Chapter 25 map

Neurons must be provided with a reliable supply of glucose because they are __________. a. usually unable to metabolize other molecules b. covered with myelinated fibrous sheaths c. primarily located in the brain d. involved primarily with transmitting nerve impulses

a. usually unable to metabolize other molecules

The efficiency rate for the complete catabolism of glucose is about __________. a. 12 percent b. 32 percent c. 42 percent d. 90 percent

c. 42 percent

For each glucose molecule converted to two pyruvates, the anaerobic reaction sequence in glycolysis provides a net gain of __________. a. 2 ATP for the cell b. 4 ATP for the cell c. 36 ATP for the cell d. 38 ATP for the cell

a. 2 ATP for the cell

Why can lipogenesis use almost any organic substrate? a. Lipids, amino acids, and carbohydrates can be converted to acetyl-CoA. b. Lipids can be converted and channeled directly into the Krebs cycle. c. Lipid molecules contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. d. Triglycerides are the most abundant lipids in the body.

a. Lipids, amino acids, and carbohydrates can be converted to acetyl-CoA.

Milk and eggs are complete proteins because they contain __________. a. all the essential amino acids in sufficient quantities b. all the essential fatty acids and amino acids c. the recommended intake for vitamin B12 d. more protein than fat

a. all the essential amino acids in sufficient quantities

Which of the following hormones exhibits its influence most during the postabsorptive state? a. glucagon b. insulin c. growth hormone d. estrogen

a. glucagon

The trace minerals found in extremely small quantities in the body include __________. a. iron, zinc, copper, and manganese b. phosphorus, zinc, copper, and potassium c. sodium, potassium, chloride, and calcium d. phosphorus, magnesium, calcium, and iron

a. iron, zinc, copper, and manganese

Which of the following selections includes ONLY essential amino acids for a growing child? a. leucine, lysine, valine, tryptophan, arginine b. proline, serine, cysteine, glutamine, histidine c. aspartic acid, glutamic acid, tyrosine, glycine, alanine d. valine, tyrosine, leucine, serine, alanine

a. leucine, lysine, valine, tryptophan, arginine

A cell with excess carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids will break down carbohydrates to __________. a. obtain energy b. provide tissue growth and repair c. provide metabolic regulation d. obtain energy, provide tissue growth and repair, and provide metabolic regulation

a. obtain energy

In terms of the movement of electrons, the gain of electrons is called reduction, whereas the loss is called __________. a. oxidation b. catabolism c. metabolism d. anabolism

a. oxidation

In glycolysis, six-carbon glucose molecules are broken down into two three-carbon molecules of __________. a. pyruvic acid b. acetyl-CoA c. citric acid d. oxaloacetic acid

a. pyruvic acid

If excess glucose still remains in the circulation after glycogen formation, the hepatocytes use glucose to __________. a. synthesize triglycerides b. regulate metabolism c. repair tissues d. provide energy

a. synthesize triglycerides

An individual's basal metabolic rate ideally represents __________. a. the minimum resting energy expenditure of an awake, alert person b. the daily energy expenditures for a given individual c. the amounts of circulating hormone levels in the body d. genetic differences among ethnic groups

a. the minimum resting energy expenditure of an awake, alert person

Although small quantities of lipids are normally stored in the liver, most of the synthesized triglycerides are bound to __________. a. transport proteins b. hepatocytes in the liver c. adipocytes d. glucose molecules

a. transport proteins

Excess cholesterol leaves somatic cells and is absorbed by __________, which then transport the cholesterol back to the liver. a. chylomicrons b. HDLs c. VLDLs d. LDLs

b. HDLs

Which of the following are coenzymes that deliver hydrogen ions and electrons to the ETS in the inner mitochondrial membrane? a. FADH2 b. NADH and FADH2 c. acetyl CoA d. NADH

b. NADH and FADH2

Why are minerals, vitamins, and water classified as essential nutrients? a. They are used by the body in large quantities. b. The body cannot synthesize the nutrients in sufficient quantities. c. They are the major providers of calories for the body. d. All of the listed responses are correct.

b. The body cannot synthesize the nutrients in sufficient quantities.

Why is it that fatty acids and many amino acids CANNOT be converted to glucose? a. They are not used for energy production. b. Their catabolic pathways produce acetyl-CoA. c. Other organic molecules cannot be converted to glucose. d. Glucose is necessary to start the metabolic processes.

b. Their catabolic pathways produce acetyl-CoA.

Under normal circumstances, if you eat three meals a day, the body will spend approximately 12 hours in the __________. a. excretion of waste b. absorptive state c. postabsorptive state d. digestion of food

b. absorptive state

The process that breaks down organic substrates, releasing energy that can be used to synthesize ATP or other high-energy compounds, is __________. a. oxidation b. catabolism c. metabolism d. anabolism

b. catabolism

During open-heart surgery, which of the following thermoregulatory changes will be induced on the patient's body? a. heat exhaustion b. hypothermia c. nonshivering thermogenesis d. sweating

b. hypothermia

The most important factors in good nutrition are to obtain nutrients __________. a. that are low in fats and high in dietary fiber b. in sufficient quantity and quality c. from the food pyramid d. that meet the recommended daily intakes

b. in sufficient quantity and quality

NAD, a key coenzyme used in the process of producing ATP, is produced from which water-soluble vitamin? a. vitamin B12 b. niacin c. riboflavin d. vitamin B2

b. niacin

The four processes involved in heat exchange with the environment are __________. a. thermogenesis, dynamic action, pyrexia, and thermolysis b. radiation, conduction, convection, and evaporation c. physiological, behavioral, generational, and acclimatization d. sensible, insensible, heat loss, and heat gain

b. radiation, conduction, convection, and evaporation

Which of the following individuals does NOT need to modify his or her daily activities to help regulate cholesterol levels? a. a 40-year old man who weighs 185 pounds, has a cholesterol level of 250 mg/dL, and does have a history of atherosclerosis b. a 40-year-old woman who weighs 200 pounds, has a cholesterol level of 235 mg/dL, and does not have a history of atherosclerosis c. a 40-year-old woman who weighs 135 pounds, has a total cholesterol level of 150 mg/dL, and does not have a history of atherosclerosis d. None of these individuals needs to modify his or her daily activities.

c. a 40-year-old woman who weighs 135 pounds, has a total cholesterol level of 150 mg/dL, and does not have a history of atherosclerosis

Phoebe grew up in Alaska's interior and used to play with her friends at recess in temperatures of −20°F. In fact, her school was not canceled until the temperatures reached −50°F. Which of the following terms describes her adaptation to Alaska's frigid winter climate? a. perspiration b. radiation c. acclimatization d. convection

c. acclimatization

In resting skeletal muscles, a significant portion of the metabolic demand is met through the __________. a. catabolism of glycogen b. catabolism of glucose c. catabolism of fatty acids d. anabolism of ADP to ATP

c. catabolism of fatty acids

When blood glucose concentrations are elevated, the glucose molecules are __________. a. used for tissue repair b. used to build proteins c. catabolized for energy d. catabolized for energy, used to build proteins, and used for tissue repair

c. catabolized for energy

Which of the following is a nitrogen compound important in energy storage in muscle tissue? a. pyrimidine b. glycoprotein c. creatine d. porphyrin

c. creatine

Which of the following is an important energy source during periods of starvation, when glucose supplies are limited? a. cholesterol b. glycerol c. free fatty acids d. lipoproteins

c. free fatty acids

Before the large vitamin B12 molecule can be absorbed, it must be bound to __________. a. another water-soluble vitamin b. the gastric epithelium c. intrinsic factor d. vitamin C

c. intrinsic factor

Which of the following foods are DEFICIENT in dietary fiber? a. rice and pastas b. vegetables and fruits c. milk and meat d. breads and cereals

c. milk and meat

In the beta-oxidation of an 18-carbon fatty acid molecule, the cell gains __________. a. 36 ATP b. 38 ATP c. 78 ATP d. 144 ATP

d. 144 ATP

For each glucose molecule processed during aerobic cellular respiration, the cell gains __________. a. 4 molecules of ATP b. 24 molecules of ATP c. 32 molecules of ATP d. 36 molecules of ATP

d. 36 molecules of ATP

No kidding: The town of Nederland, Colorado, has a winter festival called Frozen Dead Guy Days. A man named Bredo Morstoel, a native Norwegian, was born in 1900 and died in 1989. After his death, his grandson had his body cryogenically frozen and stored it in a shed in Colorado until a future date when he supposedly will be resuscitated. Why will this thawing procedure NOT bring Mr. Morstoel back to life? a. The ratio of surface area to volume is low in Mr. Morstoel's body, meaning that ice crystals would have formed during the freezing process. b. Freezing temperatures cause water to expand, which would burst cell membranes. c. Death had already occurred before the freezing process. d. All of the listed responses are correct.

d. All of the listed responses are correct.

The factors that make protein catabolism an IMPRACTICAL source of quick energy include which of the following? a. Proteins are important structural and functional cellular components. b. Proteins are more difficult to break apart. c. One of the by-products, ammonia, is a toxin that can damage cells. d. All of the listed responses are correct.

d. All of the listed responses are correct.

Which of the following people would be in positive nitrogen balance? a. a pregnant woman b. athletes in training c. growing children d. All of the listed responses are correct.

d. All of the listed responses are correct.

Why is it that lipids CANNOT provide large amounts of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in a short period of time? a. Lipids are insoluble, and it is difficult for water-soluble enzymes to reach them. b. Most lipids are processed in mitochondria, and mitochondrial activity is limited by the availability of oxygen. c. Lipid reserves are difficult to mobilize. d. All of the listed responses are correct.

d. All of the listed responses are correct.

Why is hypervitaminosis involving water-soluble vitamins relatively UNCOMMON? a. Excessive amounts are stored in adipose tissue. b. Excessive amounts are stored in the bones. c. Excessive amounts are readily absorbed into skeletal muscle tissue. d. Excessive amounts are readily excreted in the urine.

d. Excessive amounts are readily excreted in the urine.

The basal metabolic rate (BMR) is __________. a. the minimum resting energy of an awake, alert person b. 70 cal/hr or 1680 cal/day in the average individual c. measured by monitoring respiratory activity d. all of the listed responses

d. all of the listed responses

Metabolism refers to __________. a. only the digestion of foods and production of wastes b. only the intake of sodium in foods and the loss of sodium in sweat and tears c. only the balance between drinking water and sweating d. all the chemical reactions in the body

d. all the chemical reactions in the body

To examine the metabolic state of an individual, results may be expressed as __________. a. calories per hour b. calories per day c. calories per unit of body weight per day d. calories per hour, calories per day, and calories per unit of body weight per day

d. calories per hour, calories per day, and calories per unit of body weight per day

The first step in a sequence of enzymatic reactions in the tricarboxylic acid cycle is the formation of __________. a. pyruvic acid b. oxaloacetic acid c. acetyl-CoA d. citric acid

d. citric acid

The synthesis of glucose from nonglucose precursors is known as __________. a. glycogenesis b. beta-oxidation c. lipolysis d. gluconeogenesis

d. gluconeogenesis

Lucy, a 35-year-old woman, says she CANNOT lose the fat around her abdomen because it is brown fat. You correct her by saying that the only people with brown fat are __________. a. teenagers b. anorexic women c. elderly men d. infants

d. infants

Lipids circulate through the bloodstream as __________. a. saturated fats b. polyunsaturated fat c. unsaturated fats d. lipoproteins and free fatty acids

d. lipoproteins and free fatty acids

LDLs are absorbed by cells through the process of __________. a. simple diffusion b. active transport c. facilitated diffusion d. receptor-mediated endocytosis

d. receptor-mediated endocytosis

A diet deficient in essential fatty acids would __________. a. slow growth b. cause a decrease in the production of prostaglandins c. alter the appearance of the skin d. slow growth, alter the appearance of the skin, and cause a decrease in the production of prostaglandins

d. slow growth, alter the appearance of the skin, and cause a decrease in the production of prostaglandins

What is the primary function of very low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs)? a. transporting cholesterol to peripheral tissues b. carrying absorbed lipids from the intestinal tract to circulation c. transporting cholesterol from peripheral tissues back to the liver d. transporting the triglycerides to peripheral tissues

d. transporting the triglycerides to peripheral tissues

Which of the following is a fat-soluble vitamin necessary for synthesis of visual pigments? a. vitamin D b. vitamin C c. vitamin K d. vitamin A

d. vitamin A