Chapter 3

2.Identify the 2 components of the peptidoglycan in the cell wall of bacteria and how they are organized to form a layer.

N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetylglucosamine are cross linked via their tetra peptide chains

12. Identify function of cilia. State if they are found in prokaryotes and/or eukaryotes.

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12. Identify function of fimbria. State if they are found in prokaryotes and/or eukaryotes.

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Classify the following microbial activities as being harmful or beneficial:bioremediation emerging diseases,nitrogen fixation, food spoilage,genetic engineering, use as model organisms, oxygen production, chronic diseases foodproduction,production/decomposition of cellulose

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4. Define an endospore and identify the component of a spore coat which makes endospores resistance to the environment

A type of dormant cell

1.State the purpose of the cell wall.

Gives the cell its shape and protects it from lysis

3.Contrast the cell walls of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria with respect to the thickness of the peptidoglycan layer, and the presence of cell membrane and outer membrane. Given a diagram, be able to identify the components of Gram positive and Gram negative cells walls.

Gram positive has a thick peptidoglycan has a thick layer that contains teichoic acids and lipoteichoic acids Gram negative bacteria has a thin layer of peptidoglycan surrounded by an outer membrane(Lipopolysaccharides)

9. Identify what will happen if a Gram + cell is placed in a hypotonic solution & also a hypertonic solution. Repeat for a Gram - prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell.

Hypotonic- water will flow inside of the cell membrane forced against cell wall (expand) Hypertonic-water will flow outside of the cell membrane pull away from the cell wall(shrink)

8. Identify if prokaryotes and eukaryotes possess each of the following cellular components: a.nucleus b.cell wall c.cell membrane d.organelles

Prokaryotes: cell membrane, cell wall Eukaryotes: Nucleus, cell wall & organelles?

12. Identify function of flagella. State if they are found in prokaryotes and/or eukaryotes.

Propel bacteria;help bacteria in their motility ; found in both

2a. Define the terms: tetrapeptides, peptide interbridge, and techoic acids and state if they are in Gram positive and/or Gram negative cells walls.

Tetra peptides- used to cross link NAM/NAG chains and provide strength to the cell Peptide interbridge-composed of amino acids; only in gram + Teichoic acids: provides rigidity to the cell by attracting cations and roll in cell division and cell wall construction; only present in gram +