Bio Ch3

Which of the following is a characteristic of double-stranded DNA?

2 nanometers in width, 10 base pairs per turn, and 0.34 nanometers per basepair

After 3 hours of exercise what are the main sources of energy?

blood glucose and plasma free fatty acids

In contrast to other fatty acids, essential fatty acids

cannot be synthesized by the organism and are necessary for survival

Molecules that contain the element ___ are considered organic molecules

carbon

____ is _____ and most organisms lack the necessary enzyme to hydrolize the beta D glucose monomers. It is used primarily for ______ in plants

cellulose, unbranched, structural support

The ___ of a nucleotide determines where it is a component of dna or a component of RNA

five carbon sugar

plays a role in digestion and metabolism

hexokinase & lactase

Where are most plasma free fatty acids obtained from?

hydrolisis of stored fat

The plasma membrane is made up of a phospholipid bilayer, with the _____________ of the phospholipids_____________.

hydrophilic heads // sticking out toward the interior and exterior of the cell

Trans fats have a higher melting point than natural unsaturated fats and a lower melting point than natural saturated fats

true

Unsaturated fats have kinks in the hydrogen-carbon chain and therefore the molecules do not lay flat

true

liquid at room temp, oil,found in plants and plant products,double bonds within carbon backbone, transfat are a synthetic form that has a higher melting point

unsaturated fatty acid

When forming a semi-solid gel such as gelatin, what type of molecule does the process of protein coagulation entrap?

water

___ is a polysaccharide that is found primarily in plant cells as a form of energy storage. It is ___ ___ , and as a result is not very soluble in water.

Starch, moderately branched

The bond between a carbon and hydrogen atom is a polar bond

False

Saturated fats have one or more double bonds along the carbon backbone

false

Trans fats are synthetic saturated fats

false

Unsaturated fats are found primarily in animals and animal products

false

lipid

fatty acid

___ are the building blocks of protein. They are made up of a center carbon atom bound positively to a charged ___ group and a negatively charged ___ group and a side chain.

Amino acids, amino group, carboxyl group

double stranded, housed within the nucleus of an animal cell, AT GC

DNA

With regard to their binding to enzymes, why do enantiomers such as D- and L-glucose have different biological properties?

Enantiomers have different spatial relationships that are mirrors of each other. Therefore one may bind very tightly to an enzyme while the other one might not be recognized at all.

A carbon atom has six electrons in its outermost shell

False

Which of the following DNA molecules is the most stable?

GCGTGCAC CGCACGTG

___ is a storage of polysaccharides commonly found in the cells of animals

Glycogen

____ is a polysaccharide primarily stored in muscle tissue. It is ___ _____ allowing hydroxyl side groups to be readily exposed to water in the surrounding tissue, for easy hydrolysis

Glycogen, highly branched

single stranded, AU GC, ribose sugar within the backbone

RNA

plays a role in protein synthesis

RNA polymerase

Asymmetrical spacing of the backbones of the DNA double helix generates major and minor grooves

True

Doubled-stranded DNA consists of two antiparallel strands, meaning that one strand is oriented in the 5' to 3' direction, while the other is oriented in the 3' to 5' direction.

True

____ was the first scientist to synthesize an organic molecule. The organic molecule synthesized was____

Wohler, urea

provides support and structure

actin and collagen

Functional groups help define the properties of macromolecules. The _____ functional group(s) is/are found within amino acids, while carbohydrates contain the _____ functional group(s).

amino & carboxyl // hydroxyl

Monomer of a protein

amino acid

The monomers of proteins are _____ and these are linked bhy polar covalent bonds commonly referred to as ____

amino acids, polypeptide

protects again disease

antibodies

Phospholipids ae amphipathic, which means they

are composed of a hydrophilic portion and a hydrophillic portion

Certain types of fats used in baking are called shortenings. They are solid at room temperature. Shortenings are often made from vegetable oils by a process called hydrogenation. What do you think happens to the structure of an oil when it is hydrogenated?

changes them to a saturated fat, causing them to be solid at room temps

If two proteins have the same complement of amino acids, what would increase the likelihood that the two proteins would behave differently, e.g., have different functions?

different sequence of the amino acids within the molecules

sucrose, maltose, lactose, c12h22o11

disaccharide

A ___ is a portion of protein with a particular structure and function

domain

Bonds between carbon and other atoms are relatively unstable and readily dissociate, resulting in the formation of new molecules.

false

Carbon is a relatively large atom allowing it to bind to more atoms than smaller atoms would, thereby making it more versatile

false

In the stable form of protein, what is generally oriented to the interior of the protein molecule?

hydrophobic portions

____ are molecules that hae the same molecular composition but differ to structure and or bonding association

isomers

What happens to the amount of muscle glycogen used for energy as exercise continues?

it decreases

Carbohydrate

monosacharrides

Glucose, fructose, c6h12o6

monosacharrides

A gram of fat stores _____ energy than a gram of starch due to ______ within fat molecules relative to starch molecules

more // a higher proportion of C-H bonds

A person who sprints for 45 seconds obtains most of their energy from

muscle glycogen

plays a role in muscle contraction / movement

myosin

If the primary structure of Protein 1 in this figure were experimentally altered by the substitution of several incorrect amino acids for the correct ones, would Protein 1 still be able to interact with Protein 2?

no it would lose its fit and not be able to interact with the other protein

Nucleic acid

nucleotide

How many water molecules would be produced in making a polypeptide that is 72 amino acids long by dehydration reactions?

one less than the number of amino acid in the polypeptide

What type of bonds link individual amino acids together

peptide

The correct structure of DNA components can be presented as

phosphate-sugar-base

When water and oil are added to a test tube, the two liquids form two separate layers (think of oil and vinegar in a bottle of salad dressing). If a solution of phospholipids were added to a mixture of water and oil, where would the phospholipids dissolve?

polar regions would dissolve in the water and the nonpolar regions would dissolve in the oil

____ formed by ______ reactions link amino acids together forming a linear chain.

polypeptides, dehydration

cellulose, starch, glycogen

polysaccharide

The ____ structure of a protein is the sequence of an amino acids that are attached together by a ____ bond.

primary structure, peptide

When an egg is fried, what happens to the protein in the egg?

protein is denatured

DNA _______. RNA, on the other hand, ________.

provides the instructions for the specific sequence of amino acids used to build a protein // functions to convert a nucleotide sequence into an amino acid sequence

The _____ structure of a protein exists if multiple polypeptides bind together to form a functional protein

quaternary

no double bonds within carbon backbone, solid at room temperature, comes from animal and animal products

saturated fatty acid

The helix that forms in a protein chain as a result of hydrogen bonds and other weak forces is an example of

secondary structure

In the ____ structure of a protein the polypeptide is folded through the mechanisms of amino acids rotating around bonds folding into an a helix or a b pleated sheet structure and stablized by a ___ bond.

secondary, hydrogen

In the ___ structure of a protein the amino acid side chains of the folded polypeptide interact, forming a commplex _____ shape

tertiary, 3d (three deminsional)

The versatility of carbon to serve as the bacbone for a variety of different molecules is due to

the ability of carbon atoms to form four covalent bonds, the ability of carbon to form covalent bonds with many different types of atoms

What type of reaction is the reverse of the ones shown here, in which a disaccharide is broken down into two monosaccharides?

the reverse of a dehydration reaction is called a hydrolysis reaction.

What happens to the amount of plasma free fatty acids used for energy as exercise continues?

they increase

facilitates movement of molecules across plasma membranes

transporters

A carbon atom can form up to four covalent bonds

true

Oxygen and nitrogen have a stronger electronegativity than carbon (e.g., a strong pull on a shared electron

true

Saturated fats are solid at room temperature

true

Saturated fats have a higher melting point than unsaturated fats

true

The carbon backbone of a molecule comes in a variety of shapes: linear, ring-like, or highly branched

true

The carbon backbone of a molecule is made up of a string of carbon atoms held together with either single or double bonds

true