Chapter 28 ID's

7. Sputnik (alex)

1 the first artificial satellite to orbit the earth.2..In October 1957, the Soviet Union surprised the world by launching Sputnik. The resulting outcry in the United States, especially fears that the Soviets were ahead in both space exploration and military missiles, forced the Eisenhower administration to increase defense spending and accelerate America's space program.

25. Brinkmanship (mcg)

1. Brinkmanship is the practice of pushing dangerous events to the brink of disaster in order to achieve the most advantageous outcome. It occurs in international politics, foreign policy, labour relations, and military strategy involving the threatened use of nuclear weapons, and high-stakes litigation. 2. World war 2/ the Cold War 3. This maneuver of pushing a situation with the opponent to the brink succeeds by forcing the opponent to back down and make concessions. This might be achieved through Diplomatic maneuvers by creating the impression that one is willing to use extreme methods rather than concede. During the Cold War, the threat of nuclear force was often used as such an escalating measure.

18. Brown v. Board of Education (zach)

1. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, was a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional. The decision overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson decision of 1896, which allowed state-sponsored segregation, insofar as it applied to public education. 2. 1954 3. From a local standpoint, the outcome of Brown v Board of Education was successful. Many Kansas school began to integrate students and faculty. Not everyone accepted the Brown v. Board of Education decision. In Virginia, Senator Harry F. Byrd, Sr. organized the Massive Resistance movement that included the closing of schools rather than desegregating them.

10. Federal Highway Act 1956 (alex)

1. Federal legislation signed by Dwight D. Eisenhower to construct thousands of miles of modern highways in the name of national defense. 2. Created in 1956. 3. Officially called the National Interstate and Defense Highways Act, this bill dramatically increased the move to the suburbs, as white middle-class people could more easily commute to urban jobs

17. Jackie Robinson (zach)

1. Jack Roosevelt "Jackie" Robinson was an American Major League Baseball (MLB)second baseman who became the first African American to play in the major leagues in the modern era. Robinson broke the baseball color line when the Brooklyn Dodgers started him at first base on April 15, 1947. The Dodgers by playing Robinson, ended racial segregation that had relegated black players to the Negro leagues since the 1880s. 2. January 31, 1919 - October 24, 1972 3. Robinson's character, his use of nonviolence and his unquestionable talent, challenged the traditional basis of segregation which then marked many other aspects of American life; he had an impact on the culture and contributed significantly to the Civil Rights Movement.

31. Hungarian Revolution and Roll Back (kjf)

1. Led by students and workers, it installed Liberal Communist Imre Nagy. Forced soviet soldiers to leave and promised free election, 2. 1956 3. renounced Hungary's military alliance with Moscow. The revolution was crushed by the Soviet Union.

19. Massive Resistance (zach)

1. Massive resistance was a strategy declared by U.S. Senator Harry F. Byrd, Sr. of Virginia to unite white politicians and leaders in Virginia in a campaign of new state laws and policies to prevent public school desegregation, particularly after the Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court decision in 1954. In attempts to block integration before both the Virginia Supreme Court and a panel of Federal District judges from the Eastern District of Virginia, sitting at Norfolk, declared those policies unconstitutional. 2. 1950's - 1960's 3. Many schools, and even an entire school system, were shut down in 1958 and 1959. Although most of the laws created to implement massive resistance were overturned by state and federal courts within a year, some aspects of the campaign against integrated public schools continued in Virginia for many more years.

12. Television (cjm)

1. Television is an iconic mass medium, serving as a conduit for entertainment, advertising and news. 2. Television became commercially available in a crude experimental form in the late 1920s. 3. After World War II, an improved form was popularized in the United States and Britain, and television sets became commonplace in homes, businesses, and institutions. During the 1950s, television became the primary medium for molding public opinion.

26. Dien Bien Phu (mcg)

1. The Battle of Dien was the climactic confrontation of the First Indochina War between the French Union's French Far East Expeditionary Corps and Viet Minh communist-nationalist revolutionaries. 2. March-may 1954 3. It was, from the French view before the event, a set piece battle to draw out the Vietnamese and destroy them with superior firepower. The battle occurred between March and May 1954 and culminated in a comprehensive French defeat that influenced negotiations over the future of Indochina at Geneva. Military historian Martin Windrow wrote that Dien Bien Phu was "the first time that a non-European colonial independence movement had evolved through all the stages from guerrilla bands to a conventionally organized and equipped army able to defeat a modern Western occupier in pitched battle."

27. Geneva Accords (mcg)

1. The Geneva Conference was a conference which took place in Geneva, Switzerland, whose purpose was to attempt to find a way to settle outstanding issues on the Korean peninsula and discuss the possibility of restoring peace in Indochina. 2. April 26 - July 20, 1954 3. The part of the conference on the Korean question ended without adopting any declarations or proposals. On Indochina, the conference produced a set of documents known as the Geneva Accords. These agreements temporarily separated Vietnam into two zones, a northern zone to be governed by the Việt Minh, and a southern zone to be governed by the State of Vietnam, then headed by former emperor Bao dai.

29. Suez Canal Crisis (mcg)

1. The Suez Crisis, also named the Tripartite Aggression, was an invasion of Egypt in late 1956 by Israel, followed by Britain and France. The aims were to regain Western control of the Suez Canal and to remove Egyptian president Nasser from power. After the fighting had started, the United States, the Soviet Union, and the United Nations forced the three invaders to withdraw. 2. 29 October 1956 - 7 November 1956 3. On October 29, Israel invaded the Egyptian Sinai. Britain and France issued a joint ultimatum to cease fire, which was ignored. On November 5, Britain and France landed paratroopers along the Suez Canal. The Egyptian forces were defeated, but they did block the canal to all shipping. Despite the denials of their governments, it became clear that the Israeli invasion and the subsequent Anglo-French attack had been planned beforehand by the three countries.

14. Rock n' Roll (cjm)

1. The beat is essentially a blues rhythm with an accentuated backbeat, the latter almost always provided by a snare drum. 2. A genre of popular music that originated and evolved in the United States during the late 1940s and early 1950s. 3. Rock and roll influenced lifestyles, fashion, attitudes, and language.[85] In addition, rock and roll may have contributed to the civil rights movement because both African-American and white American teens enjoyed the music.

11. Levittown (cjm)

1. The name of four large suburban developments created in the United States of America by William Levitt and his company Levitt & Sons. 2. Built after World War II for returning veterans and their new families, the communities offered attractive alternatives to cramped central city locations and apartments. 3. He and other builders were guaranteed by the Veterans Administration and the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) that qualified veterans could receive housing for a fraction of rental costs. Production was modeled in an assembly line manner and thousands of similar or identical homes were produced easily and quickly, allowing rapid recovery of costs.

32. Open Skies/Geneva Summit 1955 (kjf)

1. The purpose was to bring together world leaders to begin discussions on peace.[2] Although those discussions led down many different roads (arms negotiations, trade barriers, diplomacy, nuclear warfare, etc.), the talks were influenced by the common goal for increased global security.[3] 2. Switzerland , 1955 3. Though no agreements were reached, the conference was considered an important first step toward easing Cold War tension.

28. CIA Covert Actions (mcg)

1. Under United States law, the Central Intelligence Agency must lead covert operations unless the president finds that another agency should do so and properly informs the Congress. Normally, the CIA is the US Government agency legally allowed to carry out covert action. The CIA's authority to conduct covert action comes from the National Security Act of 1947. 2. 1940's-50's 3. President Ronald Reagan issued Executive Order 12333 titled United States Intelligence Activities in 1984. This order defined covert action as "special activities", both political and military, that the US Government could legally deny.

16. "Urban Renewal" (zach)

1. Urban renewal is a program of land redevelopment in areas of moderate to high density urban land use. Renewal has had both successes and failures. Its modern incarnation began in the late 19th century in developed nations and experienced an intense phase in the late 1940s, under the rubric of reconstruction. The process has had a major impact on many urban landscapes, and has played an important role in the history and demographics of cities around the world. 2. mid-1900's 3. In 1944, the GI Bill (officially the Serviceman's Readjustment Act) guaranteed Veterans Administration (VA) mortgages to veterans under favorable terms, which fueled suburbanization after the end of World War II, as places like Levittown, New York, Warren, Michigan and the San Fernando Valley of Los Angeles were transformed from farmland into cities occupied by tens of thousands of families in a few years.

15. Micheal Harrington, The Other America (cjm)

1. Was an influential study of poverty in the United States. argued that up to 25% of the nation was living in poverty. 2. 1962 3. food stamps and expanded social security benefits were traceable to Harrington's ideas. Harrington became the pre-eminent spokesman for democratic socialism in America.

34. Military Industrial Complex (kjf)

1. comprises the policy and monetary relationships which exist between legislators, national armed forces, and the arms industry that supports them. These relationships include political contributions, political approval for military spending, lobbying to support bureaucracies, and oversight of the industry. It is a type of iron triangle. 2. 1961 3. Eisenhower's blunt language stunned some of his supporters. They believed that the man who led the country to victory in Europe in World War II and guided the nation through some of the darkest moments of the Cold War was too negative toward the military-industrial complex that was the backbone of America's defense

33. U-2 Crisis (kjf)

1. during the presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower and the premiership of Nikita Khrushchev when a United States U-2 spy plane was shot down in Soviet airspace. The aircraft, flown by Central Intelligence Agency pilot Francis Gary Powers, was performing aerial reconnaissance when it was hit by an S-75 Dvina (SA-2 Guideline) surface-to-air missile and crashed in Sverdlovsk. 2. May 1, 1960 3. The incident derailed an important summit meeting between President Dwight D. Eisenhower and Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev that was scheduled for later that month.

6. H-Bomb (alex)

1. hydrogen bomb; first used by America on the South Pacific; 1,000 X more powerful than the A-bomb 2.The modern design of all thermonuclear weapons in the United States is known as the Teller-Ulam configuration for its two chief contributors, Edward Teller and Stanislaw Ulam, who developed it in 1951for the United States, with certain concepts developed with the contribution of John von Neumann. The first test of a hydrogen bomb prototype was the "Ivy Mike" nuclear test in 1952, conducted by the United States. The first ready-to-use thermonuclear bomb "RDS-6s" ("Joe 4") was tested on August 12, 1953, in the Soviet Union. 3. The hydrogen bomb led to the arms race and the cold war. This would lead to a confilict between the US and the Soviet Union. More like Capitalism vs Communism.

30. Fidel Castro (kjf)

1. is a Cuban politician and revolutionary who served as Prime Minister of Cuba from 1959 to 1976, and President from 1976 to 2008 2. August 13, 1926 3. We (the US government) helped put Fidel Castro in power to overthrow the dictatorship government in the 1950's. Castro was supposed to be a friend of the US, but soon his eyes went astray and he became allies with the communists. This was a big thing because he turned Cuba communist during the Cold War. We saw this as betrayal and tried to lead a revolution in his country but they Bay of Pigs invasion failed. He teamed up with the Soviet leader and allowed them to hold nukes in his nation, which we remember as the Cuban Missile crisis.

21. SCLC (mk)

1.) The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) is an African-American civil rights organization. SCLC, which is closely associated with its first president, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., had a large role in the American Civil Rights Movement. 2.) January 10, 1957 3.)Aimed to mobilize the vast power of the black churches on behalf of black rights. Trained and tested African Americans for ability to remain calm so they could participate nonviolently in marches and "sit ins".

23. Eisenhower Moderate Republicanism (mk)

1.) What Eisenhower called his balanced and moderate approach to domestic affairs. He approved of helping the aged and poor while still limiting the power of the central government. 2.) 1950's 3.) However, Eisenhower did not approve of federal health care insurance and federal aid to education. This policy also still called for a large arms buildup and an active foreign policy. Eisenhower's critics called this "the bland leading the bland".

22. Little Rock Nine (mk)

1.) a group of nine African American students enrolled in Little Rock Central High School in 1957. Their enrollment was followed by the Little Rock Crisis, in which the students were initially prevented from entering the racially segregated school by Orval Faubus, the Governor of Arkansas. 2.) 1957 3.) 9 students were barred from entering Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas against federal court order to desegregate , used troops to block them 2nd court order forced them to remove the guards, Eisenhower sent troops to protect the students increased hate & racial discrimination in Little Rock, public schools were closed afterwards.

20. Montgomery Bus Boycott (mk)

1.) a seminal event in the U.S. Civil Rights Movement, was a political and social protest campaign against the policy of racial segregation on the public transit system of Montgomery, Alabama. 2.) 1955-1956 3.)The campaign lasted from December 1, 1955—when Rosa Parks, an African American woman, was arrested for refusing to surrender her seat to a white person—to December 20, 1956, when a federal ruling, Browder v. Gayle, took effect, and led to a United States Supreme Court decision that declared the Alabama and Montgomery laws requiring segregated buses to be unconstitutional.[1] Many important figures in the Civil Rights Movement took part in the boycott, including Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. and Ralph Abernathy.

24. Dulles and Massive Retaliation/ More Bang for the Buck (mk)

1.)Dulles considered Truman's containment polict as too passive. Advocated a "new look" to US foreign policy, challenging the Soviet Union and People's Republic of China. 2.) 1950's 3.)Dulles advocated greater reliance on nuclear weapons and air power rather than conventional military forces, to save money and increase pressure on enemies. More bang for the buck

13. The Beat Generation (cjm)

1.a group of authors whose literature explored and influenced American culture in the post-World War II era. 2. The bulk of their work was published and popularized throughout the 1950s. 3. The Beat Generation rejected the standard narrative values, the spiritual quest, exploration of American and Eastern religions, rejection of materialism, explicit portrayals of the human condition, experimentation with psychedelic drugs, and sexual liberation and exploration.

8. NASA (alex)

1.the United States government agency that is responsible for the civilian space program as well as for aeronautics and aerospace research.2.the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in 1958 with a distinctly civilian (rather than military) orientation encouraging peaceful applications in space science. The National Aeronautics and Space Act was passed on July 29, 1958, disestablishing NASA's predecessor, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA). The new agency became operational on October 1, 1958 3. It got the US back in the running with the Soviets in space race.

1. Baby Boom (HME)

After the war, families had tons of babies, creating this. Led to a 20 % population growth during the 50s and led to increasing consumer demand. 1946-1964 COntributed to the economic and cultural changes after world war II. This was the biggest spike in population the U.S. saw and has ever seen in the past two centuries.

2. Dr. Benjamin Spock (HME)

American pediatrician whose book Baby and Child Care, published in 1946, is one of the best-sellers of all time. Its message to mothers is that "you know more than you think you do. 1903-1998 Spock was the first pediatrician to study psychoanalysis to try to understand children's needs and family dynamics. His ideas about childcare influenced several generations of parents to be more flexible and affectionate with their children, and to treat them as individuals. However, they were also widely criticized by colleagues for relying too heavily on anecdotal evidence rather than serious academic research.

9. NDEA (alex)

National Defense Education Act Passed, in response to Sputnik. 2.The Cold War stimulated the first example of comprehensive Federal education legislation, when in 1958 Congress passed the National Defense Education Act (NDEA) in response to the Soviet launch of Sputnik. 3. it provided an oppurtunity and stimulus for college education for many Americans. It allocated funds for upgrading funds in the sciences, foreign language, guidance services, and teaching innovation.

3. Sunbelt (HME)

The Sun Belt is a region of the United States generally considered to stretch across the Southeast and Southwest (the geographic southern United States) 1900's The main defining feature of the Sun Belt is its warm climate with extended summers and brief, relatively pleasant winters. Within the Sun Belt areas of the U.S, deserts (Arizona, California, Nevada, New Mexico, and Texas), Mediterranean(California), and humid subtropical (Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Tennessee) climates can be found. The belt has seen substantial population growth since the 1960s due to an influx of people seeking a warm and sunny climate, a surge in retiring baby boomers, and growing economic opportunities. Also, over the past several decades, air conditioninghas made it easier for people to deal with the summertime heat in the region. In recent years water shortages, droughts, and drug trafficking near the Mexican border have become a problem in the western region

5. Dr. Salk (HME)

an American medical researcher and virologist. He discovered and developed the first successful inactivated polio vaccine. 1914-1995 . Born in New York City, he attended New York University School of Medicine, later choosing to do medical research instead of becoming a practicing physician. Until 1957, when the Salk vaccine was introduced, polio was considered one of the most frightening public health problems in the world. In the postwar United States, annual epidemics were increasingly devastating. In 1947, Salk accepted an appointment to the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine. In 1948, he undertook a project funded by the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis to determine the number of different types of polio virus. Salk saw an opportunity to extend this project towards developing a vaccine against polio, and, together with the skilled research team he assembled, devoted himself to this work for the next seven years. The field trial set up to test the Salk vaccine was, according to O'Neill, "the most elaborate program of its kind in history, involving 20,000 physicians and public health officers, 64,000 school personnel, and 220,000 volunteers." Over 1,800,000 school children took part in the trial.[4] When news of the vaccine's success was made public on April 12, 1955, Salk was hailed as a "miracle worker" and the day almost became a national holiday. Around the world, an immediate rush to vaccinate began, with countries including Canada, Sweden, Denmark, Norway, West Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and Belgium planning to begin polio immunization campaigns using Salk's vaccine.

4. AFL-CIO (HME)

the American Federation of Labor and the Congress of Industrial Organizations 1950's ended their twenty-year rivalry and merged to create this, under the leadership of George Meany. AFL-CIO Merger/George Meany One union was for skilled laborers and the other was for unskilled laborers. The two unions had remained separate since the late 1800s. Finally, this deal was broken between the unions and they became one union. The membership skyrocketed and, therefore, labor unions had more power. This man was placed as the leader of the union.