Chapter 26: Fluid, Electrolyte, Acid-Base Balance T/F & MATCHING

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One of the most powerful and plentiful sources of buffers is the protein buffer system.

TRUE

Premenstrual edema may be due to enhanced reabsorption of sodium chloride.

TRUE

Prolonged hyperventilation can cause alkalosis.

TRUE

Respiratory acidosis results when lungs are obstructed and gas exchange is inefficient.

TRUE

Sodium is pivotal to fluid and electrolyte balance and to the homeostasis of all body systems.

TRUE

Some potassium ions are reabsorbed from the kidney filtrate via type A intercalated cells, a unique population of collecting duct cells.

TRUE

The main way the kidney regulates potassium ions is to excrete them.

TRUE

The normal pH of blood is 7.35-7.45.

TRUE

The phosphate buffer system is relatively unimportant for buffering blood plasma.

TRUE

The single most important blood buffer system is the bicarbonate buffer system.

TRUE

The thirst center in the brain is located in the hypothalamus.

TRUE

Thirst is normally triggered by hypothalamic osmoreceptors sensitive to a 1-2% increase in plasma osmolality.

TRUE

To remain properly hydrated, water intake must equal water output.

TRUE

Water imbalance, in which output exceeds intake, causing an imbalance in body fluids, is termed dehydration.

TRUE

Weak acids are able to act as chemical buffering systems for the body because they only partially dissociate.

TRUE

When aldosterone release is inhibited, sodium reabsorption cannot occur beyond the distal convoluted tubule.

TRUE

ADH secretion can be stimulated by either blood osmolarity changes or blood pressure changes in the heart or large vessels.

TRUE *Hypothalamic osmolarity receptors can trigger ADH secretion. Also, decreases in plasma volume, which affects blood pressure, are detected by receptors in the atria and large vessels and cause ADH secretion.

The word root ________ means action, process, or condition.

-OSIS

A disorder entailing deficient aldosterone production by the adrenal cortex.

ADDISON'S DISEASE

Regulates sodium ion concentrations in the extracellular fluid.

ALDOSTERONE

________ is a condition in which blood pH has risen above 7.45.

ALKALOSIS

The concentration of sodium ions are highest in

BLOOD PLASMA

Fluid loss, either the loss of water or the loss of water and solutes together.

DEHYDRATION

An atypical accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space.

EDEMA

Dissociate into ions in water

ELECTROLYTES

The main fluid compartment outside the cells

EXTRACELLULAR

Adipose tissue is one of the most hydrated of all tissues in the human body.

FALSE

Aldosterone is secreted in response to low extracellular potassium.

FALSE

Calcitonin targets the bones and causes the release of calcium from storage when serum calcium levels are low.

FALSE

Insensible water loss includes water lost in feces.

FALSE

It is impossible to overhydrate because people need as much water as they can drink to carry out ordinary body functions.

FALSE

Obligatory water loss occurs because humans always take in more fluids through eating and drinking than they need to maintain water balance.

FALSE

Salts are lost from the body in perspiration and urine only.

FALSE

Solutes, regardless of size, are able to move freely between compartments because water carries them along the osmotic gradients.

FALSE

The most abundant cation in intracellular fluid is sodium.

FALSE

The two hormones responsible for the regulation of calcium are pituitary hormone and calcitonin.

FALSE

The word root ________ means over, above, or excessive.

HYPER-

Potassium excess

HYPERKALEMIA

Magnesium excess

HYPERMAGNESEMIA

Sodium excess

HYPERNATREMIA

During _______, increased breathing rate and depth of breathing go beyond the body 19s need to remove carbon dioxide.

HYPERVENTILATION

The word root ________ means under, beneath, or less than normal.

HYPO-

Calcium depletion

HYPOCALCEMIA

A condition due to excessive water intake that results in net osmosis into tissue cells. This leads to severe metabolic disturbances.

HYPONATREMIA

Sodium depletion

HYPONATREMIA

__________, a lower than normal sodium level, can cause dysfunction of the nervous system.

HYPONATREMIA

The word root __________ means occurring between, among, or reciprocal.

INTER-

The concentration of bicarbonate ions are highest in

INTERSTITAL FLUID

Fluid in the spaces between cells.

INTERSTITIAL

_______ fluid makes up about 80% of extracellular fluid.

INTERSTITIAL

The word root _________ means within, during, or internal.

INTRA-

Fluids inside cells make up the _______ fluid fraction of total body water.

INTRACELLULAR

The concentration of protein anions are highest in

INTRACELLULAR

The main fluid compartment located within the cell.

INTRACELLULAR

The concentration of phosphate ions are highest in

INTRACELLULAR FLUID

The concentration of potassium ions are highest in

INTRACEULLULAR FLUID

Possibly caused by severe diarrhea or untreated diabetes mellitus.

METABOLIC ACIDOSIS

Possibly caused by vomiting, use of diuretics, or use of antacids.

METABOLIC ALKALOSIS

Do not dissociate in solution

NONELECTROLYTES

Possibly occurring with emphysema, extreme obesity, or narcotic overdose.

RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS

Possibly caused by asthma, pneumonia, or a severe panic attack.

RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS

Aldosterone stimulates the reabsorption of sodium while enhancing potassium secretion.

TRUE

Although the sodium content of the body may be altered, its concentration in the ECF remains relatively stable because of immediate adjustments in water volume.

TRUE

As ventilation increases and more carbon dioxide is removed from the blood, the hydrogen ion concentration of the blood decreases.

TRUE

Blood acidity results in depression of the CNS, whereas blood alkalosis results in overexcitement of the CNS.

TRUE

Carotid artery and aortic baroreceptors are involved in long term adjustment to total body sodium ion content.

TRUE

Dehydration can be caused by endocrine disturbances such as diabetes mellitus or diabetes insipidus.

TRUE

Electrolytes determine most of the chemical and physical reactions of body fluids.

TRUE

Excessive loss of water from the extracellular fluid (ECF) leads to a rise in osmotic pressure in the ECF which causes cells to shrink as water leaves by osmosis.

TRUE

Heavy consumption of salt substitutes high in potassium can present a serious clinical problem when aldosterone release is not normal.

TRUE

Most acidic substances (hydrogen ions) originate as by-products of cellular metabolism.

TRUE

The most abundant anion (or negatively charged ion) of the ECF

chloride (Cl-)

The most abundant anion (or negatively charged ion) of the ICF

hydrogen phosphate (HPO4 -)

The most abundant cation (or positively charged ion) in ICF

potassium (K+)

The most abundant cation (or positively charged ion) in the ECF

sodium (Na+)


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