Chapter 28
Signs of ovulation (5)
- Cervical mucus becomes thinner - resting body temp rises slightly - LH surge occurs about 24 hours prior to ovulation - Twinges of ovarian pain (mittelschmerz) - Best time for conception
Premenstrual phase
- Pregnancy does not occur, corpus lutein involutes. As corpus luteum involutes, progesterone levels drop, hormones that promote uterus decline, endometrium thins
Causes of cervical cancer (5)
- Smoking - Early age - Sexual activity - STDs - Human papillomavirus increase risk
Trimesters
3 month intervals
pH in the vagina
3.5-4, which inhibits growth of pathogens
What is formed after meiosis I
A secondary oocyte and the first polar body are formed
What is the size of the uterus in pregnant women and non pregnant women?
A watermelon in pregnant women and a pear in non pregnant women
Labor Contractions
Cervical stretching to oxytocin secretion to uterine contraction to cervical stretching
Menopause
Cessation of menstruation (age 45-55) - Less estrogen and progesterone secretion by follicles uterus, vagina, and breast atrophy - Skin becomes thinner - Intercourse becomes uncomfortable as vagina is thinner, less distensible, and drier - Bone mass declines - Hot flashes
Areola
Circular colored zone - blood capillaries and nerves closer to skin surface- more sensitive
Smooth muscle fibers in dermis of areola contract in response to
Cold, touch, and sexual arousal
Cervical cancer
Common among women 30-50. Usually begins in epithelial cells in lower cervix.
Menstrual Cycle
Consists of a buildup of the endometrium followed by its breakdown and vaginal discharge 4 phases
Primordial follicles
Consists of primary oocyte in early meiosis, surrounded by a single layer of squamous folllicular cells.
If pregnancy occurs, what happens to the corpus luteum?
Continues to progesterone
When follicle ruptures it becomes
Corpus Luteum
After ovulation, the remaining portions of the follicle forms the
Corpus Luteum (under influence of Lutenizing Hormone)
Primary follicles
Cubodial follicular cells that still single layer
The Ovarian Cycle Luteal Phase
Days 15 to day 18 from just after ovulation to the onset of menstraiton
During Luteal phase FSH and LH levels
Decline. As corpus luteum involutes, its hormone production declines
Basal Layer (stratum basalis)
Deep layer of the endometrium, stays behind and regenerates a new functional layer with each menstrual cycle
Conceptus
All products of conception- the embryo or fetus, the placenta, and associated membranes
What is breast size determined by>
Amount of adipose tissue
Pubarche
Appearance of pubic and axillary hair, sebaceous glands, and axillary glands
Suspensory ligaments attach breast to
Dermis of overlying skin and fascia of the pectoralis major
Mature follicles
Destined to ovulate
Mammary gland
Develops within the bread during pregnancy - remains active in the lactating breast
Vagina (Birth canal)
Distensible muscular tube - allows for discharge of menstrual fluid, receipt of penis and semen, and birth of baby
Lactiferous duct
Drains each lobe. There are 15-20 lobes around the nipple
What do the ovaries lack
Ducts. Instead each egg develops in its own fluid filled follicle
Endometrial changes
During proliferative phase, endometrium grows due to mitosis however during the secretory phase the endometrium grows due to secretion and fluid accumulation
Oogenesis
Egg production - Produces haploid gametes by means of meiosis - releases one egg each month
Breast
Enlarges at puberty - Nonlactating breast consists of adipose and collagenous
Vestibular bulbs
Erectile tissue deep to the labia major - Cause the vagina to tighten around the penis, enhancing sexual stimulation
Clitoris
Erectile, sensory organe with no urinary role Covered by the prepuce and primary center for erotic stimulation
The most abundant estrogen is
Estradiol
Corpus Luteum grows and produces
Estradiol, progesterone and inhibin
Follicles produce
Estradiol. As follicles grow and develop they produce estrogen
Follicles secrete
Estrogen, progesterone, inhibin, and a small amount of androgen
Hormones with the strongest influence on pregnancy are (4)
Estrogens, pregesterone, human chorionic gonadotropin, human chorionic somatomammotropin. All primarily secreted by the placenta
Risk factors of breast cancer
Exposure to estrogen (early menstration or late onset of menopause) aging Radiation Carcinogenic chemicals Excessive alcohol and fat intake smoking
Uterine Wall: Perimetrium
External serosa layer
Uterine Tube: Fimbriae
Feathery projections on infundibulum
Ovaries
Female gonad that produce egg cells (ova) and sex hormones Size of an almond
Estrogens are what kind of hormones
Feminizing hormones
Menstrual Cycle Menstrual phase
First day of menstrual fluid discharge, typically lasts 5 days
Menarche
First menstrual period - first few menstrual cycles are anovulatory (no egg ovulated) girls begin ovulating regularly about a year after they begin menstruating
Uterine Tube Infundibulum
Flared, trumpet-shaped distal (ovarian) end
GnRH stimulates anterior lobe of pituitary to produce
Follicle- stimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Oogonia
Form during fetal development then become primary oocytes by birth
Embryo
From day 16 through 8 weeks
Menstrual Cycle Proliferative phase
Functional layer (shed during menstruation) is rebuilt. At day 5 of menstruation the endometrium consists of only basal layer, so estrogen from developing follicles stimulates mitosis in basal layer and the regrowth of the functional layer (2-3 mm by day 14)
Menstrual Cycle Secretory Phase
Functional layer thickens by secretion and fluid accumulation rather than mitosis. Endometrium thickens still more in response to progesterone from corpus luteum.
Portions of the Uterus (3)
Fundus- broad superior curvature Body (corpus)- middle portion Cervix- Cylindrical inferior end
Tertiary follicles
Granulosa cells begin secreting follicular fluid. Estradiol is produced Antrum- forms a single fluid filled cavity Cumulus oophorus- a mound of granulosa cells Corona radiata- innermost layer of cells forming a protective barrier around the egg
Uterine Wall: Endometrium
Inner mucosa - During pregnancy, endometrium is the site of attachment of the embryo and forms the maternal part of the placenta from while the fetus is nourished
Female Sexual Response Orgasm
Intense sensation spreading from the clitoris through the pelvis Peristaltic contraction Reddish rash on chest and face Sometimes with pelvic throbbing and a spreading sense of warmth
Lactiferous sinus
Is dilated which opens into the nipple
If secondary oocyte is fertilized
It completes meiosis II and casts off a second polar body. The chromosomes of the large remaining egg unite with those of the sperm
What stimulates the corpus luteum to continue to grow and secrete rising levels of progesterone and estradiol
LH
What induce ovulation
LH surge, due to positive feedback
Female Sexual Response Excitement and Plateau
Labia majora reddens and enlarge vaginal transudate- serous fluid seeps through walls Greater vestibular gland secretion moistens vestibular gland secretion moistens Tenting effect- uterus stands nearly vertical, where normally it tilts forward over the bladder Clitoris erect breasts swell and nipples erect
Secondary follicles
Larger oocytes now stratified and called granulosa cell. Secrete gel called zona pellucida. Fibrous husk called theca folliculi
Labia majora
Thick folds of skin and adipose tissue inferior to the mons pubis
Uterus
Thick muscular chamber that opens into the roof of the vagina
If pregnancy occurs the corpus luteum will continue
To produce hormones
Secondary oocyte undergoes meiosis II but only proceeds as far as if not fertilized
Metaphase II
Vaginal epithelium changing from childhood to puberty is known as
Metaplasia, when one mature tissue type changes into another
Uterine Tube: Ampulla
Middle and longest part
Uterine Wall: Myometrium
Middle muscular layer - Constitutes most of the uterine wall - Composed mainly of smooth muscle - Produces labor contractions, expels fetus
What capsule the ovary
Tunica Albuguinea
Sensory nerve fibers of areola trigger
Milk ejection reflex when an infant nurses
Mons pubis
Mound of fat over pubic symphysis bearing most of the pubic hair
Hymen
Mucosal folds across vaginal opening
Uterine tube
Muscular tube lined with ciliated cells
Uterine Tube: Isthmus
Narrower end and toward uterus
Neonate
Newborn to 6 weeks
Breast Cancer
Nonhereditary. Skin puckering, changes in skin texture, and drainage from nipple
Medulla of the ovary
Occupies major arteries and veins
How long does ovulation take?
Only 2-3 minutes
Thelarche
Onset of breast development
What attaches the ovaries to the uterus?
Ovarian Ligament
Internal genitalia (4)
Ovaries, uterine tube, uterus, and vagina
During ovulation, an egg is released from the _____ and typically enters the ________
Ovary, uterine tube
Best protection against cervical cancer is early detection by
PAP smear
Menstrual Cycle Premenstrual Phase
Period of endometrial degeneration, Corpus luteum atrophies and progesterone levels fall sharply
Progesterone
Prepares for possible pregnancy
FSH stimulates what to complete meiosis I
Primary oocytes
Stratified squamous epithelium helps with
Protecting the vagina from the frictional forces of sexual intercourse.
The Ovarian Cycle Ovulation
Release of egg typically around day 14 Ovaries usually alternate mon to mon Surge of LH and a lesser spike FSH by anterior pituitary
Blood Supply
Uterine artery arises from each internal iliac artery and travels through the broad ligament to the uterus, leads to arcuate arteries
Female Sexual Response Resolution
Uterus drops forward to resting position areolae and nipples undergo rapid detumescence Postorgasmic outbreak of perspiration Women do not have refractory period
What has no glands
Vagina
External genitalia are collectively called
Vulva or pudendum
Cortex of the ovary
Where germ cells develop
Egg or ovum
any stage from the primary oocyte to the time of fertilization
fetus
beginning of week 9 to birth
If pregnancy does not occur, the corpus luteum
begins process of involution (shrinkage) and corpus albicans forms
External genitalia
clitoris, labia minora, and labia majora
Ovulation
Rupture of the mature follicle and the release of the egg and its surround cells form the ovary
Hormones of Pregnancy Progesterone
Secreted by placenta and corpus luteum. Suppresses secretion of FSH and LH preventing follicular development during pregnancy
In childhood the vaginal epithelium is
Simple Cuboidal
Vestibule
Space between the two labia minor and the location of the urethral and vaginal openings
Estradiol
Stimulates vaginal metaplasia stimulate growth of ovaries stimulates growth hormone secretion (increase in height and widening of the pelvis) Deposition of fat in mons pubis, labia majora, hips, thighs, buttocks, breasts
The vaginal epithelium changes into
Stratified squamous epithelium due to the estrogen level increasing during puberty
Functional Layer (stratum functionalis)
Superficial half of the endometrium, shed each menstrual period
Internal Os
Superior opening of the cervical canal
Attaches ovaries to pelvic wall
Suspensory Ligament
What harbors fetus, provides a source of nutrition, and expels the fetus at the end of tis development
The Uterus
If pregnancy does not occur
The corpus luteum will involute and form the corpus albicans
Folliculogenesis
The development of the follicles
FSH stimulates
developing ovarian follicles
term
duration of pregnancy
Prolactin
from anterior pituitary promotes milk synthesis (milk production) PRL inhibited whn not pregnatn Synthesis of hormone begins 5 weeks into pregnancy, by fill term it is 10 to 20 times normal level At birth, prolactin secretion drops to nonpregnancy levels
Blastocytes
hollow ball the first 2 weeks
HCG
human chorionic gonadotropin are secreted by blastocyst and placenta and stimulates growth of corpus luteum. It is the hormone detected by home pregnancy rest kits
Gestation (pregnancy)
lasts an average of 266 days
Most of the time, breasts contains very
little mammary gland
Climacteric
midlife change in hormone secretion
Primary oocytes
most degenerate remain "stuck" in early meiosis I until puberty (2 million at birth, 200000 by puberty, typical women will ovulate probably around 480 times)
Cervical canal
narrow passageway through the cervix
The corpus luteum produces
progesterone
Lactation
synthesis and ejection of milk from the mammary glands
Labia minora
thin hairless folds medial to labia mojora
Atrophies
when a woman ceases to nurse
HRT
Hormone replacement therapy- low doses of estrogen and progesterone to relive some of these symptoms
Primoridal follicles are mostly concentrated where?
In the cortex of the ovary
Hormones of Pregnancy Estrogen
Increases 30x normal by the end gestation Corpus luteum is source for first 12 weeks until placenta takes over from week 7 to 17 Cause tissue growth in the fetus and mother (breasts, uterus, pelvis)
External Os
Inferior opening of the cervical canal
What are two parts of the broad ligament
-Mesosalpinx- above mesovarium - Mesometrium- below the mesovarium
The Ovarian Cycle Follicular phase
Beginning of menstration until ovulation (day 1 to day 14) FSH stimulates the growth of the follicles Follicles produce estradiol
Puberty
Begins at age 8-10 for most girls in US triggered by rising levels of GnRH