Chapter 24
Which of the following are functions of the digestive tract?
Absorb electrolytes Absorb water Digest food
Identify the substances within saliva. Select all that apply.
Bicarbonate ion Amylase Mucin Lysozymes Water
What are the basic functions of the digestive system?
Ingestion Mastication Absorption Digestion Defecation
Absorption
Movement of molecules from the digestive tract into the circulation or lymphatic system
Acetylcholine, norepinephrine and serotonin are ______ that affect digestive tract ______.
Neurotransmitters, motility
Identify the functions of saliva. Select all that apply.
Neutralizes bacterial acids Moistens food and the oral cavity Digests starch
Identify the major neurotransmitters that regulate the digestive system.
Norepinephrine Acetylcholine Serotonin
Identify the parts of the pharynx that function in digestion. Select all that apply.
Oropharynx Laryngopharynx
Movement of food from one end of the digestive tract to the other
Propulsion
Which region of the stomach connects to the small intestine?
Pyloric canal
Identify the three basic parts of a tooth.
Root Neck Crown
Identify the hormones that decrease gastric secretions and gastric motility. Select all that apply
Secretin Cholecystokinin
Which of the following functions to mix food with digestive secretions?
Segmental contractions
Ingestion
The intake of solid or liquid food into the stomach
The esophagus is in the ______.
mediastinum
The phases of swallowing include voluntary phase, esophageal phase and the _________ phase.
pharyngeal
Intrinsic factor is secreted by the organ called the
stomach
Place the events of the cephalic phase of gastric regulation in order beginning from initiation of the cephalic phase.
-Taste, smell or thought of food -stimulation of medulla oblongata -parasympathetic impulses are carried by the vagus nerve to the neurons of the enteric plexus -Postganglionic neurons stimulate secretion of gratin and histamine -Gastric secretions are released
What is a mesentery?
A connective tissue sheet composed of two layers of serous membranes
Intrinsic factor
Aids in the absorption of Vitamin B12.
Identify the process that moves a bolus from the oral cavity into the esophagus.
Deglutition
Which part of the stomach is superior to the cardiac opening of the stomach?
Fundus
Identify the hormone that promotes gastric secretions.
Gastrin
Vitamin B12 absorption occurs when it binds to _________ __________ in the small intestine.
Intrinsic factor
Identify the organs of the digestive system that are considered accessory organs. Select all that apply.
Liver Gall bladder Pancreas Salivary glands
Identify the 4 muscles of mastication
Masseter Temporalis Lateral pterygoid Medial pterygoid
Process by which teeth break food into smaller particles to increase the total surface area
Mastication
The process of chewing is called
Mastication
Identify the functions of the teeth. Select all that apply.
Mastication Speech
Mastication is the _____.
Mechanical breakdown of food
Segmental contractions
Muscular contractions that move food back and forth within the digestive tract to mix it with digestive secretions
Secretion
Process by which substances are added to the digestive tract to lubricate, liquefy, buffer and digest the food
Elimination
Process by which waste products are removed from the body
Mucous
Protects lining of the stomach
Identify the functions of the tongue. Select all that apply.
Taste Mastication Swallowing Speech
What is ascites?
The excess accumulation of fluid in the abdomen
Describe the membranes that line the abdominal cavity.
These are serous membranes that secrete a serous lubricating fluid.
The serous membrane that covers the organs of the abdominal cavity is the _______ peritoneum.
Visceral
Feces are eliminated from the body by the process of
defecation
The majority of nervous stimulation of the digestive system comes from the _______.
enteric nervous system
Identify the 4 muscles of mastication.
masseter, temporalis, lateral pterygoid, medial pterygoid
The basic muscle movements involved in chewing are controlled by the ______.
medulla oblongata
Segmental contractions are mixing contractions that occur predominately in the _____.
small intestine
The oral cavity is divided into two regions: the _____, which is the space between the lips or the cheeks and the teeth and the ______, which lies medial to the teeth.
vestibule, oral cavity proper
Besides organs of the gastrointestinal tract, the digestive system also contains ______.
Accessory organs
Digestion
Breakdown of large organic molecules into their component parts
True or false: Most of the nervous control of the digestive system is through the parasympathetic nervous system.
False
Identify the functions of hydrochloric acid in the stomach. Select all that apply.
Inactivates salivary amylase Destroys ingested bacteria Activates pepsin
The intake of solid or liquid food into the stomach
Ingestion
Identify the secretions of the stomach.
Pepsinogen Hydrochloric acid Gastrin Mucus Intrinsic factor
Gastrin
Stimulates gastric secretions
Identify the three large, paired salivary glands.
Sublingual Submandibular Parotid
How does the muscularis of the stomach differ from the muscularis of the majority of the alimentary canal?
The stomach has 3 layers of muscle in the muscularis and the majority of the digestive tract only has 2 layers of muscle.
Place the phases of deglutition in order from beginning to end.
Voluntary phase Pharyngeal phase Esophageal phase
The salivary glands, tonsils, liver, gall bladder, and pancreas are __________ organs of the digestive system.
accessory
The salivary glands, tonsils, liver, gall bladder, and pancreas are ____________ organs of the digestive system.
accessory
The pathological accumulation of serous abdominal fluid is called __________
ascites
The process that moves a bolus from the oral cavity into the esophagus is called swallowing or
deglutition
The process that moves a bolus from the oral cavity into the esophagus is called swallowing or ___________
deglutition
The structure within the mediastinum, anterior to the vertebrae and posterior to the trachea is the ____________
esophagus
The distension of the stomach stimulates gastrin secretion and activates the CNS by activating the _____ phase of gastric regulation.
gastric
Parietal cells of the stomach secrete ______. Select all that apply.
hydrochloric acid intrinsic factor
"Connective tissue sheets composed of two layers of serous membranes with a thin layer of loose connective tissue between them" best describes _______.
mesenteries
Mucous neck cells of the stomach produce _____ and chief cells of the stomach produce _____.
mucus, pepsinogen
Intrinsic factor is secreted by the ______ cells of the ______.
parietal stomach
The inflammation of the peritoneal membranes is called
peritonitis
Teeth found in the adult mouth are called ______ teeth whereas teeth that are lost during childhood are called milk or ______ teeth.
permanent, deciduous
The phases of swallowing include voluntary phase, esophageal phase and the __________ phase.
pharyngeal
Permanent teeth replace milk or ___________ teeth.
primary
Mixing contractions that occur in the small intestine are called _____.
segmental contractions
The abdominal cavity is lined by ________ membranes which produce a thin, lubricating film.
serous
Oral cavity proper
space medial to the teeth
Intrinsic factor is secreted by the organ called the __________.
stomach
Pepsinogen and gastrin are both secretions of the ______.
stomach
The low pH of the the stomach is due to _____.
the action of the proton pump
The muscularis of the stomach consists of _____ layers; however, the muscularis of the majority of the digestive tract consists of _____ layers.
three, two
Identify the organ of the digestive system that primarily functions as a storage and mixing chamber.
Stomach
Movement of molecules from the digestive tract into the circulation or lymphatic system
Absorbtion
The two major divisions of the digestive system include the digestive tract and the ______________ organs
Accessory
Place the events of the gastrointestinal phase of gastric regulation in order beginning with the initiation of the gastrointestinal phase.
Acidic chyme enters the duodenum Activation of nerve reflexes and the secretion of secretin Inhibition of gastric activity
Pepsinogen
Active form aids in breaking proteins into smaller peptide chains.
Identify the functions of the tongue. Select all that apply.
Aids in swallowing Moves food within the mouth Aids in speech production Detects taste sensations Holds food in place during mastication
What is peritonitis?
An inflammation of the peritoneal membranes
Hydrochloric acid
Destroys ingested bacteria and activates pepsin
Select the three phases of swallowing. Select all that apply.
Esophageal phase Pharyngeal phase Voluntary phase
Mass Movements.
Forcible movements that move the contents of the large intestines
Identify the integrative center of the mastication reflex.
Medulla oblongata
Deglutition
Moves a mass of food or liquid from the oral cavity to the esophagus
Peristalsis
Muscular contractions consisting of a wave of relaxation of circular muscles followed by a wave of contraction of circular muscles
Identify the part of the pharynx that does not typically function in digestion.
Nasopharynx
The serous membrane that covers the interior surface of the abdominal cavity is the ______.
Parietal peritoneum
Which of the following movements of the digestive tract will help to propel food from one end of the digestive tract to the other?
Peristalsis Mass movements Deglutition
The inflammation of the peritoneal membranes is called _______.
Peritonitis
Identify the folds of mucous membrane within the lining of the stomach that allow for stretching of the stomach.
Rugae
Identify the organs of the digestive system that are considered accessory organs
Salivary glands Liver Pancreas Gall bladder
Identify the enteroendocrine secretions that are produced by the stomach. Select all that apply.
Somatostatin Gastrin Histamine
Vestibule
Space between the lips and teeth
Identify the functions of the lips and cheeks. Select all that apply.
Speech Mastication Facial expression
What is the primary function of the stomach?
Storage and mixing chamber
The 3 large paired salivary glands are the __________, ___________ , and _________.
Sumbmandibular parotid sublingual
The function of intrinsic factor is to ______.
aid in the absorption of vitamin B12
The taste, smell, or thought of food stimulates gastric secretions by activating the ______ phase of gastric regulation.
cephalic
Stomach contents are called ______.
chyme
The semi-fluid material within the stomach that is a mixture of ingested food and gastric secretions is called
chyme
The semi-fluid material within the stomach that is a mixture of ingested food and gastric secretions is called .
chyme
The semi-fluid material within the stomach that is a mixture of ingested food and gastric secretions is called __________.
chyme
Breakdown of large organic molecules into their component parts
digestion
The ____________ moves food within the mouth, holds food in place during mastication, aids in swallowing, detects taste sensations, and functions in speech.
tongue