Chapter 3

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Tensor Fascia Latae (TFL)

AISI & inserts on lateral tibia below knee Developed by Sprinters from explosive hip flexion action,

Erector spinae

Acting bilaterally& concentrically, Iliocostalis, longissimus, & spinalis Trunk extension & hyperextension Eccentrically control flexion of spine from standing position, Stimulated unilaterally , Lateral flexion same side, Normal standing posture, Level of activity in these muscles is quite low Exercises: Effective for strengthening muscle group include prone trunk hyperextension life Kneeling position, Lifting, opposite arm & leg Latter exercise = stabilizers to spine to maintain neutral position Stretch & mobilize: All-flies position w/ hands directly beneath shoulders & knees Beneath hips & arch back like a cat Transition to camel position Posterior pelvic tilt position flattens anterior (lordotic) curve in lumbar region of spine Ere ctor spinae in stretched position

Gravity

Acts on body in straight line through COG toward center of earth Line of Gravitational pull = Line of Gravity Maintaining Balance = Without Moving, Person's line of Gravity fall within base of support, Area beneath body encompasses continuous line connects all points

Internal rotators of hip

Adductor longus & Brevis muscles, Gluteus medius & minimus, Pectinus, Tensor fasciae latae Improves dramatically strength is tested in flexed-hip versus an extended-hip position, Increasing maximum internal rotation torque by 50%

Co-Contraction

Agonist & antagonist contract together to stabilize joint

Fibers of middle deltoid

Aligned perfectly w/ frontal plane, Muscle is prime mover in concentric abduction of shoulder joint Downward phase of a seated shoulder press, Eccentrically control lowering of weight via addiction

Different fibers of trapezius

Alternately activated & relaxed to cause scapular rotation ; Arms are lifted in front (G/H flexion) or out to side (G/H abduction) , Shoulder blades rotate upward & away from spine Critical Anatomical motion, Upward rotation, Upper & middle trapezius, Rhomboids, Sartorius Anterior pulling on different aspects of scapula Concentric action of lower trapezius , Together w/ eccentric activity in rhomboids & Levator scapulae, Return shoulder blades to original (anatomical) position

Abdominal muscles

Anterior & lateral surfaces of trunk flex , Laterally flex & rotate trunk Trunk flex: Sagittal Plane, Right& left lateral flexion in frontal plane, Left & right trunk rotation in transverse plane Muscle group composed of: Rectus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique, Transverse abdominis

Anatomical Paradigm

Anterior fibers of Gluteus medius attach medially to hip joint axis for rotation, Internal rotation acting concentrically

Subscapularis

Anterior undersurface of scapula, Not easily palpated Attaches to anterior aspect of joint . Anterior & medial, Internal rotator of humerus Used in isolation, Inflamed if movements involve abduction, Flexion, & rotation Prevention : Shoulders neutral or external rotation any time arms are abducted/flexed

Muscles produce addiction & internal rotation

Anterior, Inferior & medial to hip joint

Newton's Law of Reaction

Applied force accompanied by = & opposite reaction force Bearing on ground- Reaction forces (impact forces) body Absorb during step training, plyometrics, & jogging

Synergist muscles

Assist agonist in desired action Joint stabilizers or neutralize rotation or be activated , External resistance increases Agonist becomes fatigued

Posterior deltoid

Back side of G/H joint Antagonist to anterior deltoid Exact opposite functions as anterior deltoid; Extends, Externally rotated Horizontally extends arm at shoulder Strengthen: Posterior deltoid, Staggered stance position w/ neutral spine

Posture

Biochemical alignment of individual body parts Orientation of body to environment

Newton's Law of Inertia

Body at rest stay at rest Body in motion stay in motion / Unless acted upon external force

Levers

Body segments as a system rotating around joints Rigid bar w/ fixed point around , Rotating when external force is applied Fixed point = Fulcrum

Maintenance of balance

Body's COG COG : Body's mass distributed evenly in all planes Most Individuals: Anterior to & in line w/ second sacral vertebrae, Changes from person to person

Gastrocnemius

Bothl knee & ankle; Soleus works at ankle joint

Stability limits

Boundaries of area of space Body maintain position w/o changing base of support

Serratus anterior

Broad knife-edged muscle inserts underside of entire length of medial border of scapula Front parts of first through ninth ribs Abducts scapula Synergist w/ upper trapezius to upward rotation of scapula Hold medial border of scapula firmly against rib cage, Preventing "winging" of scapula posteriorly away from thorax Concentric action , Forward motion of arm, Overhead throwing motion Strengthening : Supine position w/ shoulder flexed to 90 degrees Elbow extended, Pushing dumbbell/medicine ball in hand toward ceiling in "punching" motion w/o bending elbow Shoulder blade lift off floor slightly

Track an object's motion

COG must be identified Rigid object of uniform density, Like baseball, Point at geometric center Location ever-changing human body is difficult to find Body's COG is point mass is to concentrate & Balanced on either side in all planes Gravity = enacting constant downward pull through this point Avg. person, Point located at level of second sacral vertebrae Changes from person to person, depending on build. Changed person's position in space Depends on whether he or she is supporting external weight

Force

Cause motion Push or Pull experts by one object Substance on another External to Body such as Gravity, water, air or people

Motion

Change in objects position relation to another object Choose reference point determine whether object is moving or at rest

Middle Trapezius

Commonly weak or fatigued in individuals Rounded shoulders (kyphotic) standing or sitting posture Does not need to be stretched , Strengthened in "antigravity" position; Muscle used to lift some resistance against gravity Addicting scapulae standing position doesn't overload middle trapezius , No resistance to overcome

Concentric and Eccentric

Concentric: Muscle acts as motive force, Shortens as create muscle tension Eccentric: Muscle acts as resisted force, Lengthens as creates muscle tension

Anterior tibialis, Extensor digitorum longus, & Extensor hallicus longus

Concentrically , Muscles produce dorsiflexion of ankle Work together during locomotor activities, Walking & running, Eccentrically lower foot to ground w/ control W/o vital eccentric action of dorsiflexor muscles as dynamic shock absorbers, Foot slap ground w/ each stride or impact

G/H joint & Scapulothoracic

Coordinated flexion & extension in sagittal plane Abduction & addiction in frontal plane Called Scapulohumeral rhythm , Range of motion for flexion/extension& abduction/adduction, 2 degrees of humeral motion for every 1 degree of scapulae motion 180 degrees of flexion or abduction , 120 degrees of motion occurs at G/H joint 60 degrees of motion of movement of scapula on thorax

During voluntary & involuntary multiplanar loading & movement

Core action optimized force production Transfer through trunk to extremities, Enhancing control of integrated movement ; Improved ability to tolerate loading forces; Protecting spine from potential injury; Improving balance, coordination, dynamic postural strength, & control

Balance training

Crucial for older adults , Find balance capabilities declining w/ age Overhead presses, Older adults, age-associated declines in upper-body strength often make simplest tasks,

Flat back posture

Decrease in normal inward curve of lower back w/ Pelvis in posterior tilt

Core Anatomy

Deep layer : Span single vertebrae Too small to offer stabilization of entire spine Offer segmental stabilization of each vertebra, End ranges of motion , Sensory nerve endings feedback info brain relating to spinal position Middle Layer : Forms box spanning several vertebrae, Diaphragm to pelvic floor, Muscles & fascia enclosing back, front & sides Box allows spine & sacroiliac joint stiffen in anticipation of loading & movement Outer Layer : Big Powerful muscles span vertebrae Gross movement of trunk

Internal oblique muscles

Deep to external obliques, Fibers run diagonally downward Posterior, into back pockets of pair of pants Function: Flexion, Lateral flexion, Rotation of trunk on same side Exercises: Supine pelvic tilts, Reverse abdominal curls, Oblique reverse abdominal curls, Oblique reverse abdominal curls, Side-lying torso raise

Transverse abdominis

Deepest layer of abdominal wall, No voluntary motor function Anatomical contributions compress viscera & support spine Transverse abdominis together w/ multifidi muscles of spine , Core stability

Position of pelvis

Determination of forces applied at lumbar spine. Lumbar spine aligned regard to pelvis, Pelvis balanced relations to legs, Forces applied to low back reduced

Joint motion

Doesn't reveal muscle causing motion

Anterior deltoid

Easily palpated in front of shoulder , Attaching to lateral one-third of clavicle Crosses shoulder joint Anteriorly, flexes, internally rotates, & horizontally flexes arm at shoulder

Muscular balance involves

Equal strength & flexibility on right & left sides of body Proportional strength ratios in opposing muscle groups ; Not equal Balance in flexibility , Normal ranges of motion achieved, Not exceeded

Temporary lordotic/kyohotic

Everyday day when people are tired Fatigued postures

Lordosis

Excessive anterior curvature of spine Low back & neck, Low back pain, Condition experienced by late-term pregnant women Individuals w/ large concentrations of abdominal fat Anterior tilting of pelvis, Placing tension on anterior longitudinal ligaments of spine Compression on posterior part of intervertebral discs Maintained over weeks and months, Back Extensor & hip flexor muscles adapt losing extensibility Shorten

Scoliosis

Excessive lateral curvature of spine More precedent among women Pelvis & shoulders appear uneven Vertebrae rotate , Posterior shift of rib cage on one side

Kyphosis

Excessive posterior curvature of spine, Thoracic region "Humpback" ; Rounded shoulders , Sunken chest, & Head forward posture w/ neck hyperextension Older adults w/ osteoporosis

Lateral hamstring & Biceps femoris

External rotator of knee

Body in Anatomical Position

Flexion & extension occur in saggital plane, Abduction & adduction occur in frontal plane, Internal & external rotation occur in transversal plane

Newton's Law of Acceleration

Force (F) acting on a body in given direction = Body's Mass (M) x Body's Acceleration (A) in direction (F=ma) Moving body's momentum (M), Body.'a linear momentum = Mass (M) x Velocity (V) (M=mv)

Torque

Force acts on a lever at some distance from axis of rotation , Turning effect Magnitude : Found by multiplying amount of force by length of lever arm F x Fa is torque of motive force R x Ra is torque of resistance Rotation occurs in direction of greater torque

Actual Skeleton

Forms "core" of body , Origin or insertion site for 30 muscles in abdomen, low back, pelvis, & hips Biochemically , Muscles attach to axial skeleton work to transfer forces to Upper & lower extremities

Stretch iliopsoas

Forward lungs position , Front knee flexed & back leg straight Foot flat on floor

Gluteus Maximus

Function : Hip Extension One-Third of fibers of gluteus Maximus cross hip superior to functional axis of joint Two-Third of muscle fibers cross inferior to joint axis, Fibers ideal for abduction & adduction Concentric activation of fibers of Gluteus Maximus Superior To joint axis will produce abduction, Inferior fibers cause abduction

Biochemical concept

Function training involves proposition, Body's joints make up a kinetic chain Joint represents a link Open or Closed chain movements Closed Chain: End of chain Farthest from body fixed, Squat where feet are fixed on ground Rest of leg chain Emphasize compression joints, Stabalize joints More muscles & joints Open Chain: End of chain Farthest from body is free, Seared leg extension Shearing forced at joints Neuromuscular coordination Stability at joints

Axis of Rotation

Gliding w/ in joint slightly changes, At knee & shoulder Imaginary line/point lever rotates. Intersects center of joint Perpendicular to plane of movement Frontal or coronal plane for movement occurring in sagittal plane Saggital plane (anterior-posterior) for movements in frontal plane. Longitudinal (superior-inferior) for movements in transverse plane

Optimal arc of motion

Gluteus medius hip abduction between 0 to 40 degrees of hip flexion , Mechanical efficiency as abductor diminishes beyond range

Orientation of muscle fibers

Group horizontal & coupled w/ position posterior to joint, highly efficient external rotators of hip Hip extended, Gluteus Maximus functions as external rotators

Upper extremity segments

Head & Neck Shoulder Girdle (Scapulothoracic (S/T) articulation) Shoulders , elbows, wrists, & hands

Penniform muscles

Higher force production than longitudinal muscles, Muscles in body are penniform muscles, Fibers lie diagonal to line of pull Allows greater number of fibers packaged into cross-sectional area, More fibers contribute force production Ex: Quadriceps ; significant amounts of force

Six external rotators

Hip deep to Gluteus Maximus Superior to Inferior: Piriformis, Superior Gemellus, Obturator internus, Inferior gemellus, obturator externals, quadratics femoris

Abduction exercises performed

Hip flexes more than 40 degrees, 6 small external rotators of hip are prime movers

Kinesiology

Human movement from biological & physical science perspectives

Iliopsoas

Iliacus, Psoas major, Psoas minor Iliacus : Inner surface of ilium bone of hip Inserts into lesser trochanter of femur Psoas Major & Minor : Transverse processes of five lumbar vertebrae Attach femur at lesser trochanter Psoas muscles in low back & attachment to proximal femur , Poor mechanical efficiency recruited to raise or lower mass of straight leg

Prime movers for hip flexion

Iliopsoas, Rectus femoris, Sartorius, Tensor fasciae latae Synergistically cause hip flexion, Straight -leg raise or knee lift Eccentrically control hip extension , Downward phase of a straight-leg raise or knee lift

Knee joint rotation

In flexes-joint positions Screw-home mechanism increases knee joint stability locking femur on tibia Knee fully extended

Gastrocnemius & soleus

Inflexible, Individuals wear high-heeled shoes Stretching Gastr: Hip & knee extended Ankle dorsiflexed position while heels remained on ground Stretching soleus: Similar position assumes, Knee is flexed 20 degrees isolate soleus

Contraction

Inner Unit produces "hoop Cinching a belt Primarily of transverse abdominis, Pulls on lines alba, Pulling abdominal wall inward & upward Compresses internal organs to push upward against diaphragm Downward against pelvic floor musculature Multifidi & transverse abdominis pulls on thoracolumbar fascia, Increasing lumbar extension Small increase in muscle activity of multifidi & Transverse abdominis required to create effect (5% muscles maximal voluntary contraction for daily activities & approximately 10% of maximal voluntary contraction for more vigorous activities)

Posterior fibers of Gluteus medius

Insert lateral to hip's axis for rotation , External rotation activated concentrically

Anterior Tibialis

Inserts on medial aspect of foot Combines w/ posterior tibialis foot = Prime movers for inversion of foot In front of tibia Key muscle for dorsiflexion in sagittal plane

Muscular Forces

Internal forces, Body = reference point Joint or joint axis, Reference point , Muscular forces = "external" act outside joint itself

Semimembranosus & Semintendinosus

Internal rotators of knee

Newton's Law or Motion

Interrelationship among forces , mass, & human movement - Individual joints or body

Joint mobility & Joint Stability

Joint Mobility: Range of uninhibited movement around joint/body segment Joint Stability: Ability to maintain/control joint movement or position Never be attained by compromising joint stability Attained by interaction of all components surrounding joints & neuromuscular system

Kinematics & Kinetics

Kinematics: Form, pattern, or sequence of movement w/o forces that produce motion Kinetics: Mechanics described effects of forces on body

Popliteus

Knee flexion & "unlocking" knee from extended position

Knee Extensors

Large muscle on front of thigh Quadriceps femoris is prime mover acting concentrically

Primary plantarflexors of ankle joint

Large muscles of superficial posterior tibial compartment

Trapezius

Largest & most superficial of posterior shoulder girdle muscles Base of skull & Attachments to all 19 vertebrae in cervical Thoracic regions of spine Resembling shake of a trapezoid , Muscles attached laterally of spine of scapula Lateral aspect of clavicle Fibers of upper trapezius angled upward & obliquely , Muscle fibers of middle trapezius purely horizontal in direction and pull , Fibers of lower trapezius angled obliquely downward Activated concentrically , Elevation & upward rotation of scapula Stimulation of middle trapezius pure addiction of scapula, Concentric activity of lower trapezius fibers depress & adduct scapula

Patella

Largest sesamoid bone in body Found w/ in patellar tendon Pulley increase mechanical advantage of quadriceps by 30% at some knee-joint angles

Achilles tendon

Largest tendon in body, Attached posteriorly to calcaneus

Lever Classes

Levers such as wheelbarrow, Motive forces acting farther away from axis of rotation Resistive force, smaller forces easily move large amounts of resistance Mechanical advantage utilized w/ long lever arm Relatively small amount of force needed at end of long lever arm Large force needed at end of short lever arm to lift same load Third class levers : Force (F), Between Axis (X) , Resistance (R)

Stretch external rotator muscles

Lie flat on his or her back Pull flexed knee & hip diagonally across body Adduction & internal rotation , Stretched these muscles

Longitudinal muscles

Long & Thin Parallel fibers run in same direction as length of muscle. Type of fiber arrangement allows speed of contraction Cross section of longitudinal muscle is small, Force of contraction is small. Ex: Sartorius & Rectus abdominis

Sway-back posture

Long outward curve of thoracic spine w/ decreased anterior lumbar curve Backward shift of upper trunk

Sartorius

Longest muscle in body, Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) Inserting onto medial tibia below knee Multijoint muscle: Flexes, abducts, & externally rotates hip Flexing & internally rotating knee Tensor fascia latae (TFL) Lateral to sartorius Short muscle w/ very long tendon combined w/ tendon fibers Lower fibers of gluteus Maximus to form IT band

Lumbo-pelvic-hip "core"

Lumbar vertebrae, Pelvis, hip Joints, & muscles , Tendons, ligaments, Other connective tissues Create or limit movement in any of these segments Static stabilizers & dynamic stabilizers

Low-Tech kinesiological qualitative analysis

Mastery of kinesiological principles Mirrored walls giving clients verbal cues for immediate self-correction

Neutral spine position

Mathematical balance of 12 vertebrae curves Anterior direction w/ 12 thoracic region vertebrae curved in a posterior direction

G/H joint

Most mobile joint Range of motion by components of shoulder complex Voluntary movement at G/H joint in three anatomical planes: Flexion & Extension In sagittal plane Abduction & Adduction in frontal plane, Circumduction combination of sagittal & frontal planes , Internal & External rotation Horizontal flexion Extension in transverse plane

Motive & Resistance forces

Motive: Increase in speed or change in direction Contracting muscle in weight training Resistive: Resists Motion of another external force Gravity: Resist motion of motive force Contraction of elbow flexors = upward motion of forearm, Force of gravity acting on dumbbell Arm resist upward movement Return phase of same bicep curl Opposite occurs: Motive force is gravity , Downward motion, Elbow flexor contraction in return phase resists downward motion Resistive force

Understanding Concentric & Eccentric muscle actions

Movement direction is opposite of pull gravity Muscle is working concentrically; Direction of movement is same as pull of gravity, Muscle working Eccentrically Gravity elimanted during movements occur perpendicular to pull of gravity , Parallel to floor, Muscle group acts concentrically to produce motion Resistance added through use of elastic bands or stability balls, Same principles apply in all planes of motion; Concentric muscle actions occur movement increases resistance elastic tubing Eccentric when decreases

Optimal performance

Movement requires body's muscles work together , Produces force while stabilizing joints

Isometric

Muscle tension created No change in length Resistive force in one phase of movement Motive force in other phase

Peroneus longus & Brevis

Muscles in lateral tibial compartment responsible for eversion of foot Tendons of these muscles : Curve around behind lateral malleolus & attach on foot. Secondary roles as plantarflexors at ankle = Posterior location relative to axis of motion of talocrural Active to virtually all locomotor activities to dynamic stability at subtalar joint Eccentrically prevent joint from rolling too far into inversion Overloading lateral ankle ligaments , causing sprain

Antagonist

Muscles potential to oppose action of agonist Ex: Shoulder Flexion is desired action, Shoulder flexors are agonist Shoulder extensors are antagonist

Core stability

Necessary for successful performance of most gross motor activities

Isometric action

No visible movement occurs Resistance matches muscular tension Resistance from opposing muscle group/form gravity Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) stretching techniques Balance & stabilization training

Electromyographic studies

Normal walking Low-intensity movements, Hamstrings prime movers for hip extension Higher -intensity activities, Stationary cycling, Stair climbing, Sprinting , Greater hip ranges of motion Powerful hip extension

Translatory or Linear Motion

Not tied down Moves in straight lines,

Netwon's Law of Gravity

Observing apples fall from tree

Curvilinear Motion

Path of ball thrown through air Small gliding motion w/ in joint (linear or Translatory) Combines w/ rotary motion if segment

Major anterior shoulder girdle muscles

Pectoralis minor, serratus anterior attach to front of thorax Concentric & Eccentric activity in muscles in scapulae movement on thorax; Muscles no attachment to humerus , Don't cause glenohumeral motion

Lever Arm

Perpendicular distance from axis of rotation to line of applied force Length of motive force (F) is force arm (Fa) Length of resistance (R) is resistance arm (Ra) Equilibrium = force x force arm = resistance x resistance arm (F x Fa = R x Ra)

Stretch Hamstring

Placing targeted limb in hip flexion & knee extension Standing position : Put foot of leg stretched on a step & Slowly bend forward at waist, Keeping flat back (neutral spine position) Used w/ stability ball Increase intensity: Flex knee & hip of limb not stretched

Abductors & External Rotators of hip

Posterior & lateral to hip joint = Buttocks Ex: Gluteus Medius, Gluteus minimums, Superior fibers of Gluteus Maximus Gluteus medius: Largest of hip abductor muscles, Two times larger than Gluteus minimus; TFL is smallest Superior to joint Concentrically, Hip pulled away from midline of body into abduction

Hamstrings & Gluteus Maximus

Primary hip extensors Concentrically , Muscles extend hip joint against gravity, Prone leg lift Activated eccentrically control hip flexion

Agonist

Prime mover, Muscle causes desired motion

Posterior tibialis, flexor hallicus longus, flexor digitorum longus, plantaris, peroneus longus, and peroneus Brevis

Propulsion force required for human locomotion

Origin of lumbar spine

Psoas rightness, Hypertrophy result in passive hyperextension of lumbar spine, Lordosis Tightness iliopsoas = Lack of stretching exercises Poor standing & sitting postures

Analytical Process

Quantitative or Qualitative

Relax standing & Moving from standing position

Relax standing : Little activity in quadriceps Keep knees extended, Body weight borne statically on joint surfaces of lower extremity Moving from standing position : Seated position , Quadriceps eccentrically allow knee flexion , Controlled (safe) descent of body into chair Getting up from chair : Quadriceps muscles concentrically prime movers extend knee

Four Basic Types of Motion :

Rotary Translatory Curvilinear General Plane Motion

SITS

Rotator Cuff: Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres minor, Subscapularis

Sartorius, Popliteus, Gastroscnemius, & Gracilis

Secondary Knee Flexors

Primary knee flexors (hamstrings muscle group)

Semitendinosus, semimembranous, & biceps femoris Hamstring = biarticular group of muscles Knee flexion & hip extension acting concentrically

Latissimus Dorsi & Teres Major

Similar muscle from functional perspective Over wide area in lower thoracic All of lumbar regions of spine Teres Major arises from inferior portion of scapula Concentrically producing addiction, extension, & internal rotation of G/H Joint Strengthen: Elastic resistance , Arms overhead, Addicting Extending G/H joint against resistance provided by tubing or machine Recruits abductor (deltoids) Eccentrically Lower Weights

Deltoid

Similar to trapezius , Fibers running in three different directions & three names. , Superior to G/H joint Collectively functions as primary abductor of shoulder joint

Scapulae Muscle

Stabilizers, Powerful muscles involved upper-extremity movements Anatomical movements on thorax include elevation & Depression, adduction "retraction" & abduction "protraction" , Upward & downward rotation Divided into two group based on location & function Anterior shoulder girdle muscles connect scapulae to front of trunk , Posterior shoulder girdle muscle hold scapulae to back of trunk

Shoulder joint complex upper extremities

Sternoclavicular joint, Junction of sternum & proximal clavicle; Acromioclavicular joint, Junction of acromion process of scapula w/ distal clavicle; G/H joint, Ball-socket joint composed of glenoid fossa of scapula & humeral head S/T articulation, Muscles & fascia connecting scapulae to thorax

Fatigue postures

Stress, pain, injuries, or exhaustion from daily activities Temporary LORDOSIS or KYPHOSIS Skeletal deviations become irreversible over time

Varied ADL

Strong quadriceps femoris muscles needed for lifting heavy objects, Walking, & climbing stairs

Fibers of Rectus abdominis

Superficial & run longitudinally low part of chest to pubic bone Synergistic concentric actions of right & left Rectus abdominis muscles flexion of trunk Upward phase of abdominial curl or crunch Anatomical movement: Return (downward) phase of crunch is trunk extension, Eccentric muscle actions of right & left Rectus abdominis muscles, Control slow return to mat Unilateral concentric activation: Right or left Rectus abdominis result in lateral flexion of trunk. Highly effective exercises : Posterior pelvic tilts, Supine abdominal curls, Reverse abdominal curls, Abdominal crunches

External obliques

Superficial layer of trunk muscles Originate on ribs & attach to iliac crest Aponeurosis of Rectus abdominis, Fibers run diagonally downward, & forward, into front pockets of pair of pants Right & Left sides activated independently to lateral flexion Combined w/ concentric action of opposite internal oblique, Trunk rotation to opposite side Effective exercise: Supine pelvic tilts, Abdominal curls, Hip & knees partially extended to create more resistance , Oblique abdominial curls , Side-lying torso raises & oblique reverse abdominal curls

Supraspinatus

Superior to spine of scapula Initiated abduction Prime mover through early abduction range of motion Infraspinatus, Inferior to spine of scapula Teres Minor are synergists for external rotation

Muscular balance

Symmetry of interconnected components of muscle & connective tissue All sides of cylindrical trunk, Neutral spine position occur Problem in one muscle group causes problem in opposing . One muscle group too tight (inflexible) , Pull body out of neutral positions increased stress Tendency toward imbalance on opposite side of body

Balance

Synonymously w/ equilibrium Implies movement control Maintain body's position over base of support w/ in stability limits, Statistically & dynamically

Deviations from neutral spine position

Temporary or permanent; Muscle spasm & pain following a soft-tissue injury to back, Fatigue, or muscular imbalance cause deviation

Pectoralis minor

Third, fourth, & fifth ribs Inserts on coracoid process of scapula Positive or negative effect on posture, Amount of muscular tone in scapular adductors, Middle trapezius & rhomboids Concentric activity of pectoralis minor = Abduction, Depression, Downward rotation of scapula Weak, fatigued , or injured muscle tension by Pectoralis minor tilt scapulae forward & down, Worsening rounded-shoulders posture (kyphosis)

Rotary Motion

Tied down at fixed point, Turns around fixed point Body Segments move in motion, Around joint at one end

Multidirectional reaches

Training balance & postural control during dynamic activities

What is important of temporal pattern of trunk muscle recruitment?

Transverse abdominis & multifidi muscles feedback about spinal joints position, Forewarn central nervous system impending dynamic forces Extension in extremities destabilize: Spine

Posterior shoulder girdle muscles

Trapezius , Rhomboid minor, Rhomboid major, Levator scapulae, Attached scapula back of thorax Muscles no attachment to humerus, Doesn't = in glenohumeral motion

Pectoralis major

Very late muscle makes up majority of muscle mass on anterior chest wall Divided into: Calvicular, Sternal, & Costal Clavicular portion; Anterior aspect of clavicle, Slightly superior to G/H joint Concentrically as flexor Downward-oblique angles of fibers of sternal Costal portions of pectoralis major = one functional unit Inferior location makes sternal Costal portions powerful shoulder extensors. Prime mover in G/H adduction, Internal rotation & horizontal flexion Strengthen: Pectoralis major using hand-held weights, Lie Supine on mat or on top of a step bench

Isometric action

Visible movement Resistance matches muscular tension

Rounded shoulders

Weakeness/Disuse of atrophy of muscles control scapulae movement - Rhomboids & trapezius

Linear & Rotary

Whole body, Shifting line of gravity behind base of support, Moving to reestablish new base of support beneath it Muscle exert forces to rotate & move, Reestablish equilibrium sections provide details regarding functions of primary muscles in lower extremity

Rhomboid major & minor

Work together as functional unit ; Fibers of muscles run upward Obliquely Faron spine to vertebral border of scapulae Muscles act primarily to adduct elevate scapulae Assist w/ downward rotation of scapulae Weak or over stressed , Shoulder blades tilt & pull away from thorax Unopposed tension exerted by Serratus Anterior & pectoralis minor Exercises : Bent over Rows

Rectus Femoris

1/4 of quadriceps femoris crosses hip joint Works at both knee & hip Concentric action of Rectus femoris = Hip flexion, Knee extension, Both simultaneously Effective Exercise Strengthen this muscle: Standing straight-leg raise, Overload in hip flexion & knee extension Stretch: Ilipsoas lungs stretch, Lower body so back knee bends

Spine of a fully grown healthy adult

24 removal vertebrae Three normal curves : Cervical & lumbar regions naturally convex Anteriorly & concave posteriorly, Lordotic curvature Thoracic region : Possess curve first develops in uterine from fetal position - Concave Anteriorly & convex posteriorly - kyphotic curve

Quadriceps femoris

4 different muscles on femur working together to extend knee Vastus lateralis, Vastus medialis, Vastus intermedius in proximal femur One quadriceps crosses hip joint Hip flexion acting concentrically, Function on anterior Inferior iliac spine


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