Chapter 28 / 29

Pure Food and Drug Act a. This legislation, and additional provisions passed in 1911 to strengthen it, aimed particularly at the patent medicine industry. b. All choices are correct. c. The more comprehensive Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938 largely replaced this legislation. d. A law passed by Congress to inspect and regulate the labeling of all foods and pharmaceuticals intended for human consumption.

b. All choices are correct.

Muckrakers a. Their subjects included business manipulation of government, white slavers, child labor, and the illegal deeds of the trusts and helped spur the passage of reform legislation. b. Were just early examples of what we would call investigative reporting today. c. Bright young reporters at the turn of the twentieth century who won this unfavorable moniker from Theodore Roosevelt but boosted the circulations of their magazines by writing exposés of widespread corruption in American society. d. All choices are correct.

d. All choices are correct.

New Freedom a. Wilson's strategy involved taking action to increase opportunities for capitalist competition rather than increasing government regulation of large trusts. b. Wilson's platform included stronger antitrust legislation to protect small business enterprises from monopolies, banking reform, and tariff reductions. c. Platform of reforms advocated by Woodrow Wilson in his first presidential campaign. d. All choices are correct.

d. All choices are correct.

Australian Ballot a. It was introduced to the United States during the progressive era to help counteract boss rule. b. A system that allows voters privacy in marking their ballot choices. c. Developed in Australia in the 1850s. d. All of the choices are correct.

d. All of the choices are correct.

President Wilson's progressive reform stopped short of which group? a. Women b. Farmers c. Sailors d. Blacks

d. Blacks

Central Powers a. Russia and Austria-Hungary, later joined by Turkey and Bulgaria, made up this alliance against the Allies in World War I. b. Germany and Austria-Hungary, later joined by France and Romania, made up this alliance against the Allies in World War I. c. Germany and Poland, later joined by the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria, made up this alliance against the Allies in World War I. d. Germany and Austria-Hungary, later joined by Turkey and Bulgaria, made up this alliance against the Allies in World War I.

d. Germany and Austria-Hungary, later joined by Turkey and Bulgaria, made up this alliance against the Allies in World War I.

What did Republican isolationists successfully turn Warren Harding's 1920 presidential victory into? a. A crusade against Bolshevik communism. b. A guarantee of U.S. military withdrawal from Latin America c. A mandate for international arms reduction d. A victory for idealism and social tolerance e. A death sentence for the League of Nations

e. A death sentence for the League of Nations

Muckraking journalist Lincoln Steffens set the pattern for many other progressive reporters with his report on what? a. Child labor and the white slave traffic in women. b. The use of illegal drugs in popular patent medicines. c. The influence of big business in the United States Senate. d. The business practices of the Standard Oil Company. e. Corruption in American big cities.

e. Corruption in American big cities.

Which of the following was NOT a provision of the Clayton Antitrust Act? a. Price discrimination was ndeclared illegal. b. Holding companies were clearly defined. c. People may not sit on multiple boards of companies within the same business. d. Companies must notify federal regulators prior to merging. e. Labor unions are subject to antitrust laws.

e. Labor unions are subject to antitrust laws.

What reform program did Theodore Roosevelt advocate for during his Bull Moose campaign? a. Conservation b. Socialism c. The National Progressive Republican League d. New Freedom e. New Nationalism

e. New Nationalism

Woodrow Wilson's main objective in calling for the establishment of the Federal Reserve was to a. recover the losses from the Underwood Tariff. b. better enforece the Federal Trade Act. c. nationalize the American banking system. d. rescue farmers suffering from the recession. e. better organize the federal banking system.

e. better organize the federal banking system.

Which of the following objectives was NOT considered part of Theodore Roosevelt's Square Deal? a. providing consumer protection b. conserving America's natural resources c. protecting business from extreme union demands d. controlling the corporations e. expanding America's international influence

e. expanding America's international influence

Which of the following is NOT an example of a political reform made during the Progressive Era? a. the initiative b. the recall c. the direct election of senators d. the referendum e. party nominating conventions

e. party nominating conventions

President Wilson viewed America's entry into World War I as an opportunity for the United States to do which of the following? a. Maintain colonialism and imperialism throughout the world to ensure the global economic power of the United States b. Become a dominant global great power c. Shape a new international order based on the ideals of democracy d. Rebuild its dangerously small army and naval forces e. Reestablish the balance of powers in European diplomacy

c. Shape a new international order based on the ideals of democracy

Grievances of labor during World War I and at war's end resulted in all of the following except: a. The use of African Americans as strikebreakers b. Violent confrontations between employers and striking workers c. Suppression of the American Federation of Labor d. A crippling setback to the union movement e. The greatest strike in American history

c. Suppression of the American Federation of Labor

Which of the following benefited labor? a. The Workingmen's Compensation Act and the Underwood Tariff b. The Federal Reserve Act and the Workingmen's Compensation Act c. The Clayton Anti-Trust Act and the Adamson Act d. The Federal Trade Commission Act and the Clayton Anti-Trust Act e. The Adamson Act and the Underwood Tariff

c. The Clayton Anti-Trust Act and the Adamson Act

What divided conservationists in the early twentieth century? a. President Roosevelt setting aside 125 million acres in federal reserves. b. The Newlands Act. c. The Hetch Hetchy incident. d. The Forest Reserve Act. e. The creation of Yosemite National Park.

c. The Hetch Hetchy incident.

Wilson won an overwhelming electoral victory in 1912 with 82% of the electoral vote, but he did so with only 41.9% of the popular vote. Which of the following statements best explains why Wilson's electoral and popular vote margins were so different? a. Voters were strongly supportive of Wilson's style of leadership but much less supportive of the positions he took on the issues. b. Wilson was far more popular among regular Democratic voters than he was among local party leaders. c. The presence of another progressive candidate sapped some of Wilson's support in the popular vote but made it easier for him to win the most votes in nearly every state.

c. The presence of another progressive candidate sapped some of Wilson's support in the popular vote but made it easier for him to win the most votes in nearly every state.

Which industry did the 1903 Elkins Act target? a. The steel industry. b. The meat industry. c. The railroad industry. d. The oil industry. e. The banking industry.

c. The railroad industry.

Which of the following arguments about Progressives could Muir's point of view best be used to support? a. They were concerned that suburbanization was causing metropolitan areas to expand too rapidly. b. They were advocates for the control of natural resources by corporations rather than the government. c. They were supportive of federal regulation of the economy in order to limit the impact of industrialization. d. They were focused on ensuring the health of people rather than increasing the quality of the environment. 1/1

c. They were supportive of federal regulation of the economy in order to limit the impact of industrialization.

Underwood Tarriff a. None of the choices are correct. b. An act establishing twelve regional Federal Reserve Banks and a Federal Reserve Board, appointed by the president, to regulate banking and create stability on a national scale in the volatile banking sector. The law carried the nation through the financial crises of the First World War of 1914-1918. c. This tariff provided for a substantial reduction of rates and enacted an unprecedented, graduated federal income tax. By 1917, revenue from the income tax surpassed receipts from the tariff, a gap that has since been vastly widened. d. A banner accomplishment of Woodrow Wilson's administration, this law empowered a standing, presidentially appointed commission to investigate illegal business practices in interstate commerce like unlawful competition, false advertising, and mislabeling of goods.

c. This tariff provided for a substantial reduction of rates and enacted an unprecedented, graduated federal income tax. By 1917, revenue from the income tax surpassed receipts from the tariff, a gap that has since been vastly widened.

Which of the following can best be concluded about United States involvement in the First World War based on the point of view expressed in the excerpt? a. The actions of Germany promoted the democratic principles of the United States. b. Great Britain was defending humanitarian ideals shared with the United States. c. United States policies favorable to Great Britain undercut American neutrality. d. German attacks on American ships justified a United States military response.

c. United States policies favorable to Great Britain undercut American neutrality.

What can be inferred from the image about the social structure of America at the time? a. There were large numbers of Belgian refugees entering the United States. b. Banks were opposed to the war effort. c. Women needed to be protected.

c. Women needed to be protected.

The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was created primarily to a. establish African-American universities. b. create a political party to represent African Americans. c. fight discrimination in American legal courts. d. promote the "Back to Africa" movement. e. further the cultural advancements of the Harlem Renaissance.

c. fight discrimination in American legal courts.

The 1911 fire in the Triangle Shirtwaist factory directly resulted in the a. the deaths of only female employees in the fire. b. decline of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union. c. push for comprehensive safety laws. d. outlawing of sweatshops in New York. e. decline in political machines in New York.

c. push for comprehensive safety laws.

Match each location with the statement that best describes the action that Woodrow Wilson took toward it during his presidency. 1. Haiti 2. Dominican Republic 3. Veracruz 4. Panama a. Sent troops there in 1915, initiating nineteen-year occupation. b. Sent troops there in 1916, initiating eight-year occupation. c. Pushed Congress to repeal toll exemptions for American ships traveling there. d. Deployed navy there in 1914 to stop arms shipment from Germany.

1. a. (Haiti - 1915) 2. b. (Dominican Republic - 1916) 3. d. (Veracruz - 1914) 4. c. (Panama - pushed Congress)

What was the United States' first serious step toward conservation? a. The Forest Reserve Act. b. The creation of the federal Division of Forestry. c. The Newlands Act. d. The building of the Hetch Hetchy dam. e. The organization of the Sierra Club.

a. The Forest Reserve Act.

Progressives achieved a major political victory in 1913 with the successful passage of the Seventeenth Amendment, which provided for which of the following? a. The direct election of senators. b. A progressive income tax. c. Women's suffrage. d. The prohibition of liquor. e. The end of the practice of gerrymandering.

a. The direct election of senators.

Which of President Wilson's walls of privilege was the Federal Trade Commission Act aimed at? a. The trusts b. The tariff c. The railroad d. The workers e. The banks

a. The trusts

Lusitania a. British passenger liner that sank after it was torpedoed by Germany on May 7, 1915. b. All choices are correct. c. The death toll was including 128 Americans, and pushed the United States closer to war. d. It ended the lives of 1198 people.

b. All choices are correct.

In the United States, what was the most controversial aspect of the Treaty of Versailles? a. The League of Nations. b. The principle of self-determination for smaller nations in Europe and elsewhere. c. The permanent U.S. alliance with France. d. The provision for trusteeship of former German colonies. e. The severe reparations that Germany would have to pay.

a. The League of Nations.

New Nationalism a. Roosevelt sought to create stronger regulatory agencies to ensure that they operated to serve the public interest, not just private gain. b. Roosevelt objected to continued consolidation of trusts and labor unions. c. All choices are correct. d. State-interventionist reform program devised by journalist Herbert Croly and advocated by Woodrow Wilson during his presidential campaign.

a. Roosevelt sought to create stronger regulatory agencies to ensure that they operated to serve the public interest, not just private gain.

Schenck v. United States a. A Supreme Court decision that upheld the Espionage and Sedition Acts, reasoning that freedom of speech could be curtailed when it posed a "clear and present danger" to the nation. b. A Supreme Court decision that upheld the Jones Act, reasoning that freedom of speech could be curtailed when it posed a "no danger" to the nation. c. A Supreme Court decision that upheld the Clayton Anti-Trust Act, reasoning that freedom of trade could be curtailed when it posed a "clear and present danger" to the nation. d. A Supreme Court decision that upheld the Adamson Act, reasoning that freedom of speech could be encouraged when it posed a "clear and present danger" to the nation.

a. A Supreme Court decision that upheld the Espionage and Sedition Acts, reasoning that freedom of speech could be curtailed when it posed a "clear and present danger" to the nation.

Committee on Public Information (Identify the historical significance) a. A government office during World War I known popularly as the Creel Committee for its chairman George Creel, it was dedicated to winning everyday Americans' support for the war effort. It regularly distributed prowar propaganda and sent out an army of "four-minute men" to rally crowds and deliver "patriotic pep." b. A government office during World War I known popularly as the Hoover Committee for its chairman Herbert Hoover, it was dedicated to winning everyday Americans' support for the war effort. c. None of the choices are correct. d. It regularly distributed prowar propaganda and sent out an army of "Twenty-minute men" to rally crowds and deliver "patriotic pep."

a. A government office during World War I known popularly as the Creel Committee for its chairman George Creel, it was dedicated to winning everyday Americans' support for the war effort. It regularly distributed prowar propaganda and sent out an army of "four-minute men" to rally crowds and deliver "patriotic pep."

Referendum a. A progressive reform procedure allowing voters to place a bill on the ballot for final approval, even after being passed by the legislature. b. None of the choices are correct. c. A progressive reform procedure allowing voters to remove a bill from the ballot, even if it was passed by the legislature. d. A conservative reform procedure allowing voters to place a bill on the ballot for final approval, even after being passed by the legislature.

a. A progressive reform procedure allowing voters to place a bill on the ballot for final approval, even after

League of Nations a. A world organization of national governments proposed by President Woodrow Wilson and established by the Treaty of Versailles in 1919. b. Despite emotional appeals by Wilson, America signed the Treaty of Versailles in 1920. c. All choices are correct. d. It worked to facilitate military international cooperation.

a. A world organization of national governments proposed by President Woodrow Wilson and established by the Treaty of Versailles in 1919.

John Muir a. All choices are correct. b. In 1892 he founded the Sierra Club, which is now one of the most influential conservation organizations in the United States. c. This noted naturalist split with conservationists like Gifford Pinchot by trying to protect natural "temples" like the Hetch Hetchy Valley from development. d. His writings and philosophy shaped the formation of the modern environmental movement.

a. All choices are correct.

Meat Inspection Act a. All choices are correct. b. It mobilized public support for government action. c. A law passed by Congress to subject meat shipped over state lines to federal inspection. d. The publication of Upton Sinclair's novel The Jungle earlier that year so disgusted American consumers with its description of conditions in slaughterhouses and meatpacking plants.

a. All choices are correct.

U-Boats a. German submarines, named for the German Unterseeboot, or "undersea boat," proved deadly for Allied ships in the war zone. b. U-boat attacks played an important role in drawing the France into the First World War. c. U-boat attacks had devastating effects of the Chinese navy in the First World War. d. All of the choices are correct.

a. German submarines, named for the German Unterseeboot, or "undersea boat," proved deadly for Allied ships in the war zone.

Why didn't President Roosevelt run for reelection in 1908? a. He felt bound by his 1904 campaign pledge that he would serve only one more term. b. His ill health convinced him he was unfit to stay in office. c. He had already served two full terms and opposed the idea of a third term. d. He felt that William Howard Taft deserved a chance to take the Republican Party in a different direction. e. The Panic of 1907 had made him so unpopular that he could not be reelected.

a. He felt bound by his 1904 campaign pledge that he would serve only one more term.

All of the following were true of the Lusitania's sinking except: a. It resulted in an immediate declaration of war by Congress. b. It caused the deaths of more than 100 Americans on board. c. Instead of urging war, Wilson attempted to bring the German warlords sharply to task by a series of increasingly strong notes. d. Americans were swept by a wave of shock and anger at this act of mass murder and piracy. e. It was carrying forty-two hundred cases of small-arms ammunition, a fact the Germans used to justify the sinking.

a. It resulted in an immediate declaration of war by Congress.

Which best describes the United States when it entered World War I? a. It was poorly prepared militarily and industrially to leap into a global war. b. It was well prepared politically, militarily, and industrially thanks to the foresight of Woodrow Wilson. c. It was well prepared militarily but not industrially. d. It was well prepared industrially but not militarily. e. It was well prepared for land combat but not for naval warfare.

a. It was poorly prepared militarily and industrially to leap into a global war.

Which of the following can best be concluded about United States involvement in the First World War based on the point of view expressed in the excerpt? a. Joining the war was a departure from the traditional foreign policy of nonintervention. b. Americans did not assert rights of neutrality early in the war. c. Cultural connections made Americans sympathetic toward the Allied Powers. d. The vast majority of popular opinion was in favor of declaring war.

a. Joining the war was a departure from the traditional foreign policy of nonintervention.

All of the following were included in Woodrow Wilson's New Freedom platform except: a. More government regulation of large trusts. b. Banking reform. c. Protection for small business enterprises from monopolies. d. Stronger antitrust legislation. e. Tariff reductions.

a. More government regulation of large trusts.

World War I began when Austria-Hungary delivered a harsh ultimatum against which of its neighbors? a. Serbia b. Germany c. Italy d. Poland e. Bosnia

a. Serbia

George Creel a. The young, outspoken, and tactless journalist who was tapped to head the Committee on Public Information, also known as the Creel Committee, during World War I. b. A progressive-minded confidant of Woodrow Wilson, Brandeis was the litigator behind Muller v. Oregon. In 1916, Wilson made him the first Jewish American to be appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court. c. German foreign secretary during World War I and author of the infamous "Zimmermann note," which proposed a German-Mexican alliance against the United States. d. A tireless socialist leader who organized the American Railway Union in the Pullman Strike in 1894.

a. The young, outspoken, and tactless journalist who was tapped to head the Committee on Public Information, also known as the Creel Committee, during World War I.

Nineteenth Amendment a. This constitutional amendment, finally passed by Congress in 1919 and ratified in 1920, gave women the right to vote over seventy years after the first organized calls for woman's suffrage in Seneca Falls, New York. b. Woodrow Wilson's proposal to ensure peace after World War I, calling for an end to secret treaties, widespread arms reduction, national self-determination, and a new league of nations. c. An arrest of American sailors by the Mexican government that spurred Woodrow Wilson to dispatch the American navy to seize the port of Veracruz in April 1914. Although war was avoided, tensions grew between the United States and Mexico. d. No choices are correct.

a. This constitutional amendment, finally passed by Congress in 1919 and ratified in 1920, gave women the right to vote over seventy years after the first organized calls for woman's suffrage in Seneca Falls, New York.

Frances E. Willard a. This pious leader of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union wished to eliminate the sale of alcohol and thereby "make the world more homelike." b. Her ecumenical "do everything" reform sensibility encouraged some women to take the leap toward more radical causes like women soldiers while allowing more conservative women to stick comfortably with educational work. c. She promoted that all women should stay at home and do whatever their husband desired. d. None of the choices are correct.

a. This pious leader of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union wished to eliminate the sale of alcohol and thereby "make the world more homelike."

True or False: Candidates committed to reform dominated the popular vote. a. True b. False

a. True

True or False: Wilson's support was strongest in the South. a. True b. False

a. True

The point of view in the excerpt best supports which of the following historical arguments about United States involvement in the First World War before 1917 ? a. United States policies favorable to Great Britain undercut American neutrality. b. Great Britain was defending humanitarian ideals shared with the United States. c. German attacks on American ships justified a United States military response. d. The actions of Germany promoted the democratic principles of the United States.

a. United States policies favorable to Great Britain undercut American neutrality.

Payne-Aldrich Bill a. While intended to lower tariff rates, this bill was eventually revised beyond all recognition, retaining high rates on most imports. President Taft angered the progressive wing of his party when he declared it "the best bill that the Republican party ever passed." b. None of the choices are correct. c. While intended to raise tariff rates, this bill was eventually revised beyond all recognition, retaining high rates on most imports. President Taft angered the progressive wing of his party when he declared it "the best bill that the Republican party ever passed." d. While intended to lower tariff rates, this bill was eventually revised beyond all recognition, retaining high rates on most imports. President Roosevelt angered the progressive wing of his party when he declared it "the best bill that the Republican party ever passed."

a. While intended to lower tariff rates, this bill was eventually revised beyond all recognition, retaining high rates on most imports. President Taft angered the progressive wing of his party when he declared it "the best bill that the Republican party ever passed."

Wilson defeated Charles Evans Hughes in the Election of 1916 for all of the following reasons except: a. Wilson's sweep of the Eastern part of the country overcame his narrow loss in California. b. Wilson had worked through his first term to identify himself as the candidate of progressivism. c. Midwesterners and westerners, attracted by Wilson's progressive reforms and antiwar policies, flocked to the polls for the president. d. The pro-labor Wilson received strong support from the working class. e. Wilson received strong support from renegade Bull Moose voters, whom Republicans failed to lure back into their camp.

a. Wilson's sweep of the Eastern part of the country overcame his narrow loss in California.

Florence Kelley's efforts helped lead many states to end the practice a. child labor. b. yellow-dog contacts. c. the Australian ballot. d. machine politics. e. segregation of public facilities.

a. child labor.

A limitation of the excerpt as evidence of the reasons for United States entry into the First World War was that it a. expressed opposition to war with Germany. b. was given by an influential political leader. c. asserted that Germans supported the war. d. was delivered during the war declaration debates.

a. expressed opposition to war with Germany.

Louis D. Brandeis a. None of the choices are correct. b. A progressive-minded confidant of Woodrow Wilson, Brandeis was the litigator behind Muller v. Oregon. In 1916, Wilson made him the first Jewish American to be appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court. c. A progressive-minded confidant of Woodrow Wilson, Brandeis was the litigator behind Muller v. Oregon. In 1916, Wilson made him the first African American to be appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court. d. A progressive-minded confidant of Woodrow Wilson, Brandeis was the litigator behind Lochner v. New York. In 1916, Wilson made him the first Jewish American to be appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court.

b. A progressive-minded confidant of Woodrow Wilson, Brandeis was the litigator behind Muller v. Oregon. In 1916, Wilson made him the first Jewish American to be appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court.

Adamson Act a. This law established an eight-hour day for all employees on trains involved in interstate commerce, with extra pay for overtime. b. All choices are correct. c. The first federal law regulating the hours of workers in private companies. d. The law was upheld by the Supreme Court in Wilson v. New (1917).

b. All choices are correct.

Clayton Anti-Trust Act a. The act conferred long-overdue benefits on labor. b. All choices are correct. c. Law extending the anti-trust protections of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. d. Law also exempted labor unions and agricultural organizations from antimonopoly constraints.

b. All choices are correct.

Hiram W. Johnson a. He is famous for declaring that "the first casualty when war comes is truth." b. All choices are correct. c. In 1917 he entered the Senate, where he proved an isolationist in foreign affairs. d. Elected Republican governor of California in 1910, Johnson oversaw numerous progressive reforms, including the passage of woman suffrage at the state level.

b. All choices are correct.

Industrial Workers of the World a. The IWW particularly appealed to migratory workers in agriculture and lumbering and to miners, all of whom suffered from horrific working conditions. b. All choices are correct. c. The IWW, also known as the "Wobblies," was a radical organization that sought to build "one big union" and advocated industrial sabotage in defense of that goal. d. At its peak in 1923, it could claim 100,000 members and could gain the support of 300,000.

b. All choices are correct.

William D. ("Big Bill") Haywood a. None of the choices are correct. b. As a leader of the Industrial Workers of the World, the Western Federation of Miners, and the Socialist Party of America, Haywood was one of the most feared American labor radicals. c. During World War II, he became a special target of anti-leftist legislation. d. Worked closely with Vladimir Lenin in developing communist like unions.

b. As a leader of the Industrial Workers of the World, the Western Federation of Miners, and the Socialist Party of America, Haywood was one of the most feared American labor radicals.

How did President Taft anger progressive Republicans? a. By speaking out against the National Progressive Republican League. b. By signing the Payne-Aldrich Bill. c. By proclaiming a new doctrine known as New Nationalism. d. By opening public lands in Wyoming, Montana, and Alaska to corporate development. e. By maintaining President Roosevelt's policies

b. By signing the Payne-Aldrich Bill.

What conclusion can be made based on the image? a. German Americans were a powerful segment in American society. b. Capitalism is necessary for the war effort. c. Belgium was of strategic importance to Americans.

b. Capitalism is necessary for the war effort.

Herbert C. Hoover a. He lost the election of 1932 to Democrat Adlai Stevenson, who advocated a more activist role for the federal government. b. Elected to the presidency in 1928 as a Republican, he soon faced the crisis of the Great Depression, which he tried to combat with the same voluntary efforts and restrained government action that had been his hallmark over the previous decade. c. A Catholic-humanitarian tapped to head the Food Administration during World War I. d. During the 1920s, he became the secretary of the treasury, promoting economic modernization and responsible leadership by business to hold off further expansion of government power.

b. Elected to the presidency in 1928 as a Republican, he soon faced the crisis of the Great Depression, which he tried to combat with the same voluntary efforts and restrained government action that had been his hallmark over the previous decade.

True or False: The Jones Act of 1916 declared the Philippines independent. a. True b. False

b. False

Zimmermann Note a. German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmerman had secretly proposed a Columbian-Mexican alliance against the United States. b. German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmerman had secretly proposed a German-Mexican alliance against the United States. c. When the note was intercepted and published in March 1919, it caused an uproar that made some Americans more willing to enter the war. d. When the note was intercepted and published in March 1919, it caused an uproar that made some Americans less willing to enter the war.

b. German foreign secretary Arthur Zimmerman had secretly proposed a German-Mexican alliance against the United States.

What divided Americans in respect to the United States's involvement in World War I? a. The British blockade of Germany b. Germany's use of the submarine c. American claims of neutrality in international trade d. American use of contraband aboard passenger ships e. The extensive British trade with the United States

b. Germany's use of the submarine

All of the following were true of President William Taft except: a. He had established a good reputation as a lawyer and a judge. b. His political skill was displayed during his successful battle to lower the tariff in 1909. c. He suffered from lethal political handicaps. d. He had none of the arts of a dashing political leader and none of Roosevelt's zest for the fray. e. He was a poor judge of public opinion, and his candor made him a chronic victim of "foot-in-mouth" disease.

b. His political skill was displayed during his successful battle to lower the tariff in 1909.

Elkins Act a. The law strengthened the Interstate Commerce Act of 1900. b. Law passed by Congress to impose penalties on railroads that offered rebates and customers who accepted them. c. The Hepburn Act of 1915 added free passes to the list of railroad no-no's. d. All choices are correct.

b. Law passed by Congress to impose penalties on railroads that offered rebates and customers who accepted them.

Arthur Zimmermann a. Zimmermann proposed a Dutch-Mexican alliance against the United States. b. None of the choices are correct. c. French foreign secretary during World War I and author of the infamous "Zimmermann note." d. Helped puch the United States to enter the Spanich-American War.

b. None of the choices are correct.

Robert M. ("Fighting Bob") La Follette a. Hailing from Ohio, La Follette was one of the most militant of the progressive Republican leaders. b. None of the choices are correct. c. He was a perennial contender for the U.S. Senate, keeping the spirit of conservatism alive into the 1920s. d. He served in the House of Representatives and in the Wisconsin governor's seat

b. None of the choices are correct.

Brownsville Affair a. Despite only tenuous evidence linking them to the crime, President Theodore Roosevelt ordered the honorable discharge of more than 150 of the "buffalo soldiers," stripping them of their pensions and barring them from employment in federal civil service jobs. b. Roosevelt's actions disillusioned many African-Americans, who began to wonder if his progressivism stopped at the color line. In 1972 Congress belatedly exonerated the men, all but one of whom were deceased. c. All choices are correct. d. Following the shooting of two white men on August 13, 1906, residents of Brownsville, Texas, blamed the Mexican-American soldiers from the segregated 25th Infantry Regiment stationed at nearby Fort Brown.

b. Roosevelt's actions disillusioned many African-Americans, who began to wonder if his progressivism stopped at the color line. In 1972 Congress belatedly exonerated the men, all but one of whom were deceased.

Hetch Hetchy Valley a. This was a victory to preservationists, who wished to protect the Yosemite National Park, where the dam was located. b. The federal government allowed the city of San Francisco to build a dam here in 1913. c. All choices are correct. d. Allowed for the irrigation of land in the southeastern part of the United States.

b. The federal government allowed the city of San Francisco to build a dam here in 1913.

What essential theory was Theodore Roosevelt's Square deal based on? a. Social and economic conflicts should be resolved without the intrusion of big government. b. The federal government should represent the public interest in the growing conflict between big business and labor. c. The government should own the means of production in order for business to operate most efficiently. d. The government should side with workers in demanding higher wages and guarantees against illness or accident. e. Americans should begin a gradual evolution toward a moderate form of democratic socialism.

b. The federal government should represent the public interest in the growing conflict between big business and labor.

What is a reasonable conclusion that can be made about the IWW's views? a. Democracy is more equitable for workers than monarchy. b. Wars are at the service of profit. c. Women should not work outside the home.

b. Wars are at the service of profit.

When did President Wilson break diplomatic relations with Germany? a. When it appeared that the Germany army would take Paris b. When Germany announced that it would wage unrestricted submarine warfare in the Atlantic c. After Germany rejected Wilson's Fourteen Points for peace d. When the Zimmermann note was intercepted and made public e. After Great Britain and France persuaded the United States that it should abandon neutrality because it could not hold out against the Central Powers any longer

b. When Germany announced that it would wage unrestricted submarine warfare in the Atlantic

Both the Elkin's Act and Hepburn Act increased the government's ability to a. limit child labor in mines and factories. b. regulate unfair business practices by railroads. c. use federal troops to break strikes. d. limit the power of corrupt political machines. e. control the flow of immigrants into the United States.

b. regulate unfair business practices by railroads.

Fedral Trade Commission Act a. Designed to appeal to new women voters, this act provided federally financed instruction in maternal and infant health care and expanded the role of government in family welfare. b. Passed under Woodrow Wilson, this law granted assistance to federal civil-service employees during periods of disability. It was a precursor to labor-friendly legislation passed during the New Deal. c. A banner accomplishment of Woodrow Wilson's administration, this law empowered a standing, presidentially appointed commission to investigate illegal business practices in interstate commerce like unlawful competition, false advertising, and mislabeling of goods. d. Law extending the anti-trust protections of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act and exempting labor unions and agricultural organizations from antimonopoly constraints. The act conferred long-overdue benefits on labor.

c. A banner accomplishment of Woodrow Wilson's administration, this law empowered a standing, presidentially appointed commission to investigate illegal business practices in interstate commerce like unlawful competition, false advertising, and mislabeling of goods.

Gifford Pinchot a. A friend of William Howard Taft, Pinchot was the head of the federal Division of Forestry and a noted conservationist who wanted to protect, but also use, the nation's natural resources, such as forests and rivers. In 1922 he won election to the Pennsylvania governor's mansion on the Republican ticket. b. A friend of Theodore Roosevelt, Pinchot was the head of the federal Division of Forestry and a noted conservationist who wanted to protect, but also use, the nation's natural resources, such as forests and rivers. In 1922 he won election to the Pennsylvania governor's mansion on the Democratic ticket. c. A friend of Theodore Roosevelt, Pinchot was the head of the federal Division of Forestry and a noted conservationist who wanted to protect, but also use, the nation's natural resources, such as forests and rivers. In 1922 he won election to the Pennsylvania governor's mansion on the Republican ticket. d. A friend of Theodore Roosevelt, Pinchot was the head of the federal Division of Ocean Research and a noted conservationist who wanted to protect, but also use, the nation's natural resources, such as forests and rivers. In 1922 he won election to the Pennsylvania governor's mansion on the Republican ticket.

c. A friend of Theodore Roosevelt, Pinchot was the head of the federal Division of Forestry and a noted conservationist who wanted to protect, but also use, the nation's natural resources, such as forests and rivers. In 1922 he won election to the Pennsylvania governor's mansion on the Republican ticket.

Initiative a. Promoted a socialist system of government. b. None of the choices are correct. c. A progressive reform measure allowing voters to petition to have a law placed on the general ballot. d. Like the referendum and recall, it took democracy away from the people and helped foster a shift toward big business politics.

c. A progressive reform measure allowing voters to petition to have a law placed on the general ballot.

Triangle Shirtwaist Company Fire a. The incident sparked widespread outrage and inspired legislation to improve workplace safety. b. When it was later determined that the fatalities could have been avoided by adhering to proper fire codes—such as leaving the stairwell and exit doors unlocked. c. All choices are correct d. On March 25, 1911, a ferocious blaze broke out in the Triangle Shirtwaist Company factory in New York City, resulting in 146 worker deaths.

c. All choices are correct

Alice Paul (Identify the historical significance) a. The NWP combined militant feminist protest action with controversial opposition to America's involvement in World War I, and in 1923 it launched the movement for an Equal Rights Amendment to the Constitution. b. A leading suffragist, feminist, and antiwar activist. c. All choices are correct. d. The Quaker-raised Paul worked with the Women's Social and Political Union in Great Britain and the National American Woman Suffrage Association in the United States before cofounding the National Woman's party (NWP) in 1916.

c. All choices are correct.

Eugene V. Debs a. A frequent presidential candidate on the Socialist party ticket, in 1920 he won more than 900,000 votes campaigning for president from his prison cell. b. A tireless socialist leader who organized the American Railway Union in the Pullman Strike in 1894. c. All choices are correct. d. Debs was later convicted under the World War I's Espionage Act in 1918 and sentenced to ten years in a federal penitentiary.

c. All choices are correct.

Panic of 1907 a. Staunched only by J. P. Morgan's timely intervention, the panic eventually led to the creation of the Federal Reserve in 1913. b. It was the last time that a major financial crisis was resolved by private means. c. All choices are correct. d. A financial panic that gripped the United States in October 1907, triggering widespread bankruptcies and causing the stock market to lose half its value from the previous year.

c. All choices are correct.

Treaty of Versailles a. Article 231, soon dubbed "the war guilt clause," blamed the war on Germany as justification for forcing German disarmament and saddling Germany with heavy reparations payments to the Allied victors. b. Germans detested the treaty as too harsh, the French feared it was too weak to prevent future aggression, and the U.S. Senate rejected it, largely because it obliged the United States to join the League of Nations. c. All choices are correct. d. Signed in France's famed palace after six months of tough negotiations, it established the terms of settlement of the First World War between Germany and the Allied and Associated Powers (most notably France, Britain, Italy, and the United States).

c. All choices are correct.

Which of President Taft's initiatives infuriated former President Roosevelt? a. The practice of dollar diplomacy. b. The Supreme Court's famous "rule of reason." c. An antitrust act against the U.S. Steel Corporation. d. The dissolution of the Standard Oil Company. e. The creation of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act.

c. An antitrust act against the U.S. Steel Corporation.

Tampico Incident a. An arrest of American sailors by the Mexican government that spurred Woodrow Wilson to dispatch the American navy to seize the port of Cozumel in April 1914. Although war was avoided, tensions grew between the United States and Mexico. b. None of the choices are correct. c. An arrest of American sailors by the Mexican government that spurred Woodrow Wilson to dispatch the American navy to seize the port of Veracruz in April 1914. Although war was avoided, tensions grew between the United States and Mexico. d. An arrest of American sailors by the Philippine government that spurred Woodrow Wilson to dispatch the American navy to seize the port of Veracruz in April 1914. Although war was avoided, tensions grew between the United States and Mexico.

c. An arrest of American sailors by the Mexican government that spurred Woodrow Wilson to dispatch the American navy to seize the port of Veracruz in April 1914. Although war was avoided, tensions grew between the United States and Mexico.

Thorstein Veblen (Identify the historical significance) a. An eccentric German American economist who savagely attacked "predatory wealth" and "conspicuous consumption" in his most important book, The Theory of the Leisure Class (1899). b. None of the choices are correct. c. An eccentric Norwegian American economist who savagely attacked "predatory wealth" and "conspicuous consumption" in his most important book, The Theory of the Leisure Class (1899). d. An eccentric Danish American economist who savagely attacked "predatory wealth" and "conspicuous consumption" in his most important book, The Theory of the Leisure Class (1899).

c. An eccentric Norwegian American economist who savagely attacked "predatory wealth" and "conspicuous consumption" in his most important book, The Theory of the Leisure Class (1899).

At the Paris Peace Conference, Wilson sought all of the following goals except: a. A world parliament of nations to provide collective security. b. Free trade and freedom of the seas. c. An immediate end to the European colonial holdings in Africa and Asia including those maintained by France and Great Britain. d. National self-determination for smaller European nations. e. Preventing a seizure of the colonies and protectorates of the defeated Central Powers by France and Great Britain.

c. An immediate end to the European colonial holdings in Africa and Asia including those maintained by France and Great Britain.

How does the image depict religion? a. As a comfort. b. As a necessity. c. As a sham.

c. As a sham.

How does this image depict capitalism? a. As a necessary evil. b. As an equitable economic solution. c. As a system of exploitation.

c. As a system of exploitation.

Jacob A. Riis a. None of the choices are correct. b. Political thinker and journalist whose book The Promise of American Life (1910) influenced the New Nationalist reform platform of Theodore Roosevelt. c. Danish-born police reporter and pioneering photographer who exposed the ills of tenement living in his 1890 book illustrated with powerful photographs, How the Other Half Lives. His work led to the establishment of "model tenements" in New York City. d. A tireless crusader for women's and labor rights, was Illinois's first chief factory inspector and a leader of the National Consumers League, an organization dedicated to improving working conditions for women and children.

c. Danish-born police reporter and pioneering photographer who exposed the ills of tenement living in his 1890 book illustrated with powerful photographs, How the Other Half Lives. His work led to the establishment of "model tenements" in New York City.

What was the United States doing when it adopted the Nineteenth Amendment, giving women the right to vote? a. Taking a progressive step considerably ahead of other nations. b. Fulfilling one of Wilson's Fourteen Points. c. Following the path already taken by wartime governments like Britain and Germany and states like New York, Michigan, Oklahoma, and South Dakota. d. Also asserting that the women had a right to equal pay and to child care services. e. Overcoming the strong hostility to women's suffrage within state governments.

c. Following the path already taken by wartime governments like Britain and Germany and states like New York, Michigan, Oklahoma, and South Dakota.

Which of the following muckraker journalists is NOT correctly matched with the focus of his or her reporting? a. Upton Sinclair - abuses in the meatpacking industry b. Jacob Riis - the harsh conditions in New York's slums c. Ida Tarbell - the unscrupulous practices of the road industry d. Samuel Hopkins Adams - fraudulent and dangerous medicines e. Lincoln Steffens - political corruption

c. Ida Tarbell - the unscrupulous practices of the road industry

Jones Act a. Law according territorial status to the Philippines and promising independence as soon as a "stable government" could be established. The United States did not grant the Philippines independence until July 4, 1986. b. None of the choices are correct. c. Law according territorial status to the Philippines and promising independence as soon as a "stable government" could be established. The United States did not grant the Philippines independence until July 4, 1946. d. Law according statehood to the Philippines and promising independence as soon as a "stable government" could be established. The United States did not grant the Philippines independence until July 4, 1946.

c. Law according territorial status to the Philippines and promising independence as soon as a "stable government" could be established. The United States did not grant the Philippines independence until July 4, 1946.

Holding Companies a. All choices are correct. b. The Clayton Anti-Trust Act of 1956 sought to clamp down on these companies when they obstructed competition. c. Often, a holding company does not produce goods or services of its own but only exists to control other companies. d. Companies that own part or all of other companies' stock in order to stop monopoly control.

c. Often, a holding company does not produce goods or services of its own but only exists to control other companies.

Which of the following statements best explain the difference between the platforms of Roosevelt and Wilson? a. Roosevelt had a much bigger commitment to banking reform than Wilson did. b. Roosevelt wanted a much larger amount of federal regulation than Wilson did. c. Roosevelt favored an activist federal government, while Wilson held a laissez-faire view.This is the correct answer. d. Roosevelt favored social welfare programs, while Wilson rejected such programs.

c. Roosevelt favored an activist federal government, while Wilson held a laissez-faire view.This is the correct answer.

What does the image suggest the soldier is about to do to the young girl? a. Take her to be interrogated. b. Lead her to safety. c. Sexually assault her.

c. Sexually assault her.

Muller v Oregon a. Improved equal rights for women. b. Coming on the heels of Smith v. New York, it established a different standard for male and female workers. c. All choices are correct d. A landmark Supreme Court case in which crusading attorney (and future Supreme Court justice) Louis D. Brandeis persuaded the Supreme Court to accept the constitutionality of limiting the hours of women workers.

d. A landmark Supreme Court case in which crusading attorney (and future Supreme Court justice) Louis D. Brandeis persuaded the Supreme Court to accept the constitutionality of limiting the hours of women workers.

Espionage Act a. Designed to appeal to new women voters, this act provided federally financed instruction in maternal and infant health care and expanded the role of government in family welfare. b. This constitutional amendment, finally passed by Congress in 1919 and ratified in 1920, gave women the right to vote over seventy years after the first organized calls for woman's suffrage in Seneca Falls, New York. c. A Supreme Court decision that upheld the Espionage and Sedition Acts, reasoning that freedom of speech could be curtailed when it posed a "clear and present danger" to the nation. d. A law prohibiting interference with the draft and other acts of national "disloyalty." Together with the Sedition Act of 1918, which added penalties for abusing the government in writing, it created a climate that was unfriendly to civil liberties.

d. A law prohibiting interference with the draft and other acts of national "disloyalty." Together with the Sedition Act of 1918, which added penalties for abusing the government in writing, it created a climate that was unfriendly to civil liberties.

Recall a. A progressive ballot procedure allowing voters to cancel elections. b. A conservative ballot procedure allowing voters to censure elected officials . c. A progressive ballot procedure allowing voters to remove bills from the ballot. d. A progressive ballot procedure allowing voters to remove elected officials from office.

d. A progressive ballot procedure allowing voters to remove elected officials from office.

Henry Cabot Lodge a. None of the choices are correct. b. A prominent Democratic senator from Massachusetts, Lodge was chair of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee and a persistent thorn in President Wilson's internationalist side when he crusaded against the League of Nations. c. A prominent Republican senator from New York, Lodge was chair of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee and a persistent thorn in President Wilson's internationalist side when he crusaded against the League of Nations. d. A prominent Republican senator from Massachusetts, Lodge was chair of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee and a persistent thorn in President Wilson's internationalist side when he crusaded against the League of Nations.

d. A prominent Republican senator from Massachusetts, Lodge was chair of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee and a persistent thorn in President Wilson's internationalist side when he crusaded against the League of Nations.

Florence Kelly a. This pious leader of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union wished to eliminate the sale of alcohol and thereby "make the world more homelike." b. This noted naturalist split with conservationists like Gifford Pinchot by trying to protect natural "temples" like the Hetch Hetchy Valley from development. c. he most eminent woman in the muckraking movement and one of the most respected business historians of her generation. d. A tireless crusader for women's and labor rights, Kelley was Illinois's first chief factory inspector and a leader of the National Consumers League, an organization dedicated to improving working conditions for women and children. Kelley also went on to help found the NAACP.

d. A tireless crusader for women's and labor rights, Kelley was Illinois's first chief factory inspector and a leader of the National Consumers League, an organization dedicated to improving working conditions for women and children. Kelley also went on to help found the NAACP.

American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) a. Units of the AEF fought at Cantigny in May and at Chateau Thierry and Belleau Wood in June; its major engagements were at Saint Mihiel (September 12-15) and the Meuse-Argonne (September 26-November 11). b. Because the United States entered the war so late, by the time the AEF was raised, trained, and deployed, the war was in its last year (1918). c. The name given to the U.S. Army force deployed to Europe in World War I commanded by General John J. Pershing and composed mostly of conscripts. d. All choices are correct.

d. All choices are correct.

Dollar Diplomacy a. Name applied by President Taft's critics to the policy of supporting U.S. investments and political interests abroad. b. President Woodrow Wilson disavowed the practice, but his administration undertook comparable acts of intervention in support of U.S. business interests, especially in Latin America. c. First applied to the financing of railways in China after 1909, the policy then spread to Haiti, Honduras, and Nicaragua. d. All choices are correct.

d. All choices are correct.

Federal Reserve Act a. An act establishing twelve regional Federal Reserve Banks and a Federal Reserve Board. b. Appointed by the president, to regulate banking and create stability on a national scale in the volatile banking sector. c. The law carried the nation through the financial crises of the First World War of 1914-1918. d. All choices are correct.

d. All choices are correct.

Fourteen Points a. Wilson's peace plan that was never signed by the United States government. b. Woodrow Wilson's proposal to ensure peace after World War I, calling for an end to secret treaties, widespread arms reduction. c. Woodrow Wilson's proposal to ensure peace after World War I, also called for national self-determination, and a new league of nations. d. All choices are correct.

d. All choices are correct.

Francisco ("Pancho") Villa a. Villa tried to provoke the United States into war by going on a killing spree north of the border in New Mexico. b. A combination of bandit and Robin Hood, Villa emerged as a chief rival to Mexican president Carranza. c. President Wilson dispatched General John J. "Black Jack" Pershing in an attempt to capture Villa, but the expedition ended in defeat for American forces. d. All choices are correct.

d. All choices are correct.

Ida Tarbell a. Two years after her publication of "Mother of Trusts," she joined Ray Stannard Baker, William Allen White, and other muckrakers in purchasing The American Magazine, which became a journalistic podium in their campaign for honest government and an end to business abuses. b. The most eminent woman in the muckraking movement and one of the most respected business historians of her generation. c. In 1904 she earned a national reputation for publishing a scathing history of the Standard Oil Company, the "Mother of Trusts." d. All choices are correct.

d. All choices are correct.

Allies a. Great Britain, China, and France, later joined by Italy, Japan, and the United States, formed this alliance against the Central Powers in World War I. b. Norway, Russia, and France, later joined by Italy, Japan, and the United States, formed this alliance against the Central Powers in World War I. c. Great Britain, Russia, and Poland, later joined by Italy, Japan, and the United States, formed this alliance against the Central Powers in World War I. d. Great Britain, Russia, and France, later joined by Italy, Japan, and the United States, formed this alliance against the Central Powers in World War I.

d. Great Britain, Russia, and France, later joined by Italy, Japan, and the United States, formed this alliance against the Central Powers in World War I.

Which of the following can best be concluded about United States involvement in the First World War based on the point of view expressed in the excerpt? a. Cultural connections made Americans sympathetic toward the Allied Powers. b. Americans did not assert rights of neutrality early in the war. c. The vast majority of popular opinion was in favor of declaring war. d. Joining the war was a departure from the traditional foreign policy of nonintervention.

d. Joining the war was a departure from the traditional foreign policy of nonintervention.

Henry Demarest Lloyd a. None of the choices are correct. b. A muckraking journalist and reform leader whose book Wealth Against Commonweath (1894) excoriated the sins of the US Steel Company. c. Lloyd became one of the leading intellectuals behind the conservative movement. d. Lloyd influenced such figures as Clarence Darrow, Florence Kelley, and John Dewey.

d. Lloyd influenced such figures as Clarence Darrow, Florence Kelley, and John Dewey.

Lochner v New York a. A setback for labor reformers, this Supreme Court decision invalidated a state law establishing a ten-hour day for factory workers. b. Set the standard for the 40 hour work week. c. It held that the "right to free contract" was implicit in the due process clause of the Thirteenth Amendment. d. None of the choices are correct.

d. None of the choices are correct.

Workingmen's Compensation Act a. Required union negotiations with large companies. b. It was a precursor to labor-friendly legislation passed during the Fair Deal. c. Passed under Howard Taft, this law granted assistance to federal civil-service employees during periods of disability. d. None of the choices are correct.

d. None of the choices are correct.

Which of the following arguments could best be supported by the purpose of the excerpt? a. Urbanization led to the transformation of the natural landscape in every part of the country. b. Industrialization resulted in the use of fewer raw materials because of efficient production. c. Wartime mobilization contributed to the use of national parks for military purposes. d. Reformers encouraged the more active protection of natural resources.

d. Reformers encouraged the more active protection of natural resources.

All of the following were true of dollar diplomacy except: a. The almighty dollar supplanted the big stick. b. Washington encouraged Wall Street bankers to send surplus dollars into foreign areas of strategic concern to the United States, especially in the Far East and in the regions critical to the security of the Panama Canal. c. Bankers pumped funds into Honduras and Haiti to keep out foreign investment. d. Taft proved reluctant to use the lever of American investments to boost American political interests abroad. e. By preempting investors from rival powers, New York bankers would strengthen American defenses and foreign policies while bringing further prosperity to their homeland—and to themselves.

d. Taft proved reluctant to use the lever of American investments to boost American political interests abroad.

What spurred the Meat Inspection Act of 1906? a. Large meatpackers driving smaller competitors out of business. b. The mislabeling of foods and pharmaceuticals. c. The passing of the Pure Food and Drug Act. d. The publication of Upton Sinclair's The Jungle. e. Outcries from workers in the meatpacking industry.

d. The publication of Upton Sinclair's The Jungle.

The excerpt could best be used to explain the significance of which of the following historical situations? a. The result of federal policies toward American Indian nations. b. The impact of segregation in the South. c. The challenges faced by immigrants settling in the West. d. The role of journalism in reform movements.

d. The role of journalism in reform movements.

Why did many female progressives focus on issues like child labor, education, and urban housing? a. They felt a strong identification with immigrants. b. They thought that success in these areas would prove that they deserved the vote. c. They felt progress in these areas would win them more time for leisure pursuits. d. They saw these issues as extensions of women's traditional roles as wives and mothers. e. Their largely small-town backgrounds made them horrified by urban industrial conditions.

d. They saw these issues as extensions of women's traditional roles as wives and mothers.

A limitation of the excerpt as evidence of the reasons for United States entry into the First World War was that it a. was delivered during the war declaration debates. b. was given by an influential political leader. c. asserted that Germans supported the war. d. expressed opposition to war with Germany.

d. expressed opposition to war with Germany.