Chapter 27: The Renaissance Begins: What Changes in Europe Led to the Renaissance?

Merchants and Crusaders brought back goods and ideas from the East, including classical learning preserved in the ___ Empire.

Byzantine

The ___ strengthened contacts between Western Europe and Byzantine and Muslim cultures.

Crusades

Which city-states prospered, thrived, or flourished?

Florence, Venice, Milan, Rome

Classical refers to the cultures of ancient

Greece and Rome.

Humanism began in ___. Humanists believed that all people have the ability to control their own lives and achieve greatness.

Italy

How did the economy change during the Renaissance?

People used coins to buy merchandise, creating a money economy. Money changers converted one type of currency into another because coins came from many places. Bankers became more important, exchanging currency, loaning money to merchants and rulers, and financing their own businesses.

Considered the founder of Italian Renaissance humanism, Francesco ___, a well-known poet, got crowned the poet laureate in Rome in 1341.

Petrarch

The painting, School of Athens, features which ancient Greek philosophers?

Plato, Aristotle, Petrarch, Leonardo da Vinci

Identify factors that led to the Renaissance.

Trade and commerce increased. Cities grew larger and wealthier. A renewed interest in ancient cultures, in particular Greek and Roman, started a flood of new ideas. New wealthy merchants and bankers supported the growth of arts and learning.

Define Renaissance.

a great flowering of culture, based on classical Greek and Roman ideas and art that began in Italy in the Late Middle Ages and spread throughout Europe

humanism

a philosophy that tries to balance religious faith with an emphasis on individual dignity and an interest in nature and human society

Humanists believed in the worth and potential of ___ individuals.

all

Define city-state.

an independent state consisting of a city and its surrounding territory

Identify the characteristics of classical art.

ancient Greek and Rome, showed importance of people as well as gods and goddesses, valued balance and harmony, lifelike but idealized, naked or draped in robes, bodies in motion, calm faces; emotionless, heroic figures real people in daily life, in paintings, little background or perspectives

Define classical art.

art influenced by the styles and techniques of ancient Greece and Rome

What did Florence specialize in?

cloth making and banking

humanities

collectively, areas of study that focus on human life and culture, such as history, literature, and ethics

What did Venice specialize in?

controlled trade routes in the Mediterranean Sea

The Roman Catholic Church encouraged people to think more about life after death than

daily life on Earth.

In universities, scholars began to teach methods of observation and

experimentation.

Medieval European society relied on

feudalism. Most lived on feudal manors.

Some, such as Florence, were republics that were governed by elected councils. Identify the context clues that help you infer the meaning of republic.

governed by elected councils

What did humanists study?

grammar, rhetoric, history, poetry, ethics, classical culture

What changes paved the way for the Renaissance?

increased trade and commerce, support of arts and learning, renewed interest in ancient cultures

What did Genoa specialize in?

ivory and gold from northern Africa

Italy was a collection of city-states, or large, self-governing cities and their surrounding communities and farms. Define city-states.

large, self-governing cities and their surrounding communities and farms

Feudalism refers to an economic and political system of medieval Europe in which people exchanged ___ and labor for a lord's protection.

loyalty

What did Milan specialize in?

metal good and armor

Renaissance means

rebirth of classical culture

Identify the characteristics of Renaissance art.

religious and non-religious, great interest in nature, life-like; three-dimensional, anatomically correct, shown in action, naked or clothed, real people doing everyday tasks, expressive faces, colors responding to light, symmetry, balance, full backgrounds, perspective showing depth

Identify the characteristics of medieval art.

religious, stained glass, illuminated manuscripts, tapestries taught religion to the illiterate, depicting Jesus, Biblical scenes, important figures larger, stiff poses; no movement fully dressed; no nudity serious faces; little expression two-dimensional, flat bright paint colors, monochromatic background

Some merchants and bankers grew very rich. With their abundant wealth, they could afford to make their cities more beautiful. Wealthy patrons commissioned new buildings and art. Patron means

someone who provides support by giving money.

Define individualism.

the belief in the importance of an individual's achievements and dignity

During the Middle Ages, the majority of people could not read and write except for

the clergy.

Wealthy patrons helped found, or establish ___.

universities