Chapter 26: Fluid, Electrolyte, Acid-Base Balance T/F & MATCHING
One of the most powerful and plentiful sources of buffers is the protein buffer system.
TRUE
Premenstrual edema may be due to enhanced reabsorption of sodium chloride.
TRUE
Prolonged hyperventilation can cause alkalosis.
TRUE
Respiratory acidosis results when lungs are obstructed and gas exchange is inefficient.
TRUE
Sodium is pivotal to fluid and electrolyte balance and to the homeostasis of all body systems.
TRUE
Some potassium ions are reabsorbed from the kidney filtrate via type A intercalated cells, a unique population of collecting duct cells.
TRUE
The main way the kidney regulates potassium ions is to excrete them.
TRUE
The normal pH of blood is 7.35-7.45.
TRUE
The phosphate buffer system is relatively unimportant for buffering blood plasma.
TRUE
The single most important blood buffer system is the bicarbonate buffer system.
TRUE
The thirst center in the brain is located in the hypothalamus.
TRUE
Thirst is normally triggered by hypothalamic osmoreceptors sensitive to a 1-2% increase in plasma osmolality.
TRUE
To remain properly hydrated, water intake must equal water output.
TRUE
Water imbalance, in which output exceeds intake, causing an imbalance in body fluids, is termed dehydration.
TRUE
Weak acids are able to act as chemical buffering systems for the body because they only partially dissociate.
TRUE
When aldosterone release is inhibited, sodium reabsorption cannot occur beyond the distal convoluted tubule.
TRUE
ADH secretion can be stimulated by either blood osmolarity changes or blood pressure changes in the heart or large vessels.
TRUE *Hypothalamic osmolarity receptors can trigger ADH secretion. Also, decreases in plasma volume, which affects blood pressure, are detected by receptors in the atria and large vessels and cause ADH secretion.
The word root ________ means action, process, or condition.
-OSIS
A disorder entailing deficient aldosterone production by the adrenal cortex.
ADDISON'S DISEASE
Regulates sodium ion concentrations in the extracellular fluid.
ALDOSTERONE
________ is a condition in which blood pH has risen above 7.45.
ALKALOSIS
The concentration of sodium ions are highest in
BLOOD PLASMA
Fluid loss, either the loss of water or the loss of water and solutes together.
DEHYDRATION
An atypical accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space.
EDEMA
Dissociate into ions in water
ELECTROLYTES
The main fluid compartment outside the cells
EXTRACELLULAR
Adipose tissue is one of the most hydrated of all tissues in the human body.
FALSE
Aldosterone is secreted in response to low extracellular potassium.
FALSE
Calcitonin targets the bones and causes the release of calcium from storage when serum calcium levels are low.
FALSE
Insensible water loss includes water lost in feces.
FALSE
It is impossible to overhydrate because people need as much water as they can drink to carry out ordinary body functions.
FALSE
Obligatory water loss occurs because humans always take in more fluids through eating and drinking than they need to maintain water balance.
FALSE
Salts are lost from the body in perspiration and urine only.
FALSE
Solutes, regardless of size, are able to move freely between compartments because water carries them along the osmotic gradients.
FALSE
The most abundant cation in intracellular fluid is sodium.
FALSE
The two hormones responsible for the regulation of calcium are pituitary hormone and calcitonin.
FALSE
The word root ________ means over, above, or excessive.
HYPER-
Potassium excess
HYPERKALEMIA
Magnesium excess
HYPERMAGNESEMIA
Sodium excess
HYPERNATREMIA
During _______, increased breathing rate and depth of breathing go beyond the body 19s need to remove carbon dioxide.
HYPERVENTILATION
The word root ________ means under, beneath, or less than normal.
HYPO-
Calcium depletion
HYPOCALCEMIA
A condition due to excessive water intake that results in net osmosis into tissue cells. This leads to severe metabolic disturbances.
HYPONATREMIA
Sodium depletion
HYPONATREMIA
__________, a lower than normal sodium level, can cause dysfunction of the nervous system.
HYPONATREMIA
The word root __________ means occurring between, among, or reciprocal.
INTER-
The concentration of bicarbonate ions are highest in
INTERSTITAL FLUID
Fluid in the spaces between cells.
INTERSTITIAL
_______ fluid makes up about 80% of extracellular fluid.
INTERSTITIAL
The word root _________ means within, during, or internal.
INTRA-
Fluids inside cells make up the _______ fluid fraction of total body water.
INTRACELLULAR
The concentration of protein anions are highest in
INTRACELLULAR
The main fluid compartment located within the cell.
INTRACELLULAR
The concentration of phosphate ions are highest in
INTRACELLULAR FLUID
The concentration of potassium ions are highest in
INTRACEULLULAR FLUID
Possibly caused by severe diarrhea or untreated diabetes mellitus.
METABOLIC ACIDOSIS
Possibly caused by vomiting, use of diuretics, or use of antacids.
METABOLIC ALKALOSIS
Do not dissociate in solution
NONELECTROLYTES
Possibly occurring with emphysema, extreme obesity, or narcotic overdose.
RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS
Possibly caused by asthma, pneumonia, or a severe panic attack.
RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS
Aldosterone stimulates the reabsorption of sodium while enhancing potassium secretion.
TRUE
Although the sodium content of the body may be altered, its concentration in the ECF remains relatively stable because of immediate adjustments in water volume.
TRUE
As ventilation increases and more carbon dioxide is removed from the blood, the hydrogen ion concentration of the blood decreases.
TRUE
Blood acidity results in depression of the CNS, whereas blood alkalosis results in overexcitement of the CNS.
TRUE
Carotid artery and aortic baroreceptors are involved in long term adjustment to total body sodium ion content.
TRUE
Dehydration can be caused by endocrine disturbances such as diabetes mellitus or diabetes insipidus.
TRUE
Electrolytes determine most of the chemical and physical reactions of body fluids.
TRUE
Excessive loss of water from the extracellular fluid (ECF) leads to a rise in osmotic pressure in the ECF which causes cells to shrink as water leaves by osmosis.
TRUE
Heavy consumption of salt substitutes high in potassium can present a serious clinical problem when aldosterone release is not normal.
TRUE
Most acidic substances (hydrogen ions) originate as by-products of cellular metabolism.
TRUE
The most abundant anion (or negatively charged ion) of the ECF
chloride (Cl-)
The most abundant anion (or negatively charged ion) of the ICF
hydrogen phosphate (HPO4 -)
The most abundant cation (or positively charged ion) in ICF
potassium (K+)
The most abundant cation (or positively charged ion) in the ECF
sodium (Na+)