Imperialism Test

Open Door Policy

A policy to keep Chinese trade open to everyone on an equal basis. The U.S. came up with this in 1899.

Opium war

China wanted to and eventually outlaw opium but Britain didn't. In 1839, Chinese warships clashed with British merchants, triggering the Opium War. British gunboats, equipped with the latest in firepower, bombarded Chinese coastal and river ports. With outdated weapons and fighting methods, the Chinese were easily defeated.

Zulus

People of South Africa

sphere of influence

an area in which an outside power claimed exclusive investment or trading privileges. Europeans carved out these spheres in China and elsewhere to prevent conflicts among themselves.

Trade surplus

exported more than it imported, what China did

Nationalism

feeling of loyalty and pride to your particular national group and/or nation state

indemnity

payment for losses in the war

Sepoy rebellion

Swept across northern and central India. They hailed the last Mughal ruler as their leader. Sepoys brutally massacred British men, women, and children. But the British soon rallied and crushed the revolt. They then took terrible revenge for their earlier losses, torching villages and slaughtering thousands of unarmed Indians. Left a bitter legacy of fear, hatred, and mistrust on both sides. Parliament ended East India Company. Taxed Indians to pay the cost of British soldiers in India.

Emperor Meji

15-year-old emperor Mutsuhito to power. Mutsuhito took the name Meiji, which means "enlightened rule." He moved from the old imperial capital in Kyoto to the shogun's palace in Edo, which was renamed Tokyo, or "eastern capital."

Boers

Boer's were descendants of Dutch settlers and lived in South Africa. Moved North and set up their own colonies when Britain took over South Africa.

East India Company

British company with there main goal in India was to make money

King Leopold II

From Belgium, hired Stanley to explore the Congo River basin and arrange trade treaties with African leaders. Publicly, Leopold spoke of a civilizing mission to carry the light "that for millions of men still plunged in barbarism will be the dawn of a better era." Privately, he dreamed of conquest and profit. Leopold's activities in the Congo set off a scramble by other nations. Before long, Britain, France, and Germany were pressing rival claims to the region. Exploited Congo's riches for example, copper, rubber, and ivory. The Congo workers were forced to work and earned almost nothing. They would sometimes be beaten or mutilated.

Ram Mohun Roy

Hindu, believed in Western reforms and traditional Indian culture

Unequal Treaties (Treaty of Nanjing)

Huge indemnity, British also gained the island of Hong Kong. China had to open five ports to foreign trade and grant British citizens in China extraterritoriality. A second war, lasting from 1856 to 1858, ended with France, Russia, and the United States pressuring China to sign treaties stipulating the opening of more ports to foreign trade and letting Christian missionaries preach in China.

Suez Canal

In 1858, a French entrepreneur, Ferdinand de Lesseps (lay seps), organized a company to build the Suez Canal. European nations gained power over the Ottomans by extending loans at high interest rates. In 1875, the ruler of Egypt was unable to repay loans he had contracted for the canal and other projects. To pay his debts, he sold his shares in the canal. The British bought the shares, gaining a controlling interest in the canal.

Boxer Uprising

In 1899, a group of Chinese had formed a secret society, the Righteous Harmonious Fists. Westerners watching them train in the martial arts dubbed them Boxers. Their goal was to drive out the "foreign devils" who were polluting the land with their un-Chinese ways, strange buildings, machines, and telegraph lines. The boxers attacked Western people in China. Western forces and Japan crushed the Boxers and rescued foreigners besieged in Beijing.

Isolation / Isolationism

Japan was like this for 200 years. No interaction with countries.

Boer War

In the late 1800s, however, the discovery of gold and diamonds in the Boer lands led to conflict with Britain. lasted from 1899 to 1902, involved bitter guerrilla fighting. The British won in the end, but at great cost.

Hindos

Indian people

sepoy

Indian soldiers

Berlin Conference

International conference in 1884. No Africans were invited to the conference. European power could not claim any part of Africa unless it had set up a government office there. This principle led Europeans to send officials who would exert their power over local rulers and peoples. European powers recognized Leopold's private claims to the Congo Free State but called for free trade on the Congo and Niger rivers.

Sino-Japanese War

Japanese pressure on China led to the Sino-Japanese War. It ended in disaster for China, with Japan gaining the island of Taiwan. Defeat revealed China's weakness. Western powers moved swiftly to carve out spheres of influence along the Chinese coast. The British took the Chang River valley. The French acquired the territory near their colony of Indochina. Germany and Russia gained territory in northern China.

Henry Stanley

Journalist and in 1869 went to track down Dr. David Livingstone and Central Africa. Tracked him down in 1871 in what is today Tanzania, greeting him with the now-legendary phrase "Dr. Livingstone, I presume?"

Paternalistic

Meaning they saw the Africans and Indians as children in need of guidance. To them, African and Indian cultures and religions were "degraded." They urged Africans to reject their own traditions in favor of Western civilization.

100 Days Reform

New laws set out to modernize the civil service exams, streamline government, and encourage new industries. Reforms affected schools, military, and the bureaucracy. Conservatives rallied against the reform effort. Emperor imprisoned, and the aging empress Ci Xi reasserted control. Reformers fled for their lives.

Muslims

Ottoman Empire and Mughal empire. Ruled and lived in Africa and India before and during Imperialism.

Mughal Empire

Ruled in India. By the mid-1700's, the empire began to collapse because of a lack of strong rulers.

direct rule (Colony)

Would send officials and soldiers to administer their colonies.

Menelik II (Ethiopian Ruler)

a reforming ruler, Menelik II, began to modernize his country. He hired European experts to plan modern roads and bridges and set up a Western school system. He imported the latest weapons and European officers to help train his army. Thus, when Italy invaded Ethiopia in 1896, Menelik was prepared. At the battle of Adowa (ah duh wuh), the Ethiopians smashed the Italian invaders. Ethiopia was the only African nation, aside from Liberia, to preserve its independence.

Imperialism

domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region. Motives: economic, political, military, Social Darwinism, and humanitarian Types of rule: protectorate (indirect rule), sphere of influence, and direct rule (colony).

Trade deficit

import more than export, what the Western powers did

Taiping Rebellion

lasted from 1850 to 1864, probably the most devastating peasant revolt in history. The leader, Hong Xiuquan (hong shyoo chwahn), called for an end to the hated Qing dynasty. The Taiping rebels won control of large parts of China and held out for 14 years. Loyal regional governors and generals crushed the rebellion. Almost toppled the Qing dynasty. It is estimated to have caused the deaths of between 20 million and 30 million Chinese. The Qing government survived, but it had to share power with regional commanders. Europeans kept up pressure on China, and Russia seized lands in the north.

Meiji Restoration / Transformation

lasted from 1868 to 1912. Determined to strengthen Japan. Their goal was summarized in their motto, "A rich country, a strong military." The emperor supported the reform. Set out to study Western ways. 1871, members of the government traveled overseas to learn about Western governments, economies, technology, and customs. The government brought experts from Western countries to Japan and sent young samurai to study abroad. Adapted German Government. Emperor issued the Meiji constitution. All citizens were equal before the law. emperor autocratic, or absolute, power. A legislature, or Diet, was formed, made up of one elected house and one house appointed by the emperor. Voting rights were sharply limited.

protectorate (indirect rule)

local rulers were left in place but were expected to follow the advice of European advisors on issues such as trade or missionary activity. A protectorate cost less to run than a colony did, and usually did not require a large commitment of military forces.

Balance of Trade

the difference between how much a country imports and how much it exports. By the 1800s, however, Western nations were using their growing power to tilt the balance of trade with East Asia in their favor.

extraterritoriality

the right to live under their own laws and be tried in their own courts