Chapter 29: Kingdom Fungi
What type of cells are fungi?
Eukaryotes
fungi as decomposers
-absorb nutrients from organic waste -relase H2O, CO2, and mineral components
fungal diseases in plants
-dutch elm disease -chesnut blight -smuts and rust
fungal diseases in humans
-ringworm -athletes foot -yeast infections
What is the optimum pH for most species?
5.6, some tolerate 2-9
Hyphae
The branching, threadlike tubes that make up the bodies of multicellular fungi, some are coenocytic, some divide by septa, & forms the mycellium
coenocytes
an elongated multinucleated giant cell
Where are fungi found?
anywhere organic material is available, concentrated salt and sugar solutions
4 main phyla of fungi
chytridiomycota, zygomycota, ascomycota, basidiomycota Fungi not fit for these phyla are classified as glomermycota
Microsporidia
classified as zygomycetes, are opportunistic pathogens that penetrate and infect animal cells with their long threadlike polar tubes
septa
cross walls that divide hyphae into individual cells
mychorrhizal fungi
decompose organic material in soil, benefit plants by increasing their absorptive surface area
fungi
eukaryotic heterotrophs that secrete digestive enzymes onto their food source and then absorb the predigested food, characterized by their cell walls that contain chitin
Phylum Zygomycetes
form a haploid thallus that produces both asexual and sexual zygospores. Have hyphae that are coenocytic. septa form to separate the hyphae from reproductive structures
karyogamy
fusion of nuclei
Glomeromycetes group
have coenocytic hyphae, reproduce asexually with large, multinucleates spores called blastospores symbionts that form intracellular associations called mycorrhizae with the root of plants
Mold vegetative body plan consists of mostly
hyphae
Germination of spore step one
hyphae emerges
Opisthokonts
include animals, fungi, and several groups of protists
Phylum Ascomycetes
include most yeasts, powdery mildews, most of the blue-green, pink, and brown molds, cup fugi and edible morels and truffles. Referred to as sac fungi because their sexual spores are produced in microscopic sacs called asci. fruiting body callled ascocarp hyphae usually have septa but cytoplasm is continuous from one cell compartment to another.
Phylum Basidiomycetes
include mushrooms, puffballs, and bracket fungi. Called club fugi due to club shaped basidia which is produced in gills. each basidium is an enlarged hyphal cell that undergoes meiosis to form 4 basidiospores.
Mycelium
mass of hyphae
2 main types of fungi
molds and yeasts
Phylum chytridiomycota
most primitive, previously classified as protists. Only fungi to produce flagellate cells at some stage in their life cycle. Reproduce both sexually and asexually. Parasites and decomposers that caused 200+ species of amphibians to go extinct
reproduction of fungi
most use spores usually produced on specialized aerial hypae that can form fruiting bodys
Germination of spore step three
mycellium degrades complex organic compounds to small organic molecules
Germination of spore step two
mycellium infiltrates growth medium
plasmogamy
process when fungi of two different mating types meet and their hyphae fuse
spores
produces by aerial hyphae that germinate when they land in a suitable spot
lichen
symbiotic association between a phototroph and a fungus, reproduce mainly asexually photo: green algae fungus: ascomycete or basidiomycete
yeasts
unicellular with a round or oval shape, widley distributed in soil, leaves, fruit and cured meats, on/in our bodies, and important to humans
Yeasts are __ fungi, and molds are __ fungi
unicellular, filamentous