Psychology 2314 Test 1
Gamete
Half of chromosomes in cell/genetic material
122yr old French Woman
How old is the oldest person on record?
Transient Exuberance
Huge increase in the number of dendrites in your first 2 years of life
Chromosomes
Structure that contains sequence of genes
Macrosystem
The basic institutions and ideologies that influence the child
Ecology
The branch of biology that deals with the relationships between living organisms and their environment
Extinction
The cessation of a response that is performed in the absence of reinforcement
Genes
Units that contain info/instuctions
Head Sparing
protection of the brain when malnutrition temporarily affects growth. (brain takes nutrients before other body parts)
Myelin Sheath
protects, insulates, and speeds conduction
Tabula Rasa View (Nurture)
(17th century) Children born as "blank slates" and acquire characteristics through experience. (John Locke)
Innate Goodness View
(18th century) Children are born inherently good (Rousseau) Little parental involvement-leads to suicide/drug abuse
Original Sin View (Nature)
(Middle Ages) Children were born into the world bad and evil and treated as adults.
Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory
1. Unconscious 2. Sex/Aggression 3. Early Childhood Experiences
Adolescence
11 to 18/22
Early Adulthood
18/22 to 40
ID
1st Structure to Personality Present at Birth-No logic, morals, or values. (Highly impulsive, selfish) Pleasure principle-Need for immediate satisfaction
Early Childhood
2 to 6
Ego
2nd Structure to Personality Age 2-3 Rational planning part of personality Ex.) Lookout/ Make sure you don't get in trouble. Reality principle-delay gratification or not get at all
Superego
3rd Structure to Personality Age 5-6 Judges behavior as right or wrong and can make you fell guilty for what you've done (Morals) Perfection principle-the drive to be perfect
Middle Adulthood
40 to 65
Middle and Late Childhood
6 to 11
Late Adulthood
65+
Prenatal
9-10 months-Conception to birth
Social cognitive theory
A cognitively oriented learning theory that emphasizes observational learning
Positive Reinforcer
A reinforcer that, when applied, increases the frequency of a response
Negative Reinforcer
A reinforcer that, when removed, increases the frequency of a response
Theory
A set of principles that explains events
Operant Conditioning
A simple form of learning in which an organism learns to engage in behavior that is reinforced
Classical Conditioning
A simple form of learning in which one stimulus comes to bring forth the response usually brought forth by a second stimulus by being paired repeatedly with the second stimulus.
Hypothesis
A statement that allows you to test a theory (A prediction)
Fixed action pattern (FAP)
A stereotyped pattern of behavior that is evoked by a "releasing stimulus"; an instinct
Exosystem
Community institutions and settings that indirectly influence the child, such as the school board and the parents' workplaces
DNA
Complex molecule that contains genetic information
Scheme
An action pattern or mental structure that is involved in the acquisition and organization of knowledge
Apgar Scale
Assess the health of newborns at 1 and 5 mins after birth. -Infants Heart Rate -Respiratory Effort -Muscle Tone -Body Color -Reflex Irritability
Men-76 Women-81
Average Life Expectancy for Men and Women?
Processes in Development
Biological Processes Cognitive Processes Socioemotional Processes
Infancy
Birth to 2
Preterm
Born 3wks or more before the pregnancy has reached full term
Yes
Can infants see color?
Displacement
Ego Defense Mechanism Redirect emotions to a safe substitute. Ex.) Boss yells at you, then you take your anger out on spouse/parents.
Repression
Ego Defense Mechanism Unconscious forgetting Ex.) Blocking an event from your memory (Rape)
Projection
Ego Defense Mechanism We transfer our unwanted feelings on to someone else or something else. Ex.) Pot calling the kettle Black Thief at work is the first to blame someone else
Ego Defense Mechanisms
Ego distorts reality to reduce anxiety
XX
Female sex chromosome
1lb
Infant's brain weighs about 25% of an adult brain. Which is?
True
Infants have and excellent sense of smell? True or False
True
Infants have good taste buds? True or False
True
Infants have sensitive ears and deep voices upset them? True or False
4 months
Infants sleep patterns become more close to adult patterns by what age?
Fine Motor Skills
Intricate, comes later over time
Gross Motor Skills
Large muscles
SIDS Risk Factors
Low Birth Weight Infants Poor Apgar Scale Premature Births Lower SES (income) Multiple Births Second Hand Cigarette Smoke Siblings died of SIDS Exposed to Teratogens Sleep Apnea Hyperthermia (too hot) Lying on Stomach Hypothalamus Issues African American & Eskimo Infants
Benefits to Breastfeeding
Lower Incidence of SIDS Denser Bones Improved Visual Acuity Reduced Childhood Cancer Appropriate Weight Gain Fewer Allergies Reduced Breast Cancer in Mothers Lower Risk of Childhood Obesity Prevention of Diarrhea and Respiratory Infections
Xy
Males sex chromosome
Sex-linked characteristics
Males show more recessive traits
46 chromosomes
One single cell contains how many chromosomes?
Life Expectancy
Number of years a person is expected to live on average when born in a particular year
Medicated Childbirth
Relieves pain typically through an epidural
Equilibration
The creation of an equilibrium, or balance, between assimilation and accommodation.
Microsystem
The immediate settings with which the child interacts, such as the home, the school, and peers.
Assimilation
The incorporation of new events or knowledge into existing schemes. (Learning brand new information)
Adaptation
The interaction between the organism and the environment, consisting of assimilation and accommodation
Mesosystem
The interlocking settings that influence the child, such as the interaction of the school and the larger community
Accommodation
The modification of existing schemes to permit the incorporation of new events or knowledge (changing/adjusting knowledge)
Plasticity
The potential for change
Reinforcement
The process of providing stimuli following responses that increase the frequency of the responses
Lifespan Development
The scientific study of constancy and change throughout the lifespan.
Cognitive-developmental theory
The stage theory that holds that the child's abilities to mentally represent the world and solve problems unfold as a result of the interaction of experience and the maturation of neurological structures
Ethology
The study of behaviors that are specific to a species
Ecological systems theory
The view that explains child development in terms of the reciprocal influences between children and environmental settings
Evolutionary Psychology
The ways in which humans' historical adaptations to the environment influence behavior and mental processes
8 months
What age can infants see depth?
3 1/2 to 4lbs
What does an adult brain weigh?
20 in
What is the average length of a newborn infant?
7 1/2 lbs
What is the average weight of a newborn infant?
70%
What percentage of American Mothers are breastfeeding?
80%
What percentage of people are happy in all age ranges?
20%
What percentage of people are unhappy in all stages of development?
19.2 lbs
What was the largest recorded weight of a newborn infant?
Infant stage
When do we get more REM sleep than any other time of life?
Temporal Lobe
Which lobe of the brain do you use for auditory (hearing)?
Frontal Lobe
Which lobe of the brain do you use for language, motor cortex, and executive functions; such as logic, reasoning, and problem solving?
Parietal Lobe
Which lobe of the brain do you use for sensory cortex, and math?
Occipital Lobe
Which lobe of the brain do you use for vision?
23rd pair
Which number of the chromosomes is the sex chromosome?
Ego
Which of the 3 structures to personality does Freud say should have the most energy?
Moro Reflex
Which reflex is an infant using when the back arches and legs and arms are flung out and then brought toward chest?
Grasping Reflex
Which reflex is an infant using when their four fingers are holding on to something?
Ferdinand Lamaze
Who invented the Lamaze breathing technique for pregnant mothers?
Cesarean Delivery
baby is removed through incision in mother's abdomen. used for breech or other difficult baby positions used in nearly 1 in 4 US births Benefits and Risks are debated
Low Birth Weight
born after regular period of gestation but weighs less than 5 1/2 lbs. Usually due to drug use
Dendrites
picks up information (branch-like)
Axon
sends information away from the neuron
Prepared childbirth
similar to natural childbirth w/ special breathing technique and detailed anatomy and physiology course
Kangaroo Care
skin to skin contact that helps to stabilize heartbeat, temperature, and breathing
Postpartum Depression
symptoms of major depression after childbirth
Natural Childbirth
uses education about childbirth and relaxation techniques
Infant's Vision
worst of the senses but gets better at 8 months.