynx

Movement of food from one end of the digestive tract to the other

Propulsion

Which region of the stomach connects to the small intestine?

Pyloric canal

Identify the three basic parts of a tooth.

Root Neck Crown

Identify the hormones that decrease gastric secretions and gastric motility. Select all that apply

Secretin Cholecystokinin

Which of the following functions to mix food with digestive secretions?

Segmental contractions

Ingestion

The intake of solid or liquid food into the stomach

The esophagus is in the ______.

mediastinum

The phases of swallowing include voluntary phase, esophageal phase and the _________ phase.

pharyngeal

Intrinsic factor is secreted by the organ called the

stomach

Place the events of the cephalic phase of gastric regulation in order beginning from initiation of the cephalic phase.

-Taste, smell or thought of food -stimulation of medulla oblongata -parasympathetic impulses are carried by the vagus nerve to the neurons of the enteric plexus -Postganglionic neurons stimulate secretion of gratin and histamine -Gastric secretions are released

What is a mesentery?

A connective tissue sheet composed of two layers of serous membranes

Intrinsic factor

Aids in the absorption of Vitamin B12.

Identify the process that moves a bolus from the oral cavity into the esophagus.

Deglutition

Which part of the stomach is superior to the cardiac opening of the stomach?

Fundus

Identify the hormone that promotes gastric secretions.

Gastrin

Vitamin B12 absorption occurs when it binds to _________ __________ in the small intestine.

Intrinsic factor

Identify the organs of the digestive system that are considered accessory organs. Select all that apply.

Liver Gall bladder Pancreas Salivary glands

Identify the 4 muscles of mastication

Masseter Temporalis Lateral pterygoid Medial pterygoid

Process by which teeth break food into smaller particles to increase the total surface area

Mastication

The process of chewing is called

Mastication

Identify the functions of the teeth. Select all that apply.

Mastication Speech

Mastication is the _____.

Mechanical breakdown of food

Segmental contractions

Muscular contractions that move food back and forth within the digestive tract to mix it with digestive secretions

Secretion

Process by which substances are added to the digestive tract to lubricate, liquefy, buffer and digest the food

Elimination

Process by which waste products are removed from the body

Mucous

Protects lining of the stomach

Identify the functions of the tongue. Select all that apply.

Taste Mastication Swallowing Speech

What is ascites?

The excess accumulation of fluid in the abdomen

Describe the membranes that line the abdominal cavity.

These are serous membranes that secrete a serous lubricating fluid.

The serous membrane that covers the organs of the abdominal cavity is the _______ peritoneum.

Visceral

Feces are eliminated from the body by the process of

defecation

The majority of nervous stimulation of the digestive system comes from the _______.

enteric nervous system

Identify the 4 muscles of mastication.

masseter, temporalis, lateral pterygoid, medial pterygoid

The basic muscle movements involved in chewing are controlled by the ______.

medulla oblongata

Segmental contractions are mixing contractions that occur predominately in the _____.

small intestine

The oral cavity is divided into two regions: the _____, which is the space between the lips or the cheeks and the teeth and the ______, which lies medial to the teeth.

vestibule, oral cavity proper

Besides organs of the gastrointestinal tract, the digestive system also contains ______.

Accessory organs

Digestion

Breakdown of large organic molecules into their component parts

True or false: Most of the nervous control of the digestive system is through the parasympathetic nervous system.

False

Identify the functions of hydrochloric acid in the stomach. Select all that apply.

Inactivates salivary amylase Destroys ingested bacteria Activates pepsin

The intake of solid or liquid food into the stomach

Ingestion

Identify the secretions of the stomach.

Pepsinogen Hydrochloric acid Gastrin Mucus Intrinsic factor

Gastrin

Stimulates gastric secretions

Identify the three large, paired salivary glands.

Sublingual Submandibular Parotid

How does the muscularis of the stomach differ from the muscularis of the majority of the alimentary canal?

The stomach has 3 layers of muscle in the muscularis and the majority of the digestive tract only has 2 layers of muscle.

Place the phases of deglutition in order from beginning to end.

Voluntary phase Pharyngeal phase Esophageal phase

The salivary glands, tonsils, liver, gall bladder, and pancreas are __________ organs of the digestive system.

accessory

The salivary glands, tonsils, liver, gall bladder, and pancreas are ____________ organs of the digestive system.

accessory

The pathological accumulation of serous abdominal fluid is called __________

ascites

The process that moves a bolus from the oral cavity into the esophagus is called swallowing or

deglutition

The process that moves a bolus from the oral cavity into the esophagus is called swallowing or ___________

deglutition

The structure within the mediastinum, anterior to the vertebrae and posterior to the trachea is the ____________

esophagus

The distension of the stomach stimulates gastrin secretion and activates the CNS by activating the _____ phase of gastric regulation.

gastric

Parietal cells of the stomach secrete ______. Select all that apply.

hydrochloric acid intrinsic factor

"Connective tissue sheets composed of two layers of serous membranes with a thin layer of loose connective tissue between them" best describes _______.

mesenteries

Mucous neck cells of the stomach produce _____ and chief cells of the stomach produce _____.

mucus, pepsinogen

Intrinsic factor is secreted by the ______ cells of the ______.

parietal stomach

The inflammation of the peritoneal membranes is called

peritonitis

Teeth found in the adult mouth are called ______ teeth whereas teeth that are lost during childhood are called milk or ______ teeth.

permanent, deciduous

The phases of swallowing include voluntary phase, esophageal phase and the __________ phase.

pharyngeal

Permanent teeth replace milk or ___________ teeth.

primary

Mixing contractions that occur in the small intestine are called _____.

segmental contractions

The abdominal cavity is lined by ________ membranes which produce a thin, lubricating film.

serous

Oral cavity proper

space medial to the teeth

Intrinsic factor is secreted by the organ called the __________.

stomach

Pepsinogen and gastrin are both secretions of the ______.

stomach

The low pH of the the stomach is due to _____.

the action of the proton pump

The muscularis of the stomach consists of _____ layers; however, the muscularis of the majority of the digestive tract consists of _____ layers.

three, two

Identify the organ of the digestive system that primarily functions as a storage and mixing chamber.

Stomach

Movement of molecules from the digestive tract into the circulation or lymphatic system

Absorbtion

The two major divisions of the digestive system include the digestive tract and the ______________ organs

Accessory

Place the events of the gastrointestinal phase of gastric regulation in order beginning with the initiation of the gastrointestinal phase.

Acidic chyme enters the duodenum Activation of nerve reflexes and the secretion of secretin Inhibition of gastric activity

Pepsinogen

Active form aids in breaking proteins into smaller peptide chains.

Identify the functions of the tongue. Select all that apply.

Aids in swallowing Moves food within the mouth Aids in speech production Detects taste sensations Holds food in place during mastication

What is peritonitis?

An inflammation of the peritoneal membranes

Hydrochloric acid

Destroys ingested bacteria and activates pepsin

Select the three phases of swallowing. Select all that apply.

Esophageal phase Pharyngeal phase Voluntary phase

Mass Movements.

Forcible movements that move the contents of the large intestines

Identify the integrative center of the mastication reflex.

Medulla oblongata

Deglutition

Moves a mass of food or liquid from the oral cavity to the esophagus

Peristalsis

Muscular contractions consisting of a wave of relaxation of circular muscles followed by a wave of contraction of circular muscles

Identify the part of the pharynx that does not typically function in digestion.

Nasopharynx

The serous membrane that covers the interior surface of the abdominal cavity is the ______.

Parietal peritoneum

Which of the following movements of the digestive tract will help to propel food from one end of the digestive tract to the other?

Peristalsis Mass movements Deglutition

The inflammation of the peritoneal membranes is called _______.

Peritonitis

Identify the folds of mucous membrane within the lining of the stomach that allow for stretching of the stomach.

Rugae

Identify the organs of the digestive system that are considered accessory organs

Salivary glands Liver Pancreas Gall bladder

Identify the enteroendocrine secretions that are produced by the stomach. Select all that apply.

Somatostatin Gastrin Histamine

Vestibule

Space between the lips and teeth

Identify the functions of the lips and cheeks. Select all that apply.

Speech Mastication Facial expression

What is the primary function of the stomach?

Storage and mixing chamber

The 3 large paired salivary glands are the __________, ___________ , and _________.

Sumbmandibular parotid sublingual

The function of intrinsic factor is to ______.

aid in the absorption of vitamin B12

The taste, smell, or thought of food stimulates gastric secretions by activating the ______ phase of gastric regulation.

cephalic

Stomach contents are called ______.

chyme

The semi-fluid material within the stomach that is a mixture of ingested food and gastric secretions is called

chyme

The semi-fluid material within the stomach that is a mixture of ingested food and gastric secretions is called .

chyme

The semi-fluid material within the stomach that is a mixture of ingested food and gastric secretions is called __________.

chyme

Breakdown of large organic molecules into their component parts

digestion

The ____________ moves food within the mouth, holds food in place during mastication, aids in swallowing, detects taste sensations, and functions in speech.

tongue