Chapter 28

Signs of ovulation (5)

- Cervical mucus becomes thinner - resting body temp rises slightly - LH surge occurs about 24 hours prior to ovulation - Twinges of ovarian pain (mittelschmerz) - Best time for conception

Premenstrual phase

- Pregnancy does not occur, corpus lutein involutes. As corpus luteum involutes, progesterone levels drop, hormones that promote uterus decline, endometrium thins

Causes of cervical cancer (5)

- Smoking - Early age - Sexual activity - STDs - Human papillomavirus increase risk

Trimesters

3 month intervals

pH in the vagina

3.5-4, which inhibits growth of pathogens

What is formed after meiosis I

A secondary oocyte and the first polar body are formed

What is the size of the uterus in pregnant women and non pregnant women?

A watermelon in pregnant women and a pear in non pregnant women

Labor Contractions

Cervical stretching to oxytocin secretion to uterine contraction to cervical stretching

Menopause

Cessation of menstruation (age 45-55) - Less estrogen and progesterone secretion by follicles uterus, vagina, and breast atrophy - Skin becomes thinner - Intercourse becomes uncomfortable as vagina is thinner, less distensible, and drier - Bone mass declines - Hot flashes

Areola

Circular colored zone - blood capillaries and nerves closer to skin surface- more sensitive

Smooth muscle fibers in dermis of areola contract in response to

Cold, touch, and sexual arousal

Cervical cancer

Common among women 30-50. Usually begins in epithelial cells in lower cervix.

Menstrual Cycle

Consists of a buildup of the endometrium followed by its breakdown and vaginal discharge 4 phases

Primordial follicles

Consists of primary oocyte in early meiosis, surrounded by a single layer of squamous folllicular cells.

If pregnancy occurs, what happens to the corpus luteum?

Continues to progesterone

When follicle ruptures it becomes

Corpus Luteum

After ovulation, the remaining portions of the follicle forms the

Corpus Luteum (under influence of Lutenizing Hormone)

Primary follicles

Cubodial follicular cells that still single layer

The Ovarian Cycle Luteal Phase

Days 15 to day 18 from just after ovulation to the onset of menstraiton

During Luteal phase FSH and LH levels

Decline. As corpus luteum involutes, its hormone production declines

Basal Layer (stratum basalis)

Deep layer of the endometrium, stays behind and regenerates a new functional layer with each menstrual cycle

Conceptus

All products of conception- the embryo or fetus, the placenta, and associated membranes

What is breast size determined by>

Amount of adipose tissue

Pubarche

Appearance of pubic and axillary hair, sebaceous glands, and axillary glands

Suspensory ligaments attach breast to

Dermis of overlying skin and fascia of the pectoralis major

Mature follicles

Destined to ovulate

Mammary gland

Develops within the bread during pregnancy - remains active in the lactating breast

Vagina (Birth canal)

Distensible muscular tube - allows for discharge of menstrual fluid, receipt of penis and semen, and birth of baby

Lactiferous duct

Drains each lobe. There are 15-20 lobes around the nipple

What do the ovaries lack

Ducts. Instead each egg develops in its own fluid filled follicle

Endometrial changes

During proliferative phase, endometrium grows due to mitosis however during the secretory phase the endometrium grows due to secretion and fluid accumulation

Oogenesis

Egg production - Produces haploid gametes by means of meiosis - releases one egg each month

Breast

Enlarges at puberty - Nonlactating breast consists of adipose and collagenous

Vestibular bulbs

Erectile tissue deep to the labia major - Cause the vagina to tighten around the penis, enhancing sexual stimulation

Clitoris

Erectile, sensory organe with no urinary role Covered by the prepuce and primary center for erotic stimulation

The most abundant estrogen is

Estradiol

Corpus Luteum grows and produces

Estradiol, progesterone and inhibin

Follicles produce

Estradiol. As follicles grow and develop they produce estrogen

Follicles secrete

Estrogen, progesterone, inhibin, and a small amount of androgen

Hormones with the strongest influence on pregnancy are (4)

Estrogens, pregesterone, human chorionic gonadotropin, human chorionic somatomammotropin. All primarily secreted by the placenta

Risk factors of breast cancer

Exposure to estrogen (early menstration or late onset of menopause) aging Radiation Carcinogenic chemicals Excessive alcohol and fat intake smoking

Uterine Wall: Perimetrium

External serosa layer

Uterine Tube: Fimbriae

Feathery projections on infundibulum

Ovaries

Female gonad that produce egg cells (ova) and sex hormones Size of an almond

Estrogens are what kind of hormones

Feminizing hormones

Menstrual Cycle Menstrual phase

First day of menstrual fluid discharge, typically lasts 5 days

Menarche

First menstrual period - first few menstrual cycles are anovulatory (no egg ovulated) girls begin ovulating regularly about a year after they begin menstruating

Uterine Tube Infundibulum

Flared, trumpet-shaped distal (ovarian) end

GnRH stimulates anterior lobe of pituitary to produce

Follicle- stimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Oogonia

Form during fetal development then become primary oocytes by birth

Embryo

From day 16 through 8 weeks

Menstrual Cycle Proliferative phase

Functional layer (shed during menstruation) is rebuilt. At day 5 of menstruation the endometrium consists of only basal layer, so estrogen from developing follicles stimulates mitosis in basal layer and the regrowth of the functional layer (2-3 mm by day 14)

Menstrual Cycle Secretory Phase

Functional layer thickens by secretion and fluid accumulation rather than mitosis. Endometrium thickens still more in response to progesterone from corpus luteum.

Portions of the Uterus (3)

Fundus- broad superior curvature Body (corpus)- middle portion Cervix- Cylindrical inferior end

Tertiary follicles

Granulosa cells begin secreting follicular fluid. Estradiol is produced Antrum- forms a single fluid filled cavity Cumulus oophorus- a mound of granulosa cells Corona radiata- innermost layer of cells forming a protective barrier around the egg

Uterine Wall: Endometrium

Inner mucosa - During pregnancy, endometrium is the site of attachment of the embryo and forms the maternal part of the placenta from while the fetus is nourished

Female Sexual Response Orgasm

Intense sensation spreading from the clitoris through the pelvis Peristaltic contraction Reddish rash on chest and face Sometimes with pelvic throbbing and a spreading sense of warmth

Lactiferous sinus

Is dilated which opens into the nipple

If secondary oocyte is fertilized

It completes meiosis II and casts off a second polar body. The chromosomes of the large remaining egg unite with those of the sperm

What stimulates the corpus luteum to continue to grow and secrete rising levels of progesterone and estradiol

LH

What induce ovulation

LH surge, due to positive feedback

Female Sexual Response Excitement and Plateau

Labia majora reddens and enlarge vaginal transudate- serous fluid seeps through walls Greater vestibular gland secretion moistens vestibular gland secretion moistens Tenting effect- uterus stands nearly vertical, where normally it tilts forward over the bladder Clitoris erect breasts swell and nipples erect

Secondary follicles

Larger oocytes now stratified and called granulosa cell. Secrete gel called zona pellucida. Fibrous husk called theca folliculi

Labia majora

Thick folds of skin and adipose tissue inferior to the mons pubis

Uterus

Thick muscular chamber that opens into the roof of the vagina

If pregnancy occurs the corpus luteum will continue

To produce hormones

Secondary oocyte undergoes meiosis II but only proceeds as far as if not fertilized

Metaphase II

Vaginal epithelium changing from childhood to puberty is known as

Metaplasia, when one mature tissue type changes into another

Uterine Tube: Ampulla

Middle and longest part

Uterine Wall: Myometrium

Middle muscular layer - Constitutes most of the uterine wall - Composed mainly of smooth muscle - Produces labor contractions, expels fetus

What capsule the ovary

Tunica Albuguinea

Sensory nerve fibers of areola trigger

Milk ejection reflex when an infant nurses

Mons pubis

Mound of fat over pubic symphysis bearing most of the pubic hair

Hymen

Mucosal folds across vaginal opening

Uterine tube

Muscular tube lined with ciliated cells

Uterine Tube: Isthmus

Narrower end and toward uterus

Neonate

Newborn to 6 weeks

Breast Cancer

Nonhereditary. Skin puckering, changes in skin texture, and drainage from nipple

Medulla of the ovary

Occupies major arteries and veins

How long does ovulation take?

Only 2-3 minutes

Thelarche

Onset of breast development

What attaches the ovaries to the uterus?

Ovarian Ligament

Internal genitalia (4)

Ovaries, uterine tube, uterus, and vagina

During ovulation, an egg is released from the _____ and typically enters the ________

Ovary, uterine tube

Best protection against cervical cancer is early detection by

PAP smear

Menstrual Cycle Premenstrual Phase

Period of endometrial degeneration, Corpus luteum atrophies and progesterone levels fall sharply

Progesterone

Prepares for possible pregnancy

FSH stimulates what to complete meiosis I

Primary oocytes

Stratified squamous epithelium helps with

Protecting the vagina from the frictional forces of sexual intercourse.

The Ovarian Cycle Ovulation

Release of egg typically around day 14 Ovaries usually alternate mon to mon Surge of LH and a lesser spike FSH by anterior pituitary

Blood Supply

Uterine artery arises from each internal iliac artery and travels through the broad ligament to the uterus, leads to arcuate arteries

Female Sexual Response Resolution

Uterus drops forward to resting position areolae and nipples undergo rapid detumescence Postorgasmic outbreak of perspiration Women do not have refractory period

What has no glands

Vagina

External genitalia are collectively called

Vulva or pudendum

Cortex of the ovary

Where germ cells develop

Egg or ovum

any stage from the primary oocyte to the time of fertilization

fetus

beginning of week 9 to birth

If pregnancy does not occur, the corpus luteum

begins process of involution (shrinkage) and corpus albicans forms

External genitalia

clitoris, labia minora, and labia majora

Ovulation

Rupture of the mature follicle and the release of the egg and its surround cells form the ovary

Hormones of Pregnancy Progesterone

Secreted by placenta and corpus luteum. Suppresses secretion of FSH and LH preventing follicular development during pregnancy

In childhood the vaginal epithelium is

Simple Cuboidal

Vestibule

Space between the two labia minor and the location of the urethral and vaginal openings

Estradiol

Stimulates vaginal metaplasia stimulate growth of ovaries stimulates growth hormone secretion (increase in height and widening of the pelvis) Deposition of fat in mons pubis, labia majora, hips, thighs, buttocks, breasts

The vaginal epithelium changes into

Stratified squamous epithelium due to the estrogen level increasing during puberty

Functional Layer (stratum functionalis)

Superficial half of the endometrium, shed each menstrual period

Internal Os

Superior opening of the cervical canal

Attaches ovaries to pelvic wall

Suspensory Ligament

What harbors fetus, provides a source of nutrition, and expels the fetus at the end of tis development

The Uterus

If pregnancy does not occur

The corpus luteum will involute and form the corpus albicans

Folliculogenesis

The development of the follicles

FSH stimulates

developing ovarian follicles

term

duration of pregnancy

Prolactin

from anterior pituitary promotes milk synthesis (milk production) PRL inhibited whn not pregnatn Synthesis of hormone begins 5 weeks into pregnancy, by fill term it is 10 to 20 times normal level At birth, prolactin secretion drops to nonpregnancy levels

Blastocytes

hollow ball the first 2 weeks

HCG

human chorionic gonadotropin are secreted by blastocyst and placenta and stimulates growth of corpus luteum. It is the hormone detected by home pregnancy rest kits

Gestation (pregnancy)

lasts an average of 266 days

Most of the time, breasts contains very

little mammary gland

Climacteric

midlife change in hormone secretion

Primary oocytes

most degenerate remain "stuck" in early meiosis I until puberty (2 million at birth, 200000 by puberty, typical women will ovulate probably around 480 times)

Cervical canal

narrow passageway through the cervix

The corpus luteum produces

progesterone

Lactation

synthesis and ejection of milk from the mammary glands

Labia minora

thin hairless folds medial to labia mojora

Atrophies

when a woman ceases to nurse

HRT

Hormone replacement therapy- low doses of estrogen and progesterone to relive some of these symptoms

Primoridal follicles are mostly concentrated where?

In the cortex of the ovary

Hormones of Pregnancy Estrogen

Increases 30x normal by the end gestation Corpus luteum is source for first 12 weeks until placenta takes over from week 7 to 17 Cause tissue growth in the fetus and mother (breasts, uterus, pelvis)

External Os

Inferior opening of the cervical canal

What are two parts of the broad ligament

-Mesosalpinx- above mesovarium - Mesometrium- below the mesovarium

The Ovarian Cycle Follicular phase

Beginning of menstration until ovulation (day 1 to day 14) FSH stimulates the growth of the follicles Follicles produce estradiol

Puberty

Begins at age 8-10 for most girls in US triggered by rising levels of GnRH