Chapter 3
Tensor Fascia Latae (TFL)
AISI & inserts on lateral tibia below knee Developed by Sprinters from explosive hip flexion action,
Erector spinae
Acting bilaterally& concentrically, Iliocostalis, longissimus, & spinalis Trunk extension & hyperextension Eccentrically control flexion of spine from standing position, Stimulated unilaterally , Lateral flexion same side, Normal standing posture, Level of activity in these muscles is quite low Exercises: Effective for strengthening muscle group include prone trunk hyperextension life Kneeling position, Lifting, opposite arm & leg Latter exercise = stabilizers to spine to maintain neutral position Stretch & mobilize: All-flies position w/ hands directly beneath shoulders & knees Beneath hips & arch back like a cat Transition to camel position Posterior pelvic tilt position flattens anterior (lordotic) curve in lumbar region of spine Ere ctor spinae in stretched position
Gravity
Acts on body in straight line through COG toward center of earth Line of Gravitational pull = Line of Gravity Maintaining Balance = Without Moving, Person's line of Gravity fall within base of support, Area beneath body encompasses continuous line connects all points
Internal rotators of hip
Adductor longus & Brevis muscles, Gluteus medius & minimus, Pectinus, Tensor fasciae latae Improves dramatically strength is tested in flexed-hip versus an extended-hip position, Increasing maximum internal rotation torque by 50%
Co-Contraction
Agonist & antagonist contract together to stabilize joint
Fibers of middle deltoid
Aligned perfectly w/ frontal plane, Muscle is prime mover in concentric abduction of shoulder joint Downward phase of a seated shoulder press, Eccentrically control lowering of weight via addiction
Different fibers of trapezius
Alternately activated & relaxed to cause scapular rotation ; Arms are lifted in front (G/H flexion) or out to side (G/H abduction) , Shoulder blades rotate upward & away from spine Critical Anatomical motion, Upward rotation, Upper & middle trapezius, Rhomboids, Sartorius Anterior pulling on different aspects of scapula Concentric action of lower trapezius , Together w/ eccentric activity in rhomboids & Levator scapulae, Return shoulder blades to original (anatomical) position
Abdominal muscles
Anterior & lateral surfaces of trunk flex , Laterally flex & rotate trunk Trunk flex: Sagittal Plane, Right& left lateral flexion in frontal plane, Left & right trunk rotation in transverse plane Muscle group composed of: Rectus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique, Transverse abdominis
Anatomical Paradigm
Anterior fibers of Gluteus medius attach medially to hip joint axis for rotation, Internal rotation acting concentrically
Subscapularis
Anterior undersurface of scapula, Not easily palpated Attaches to anterior aspect of joint . Anterior & medial, Internal rotator of humerus Used in isolation, Inflamed if movements involve abduction, Flexion, & rotation Prevention : Shoulders neutral or external rotation any time arms are abducted/flexed
Muscles produce addiction & internal rotation
Anterior, Inferior & medial to hip joint
Newton's Law of Reaction
Applied force accompanied by = & opposite reaction force Bearing on ground- Reaction forces (impact forces) body Absorb during step training, plyometrics, & jogging
Synergist muscles
Assist agonist in desired action Joint stabilizers or neutralize rotation or be activated , External resistance increases Agonist becomes fatigued
Posterior deltoid
Back side of G/H joint Antagonist to anterior deltoid Exact opposite functions as anterior deltoid; Extends, Externally rotated Horizontally extends arm at shoulder Strengthen: Posterior deltoid, Staggered stance position w/ neutral spine
Posture
Biochemical alignment of individual body parts Orientation of body to environment
Newton's Law of Inertia
Body at rest stay at rest Body in motion stay in motion / Unless acted upon external force
Levers
Body segments as a system rotating around joints Rigid bar w/ fixed point around , Rotating when external force is applied Fixed point = Fulcrum
Maintenance of balance
Body's COG COG : Body's mass distributed evenly in all planes Most Individuals: Anterior to & in line w/ second sacral vertebrae, Changes from person to person
Gastrocnemius
Bothl knee & ankle; Soleus works at ankle joint
Stability limits
Boundaries of area of space Body maintain position w/o changing base of support
Serratus anterior
Broad knife-edged muscle inserts underside of entire length of medial border of scapula Front parts of first through ninth ribs Abducts scapula Synergist w/ upper trapezius to upward rotation of scapula Hold medial border of scapula firmly against rib cage, Preventing "winging" of scapula posteriorly away from thorax Concentric action , Forward motion of arm, Overhead throwing motion Strengthening : Supine position w/ shoulder flexed to 90 degrees Elbow extended, Pushing dumbbell/medicine ball in hand toward ceiling in "punching" motion w/o bending elbow Shoulder blade lift off floor slightly
Track an object's motion
COG must be identified Rigid object of uniform density, Like baseball, Point at geometric center Location ever-changing human body is difficult to find Body's COG is point mass is to concentrate & Balanced on either side in all planes Gravity = enacting constant downward pull through this point Avg. person, Point located at level of second sacral vertebrae Changes from person to person, depending on build. Changed person's position in space Depends on whether he or she is supporting external weight
Force
Cause motion Push or Pull experts by one object Substance on another External to Body such as Gravity, water, air or people
Motion
Change in objects position relation to another object Choose reference point determine whether object is moving or at rest
Middle Trapezius
Commonly weak or fatigued in individuals Rounded shoulders (kyphotic) standing or sitting posture Does not need to be stretched , Strengthened in "antigravity" position; Muscle used to lift some resistance against gravity Addicting scapulae standing position doesn't overload middle trapezius , No resistance to overcome
Concentric and Eccentric
Concentric: Muscle acts as motive force, Shortens as create muscle tension Eccentric: Muscle acts as resisted force, Lengthens as creates muscle tension
Anterior tibialis, Extensor digitorum longus, & Extensor hallicus longus
Concentrically , Muscles produce dorsiflexion of ankle Work together during locomotor activities, Walking & running, Eccentrically lower foot to ground w/ control W/o vital eccentric action of dorsiflexor muscles as dynamic shock absorbers, Foot slap ground w/ each stride or impact
G/H joint & Scapulothoracic
Coordinated flexion & extension in sagittal plane Abduction & addiction in frontal plane Called Scapulohumeral rhythm , Range of motion for flexion/extension& abduction/adduction, 2 degrees of humeral motion for every 1 degree of scapulae motion 180 degrees of flexion or abduction , 120 degrees of motion occurs at G/H joint 60 degrees of motion of movement of scapula on thorax
During voluntary & involuntary multiplanar loading & movement
Core action optimized force production Transfer through trunk to extremities, Enhancing control of integrated movement ; Improved ability to tolerate loading forces; Protecting spine from potential injury; Improving balance, coordination, dynamic postural strength, & control
Balance training
Crucial for older adults , Find balance capabilities declining w/ age Overhead presses, Older adults, age-associated declines in upper-body strength often make simplest tasks,
Flat back posture
Decrease in normal inward curve of lower back w/ Pelvis in posterior tilt
Core Anatomy
Deep layer : Span single vertebrae Too small to offer stabilization of entire spine Offer segmental stabilization of each vertebra, End ranges of motion , Sensory nerve endings feedback info brain relating to spinal position Middle Layer : Forms box spanning several vertebrae, Diaphragm to pelvic floor, Muscles & fascia enclosing back, front & sides Box allows spine & sacroiliac joint stiffen in anticipation of loading & movement Outer Layer : Big Powerful muscles span vertebrae Gross movement of trunk
Internal oblique muscles
Deep to external obliques, Fibers run diagonally downward Posterior, into back pockets of pair of pants Function: Flexion, Lateral flexion, Rotation of trunk on same side Exercises: Supine pelvic tilts, Reverse abdominal curls, Oblique reverse abdominal curls, Oblique reverse abdominal curls, Side-lying torso raise
Transverse abdominis
Deepest layer of abdominal wall, No voluntary motor function Anatomical contributions compress viscera & support spine Transverse abdominis together w/ multifidi muscles of spine , Core stability
Position of pelvis
Determination of forces applied at lumbar spine. Lumbar spine aligned regard to pelvis, Pelvis balanced relations to legs, Forces applied to low back reduced
Joint motion
Doesn't reveal muscle causing motion
Anterior deltoid
Easily palpated in front of shoulder , Attaching to lateral one-third of clavicle Crosses shoulder joint Anteriorly, flexes, internally rotates, & horizontally flexes arm at shoulder
Muscular balance involves
Equal strength & flexibility on right & left sides of body Proportional strength ratios in opposing muscle groups ; Not equal Balance in flexibility , Normal ranges of motion achieved, Not exceeded
Temporary lordotic/kyohotic
Everyday day when people are tired Fatigued postures
Lordosis
Excessive anterior curvature of spine Low back & neck, Low back pain, Condition experienced by late-term pregnant women Individuals w/ large concentrations of abdominal fat Anterior tilting of pelvis, Placing tension on anterior longitudinal ligaments of spine Compression on posterior part of intervertebral discs Maintained over weeks and months, Back Extensor & hip flexor muscles adapt losing extensibility Shorten
Scoliosis
Excessive lateral curvature of spine More precedent among women Pelvis & shoulders appear uneven Vertebrae rotate , Posterior shift of rib cage on one side
Kyphosis
Excessive posterior curvature of spine, Thoracic region "Humpback" ; Rounded shoulders , Sunken chest, & Head forward posture w/ neck hyperextension Older adults w/ osteoporosis
Lateral hamstring & Biceps femoris
External rotator of knee
Body in Anatomical Position
Flexion & extension occur in saggital plane, Abduction & adduction occur in frontal plane, Internal & external rotation occur in transversal plane
Newton's Law of Acceleration
Force (F) acting on a body in given direction = Body's Mass (M) x Body's Acceleration (A) in direction (F=ma) Moving body's momentum (M), Body.'a linear momentum = Mass (M) x Velocity (V) (M=mv)
Torque
Force acts on a lever at some distance from axis of rotation , Turning effect Magnitude : Found by multiplying amount of force by length of lever arm F x Fa is torque of motive force R x Ra is torque of resistance Rotation occurs in direction of greater torque
Actual Skeleton
Forms "core" of body , Origin or insertion site for 30 muscles in abdomen, low back, pelvis, & hips Biochemically , Muscles attach to axial skeleton work to transfer forces to Upper & lower extremities
Stretch iliopsoas
Forward lungs position , Front knee flexed & back leg straight Foot flat on floor
Gluteus Maximus
Function : Hip Extension One-Third of fibers of gluteus Maximus cross hip superior to functional axis of joint Two-Third of muscle fibers cross inferior to joint axis, Fibers ideal for abduction & adduction Concentric activation of fibers of Gluteus Maximus Superior To joint axis will produce abduction, Inferior fibers cause abduction
Biochemical concept
Function training involves proposition, Body's joints make up a kinetic chain Joint represents a link Open or Closed chain movements Closed Chain: End of chain Farthest from body fixed, Squat where feet are fixed on ground Rest of leg chain Emphasize compression joints, Stabalize joints More muscles & joints Open Chain: End of chain Farthest from body is free, Seared leg extension Shearing forced at joints Neuromuscular coordination Stability at joints
Axis of Rotation
Gliding w/ in joint slightly changes, At knee & shoulder Imaginary line/point lever rotates. Intersects center of joint Perpendicular to plane of movement Frontal or coronal plane for movement occurring in sagittal plane Saggital plane (anterior-posterior) for movements in frontal plane. Longitudinal (superior-inferior) for movements in transverse plane
Optimal arc of motion
Gluteus medius hip abduction between 0 to 40 degrees of hip flexion , Mechanical efficiency as abductor diminishes beyond range
Orientation of muscle fibers
Group horizontal & coupled w/ position posterior to joint, highly efficient external rotators of hip Hip extended, Gluteus Maximus functions as external rotators
Upper extremity segments
Head & Neck Shoulder Girdle (Scapulothoracic (S/T) articulation) Shoulders , elbows, wrists, & hands
Penniform muscles
Higher force production than longitudinal muscles, Muscles in body are penniform muscles, Fibers lie diagonal to line of pull Allows greater number of fibers packaged into cross-sectional area, More fibers contribute force production Ex: Quadriceps ; significant amounts of force
Six external rotators
Hip deep to Gluteus Maximus Superior to Inferior: Piriformis, Superior Gemellus, Obturator internus, Inferior gemellus, obturator externals, quadratics femoris
Abduction exercises performed
Hip flexes more than 40 degrees, 6 small external rotators of hip are prime movers
Kinesiology
Human movement from biological & physical science perspectives
Iliopsoas
Iliacus, Psoas major, Psoas minor Iliacus : Inner surface of ilium bone of hip Inserts into lesser trochanter of femur Psoas Major & Minor : Transverse processes of five lumbar vertebrae Attach femur at lesser trochanter Psoas muscles in low back & attachment to proximal femur , Poor mechanical efficiency recruited to raise or lower mass of straight leg
Prime movers for hip flexion
Iliopsoas, Rectus femoris, Sartorius, Tensor fasciae latae Synergistically cause hip flexion, Straight -leg raise or knee lift Eccentrically control hip extension , Downward phase of a straight-leg raise or knee lift
Knee joint rotation
In flexes-joint positions Screw-home mechanism increases knee joint stability locking femur on tibia Knee fully extended
Gastrocnemius & soleus
Inflexible, Individuals wear high-heeled shoes Stretching Gastr: Hip & knee extended Ankle dorsiflexed position while heels remained on ground Stretching soleus: Similar position assumes, Knee is flexed 20 degrees isolate soleus
Contraction
Inner Unit produces "hoop Cinching a belt Primarily of transverse abdominis, Pulls on lines alba, Pulling abdominal wall inward & upward Compresses internal organs to push upward against diaphragm Downward against pelvic floor musculature Multifidi & transverse abdominis pulls on thoracolumbar fascia, Increasing lumbar extension Small increase in muscle activity of multifidi & Transverse abdominis required to create effect (5% muscles maximal voluntary contraction for daily activities & approximately 10% of maximal voluntary contraction for more vigorous activities)
Posterior fibers of Gluteus medius
Insert lateral to hip's axis for rotation , External rotation activated concentrically
Anterior Tibialis
Inserts on medial aspect of foot Combines w/ posterior tibialis foot = Prime movers for inversion of foot In front of tibia Key muscle for dorsiflexion in sagittal plane
Muscular Forces
Internal forces, Body = reference point Joint or joint axis, Reference point , Muscular forces = "external" act outside joint itself
Semimembranosus & Semintendinosus
Internal rotators of knee
Newton's Law or Motion
Interrelationship among forces , mass, & human movement - Individual joints or body
Joint mobility & Joint Stability
Joint Mobility: Range of uninhibited movement around joint/body segment Joint Stability: Ability to maintain/control joint movement or position Never be attained by compromising joint stability Attained by interaction of all components surrounding joints & neuromuscular system
Kinematics & Kinetics
Kinematics: Form, pattern, or sequence of movement w/o forces that produce motion Kinetics: Mechanics described effects of forces on body
Popliteus
Knee flexion & "unlocking" knee from extended position
Knee Extensors
Large muscle on front of thigh Quadriceps femoris is prime mover acting concentrically
Primary plantarflexors of ankle joint
Large muscles of superficial posterior tibial compartment
Trapezius
Largest & most superficial of posterior shoulder girdle muscles Base of skull & Attachments to all 19 vertebrae in cervical Thoracic regions of spine Resembling shake of a trapezoid , Muscles attached laterally of spine of scapula Lateral aspect of clavicle Fibers of upper trapezius angled upward & obliquely , Muscle fibers of middle trapezius purely horizontal in direction and pull , Fibers of lower trapezius angled obliquely downward Activated concentrically , Elevation & upward rotation of scapula Stimulation of middle trapezius pure addiction of scapula, Concentric activity of lower trapezius fibers depress & adduct scapula
Patella
Largest sesamoid bone in body Found w/ in patellar tendon Pulley increase mechanical advantage of quadriceps by 30% at some knee-joint angles
Achilles tendon
Largest tendon in body, Attached posteriorly to calcaneus
Lever Classes
Levers such as wheelbarrow, Motive forces acting farther away from axis of rotation Resistive force, smaller forces easily move large amounts of resistance Mechanical advantage utilized w/ long lever arm Relatively small amount of force needed at end of long lever arm Large force needed at end of short lever arm to lift same load Third class levers : Force (F), Between Axis (X) , Resistance (R)
Stretch external rotator muscles
Lie flat on his or her back Pull flexed knee & hip diagonally across body Adduction & internal rotation , Stretched these muscles
Longitudinal muscles
Long & Thin Parallel fibers run in same direction as length of muscle. Type of fiber arrangement allows speed of contraction Cross section of longitudinal muscle is small, Force of contraction is small. Ex: Sartorius & Rectus abdominis
Sway-back posture
Long outward curve of thoracic spine w/ decreased anterior lumbar curve Backward shift of upper trunk
Sartorius
Longest muscle in body, Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) Inserting onto medial tibia below knee Multijoint muscle: Flexes, abducts, & externally rotates hip Flexing & internally rotating knee Tensor fascia latae (TFL) Lateral to sartorius Short muscle w/ very long tendon combined w/ tendon fibers Lower fibers of gluteus Maximus to form IT band
Lumbo-pelvic-hip "core"
Lumbar vertebrae, Pelvis, hip Joints, & muscles , Tendons, ligaments, Other connective tissues Create or limit movement in any of these segments Static stabilizers & dynamic stabilizers
Low-Tech kinesiological qualitative analysis
Mastery of kinesiological principles Mirrored walls giving clients verbal cues for immediate self-correction
Neutral spine position
Mathematical balance of 12 vertebrae curves Anterior direction w/ 12 thoracic region vertebrae curved in a posterior direction
G/H joint
Most mobile joint Range of motion by components of shoulder complex Voluntary movement at G/H joint in three anatomical planes: Flexion & Extension In sagittal plane Abduction & Adduction in frontal plane, Circumduction combination of sagittal & frontal planes , Internal & External rotation Horizontal flexion Extension in transverse plane
Motive & Resistance forces
Motive: Increase in speed or change in direction Contracting muscle in weight training Resistive: Resists Motion of another external force Gravity: Resist motion of motive force Contraction of elbow flexors = upward motion of forearm, Force of gravity acting on dumbbell Arm resist upward movement Return phase of same bicep curl Opposite occurs: Motive force is gravity , Downward motion, Elbow flexor contraction in return phase resists downward motion Resistive force
Understanding Concentric & Eccentric muscle actions
Movement direction is opposite of pull gravity Muscle is working concentrically; Direction of movement is same as pull of gravity, Muscle working Eccentrically Gravity elimanted during movements occur perpendicular to pull of gravity , Parallel to floor, Muscle group acts concentrically to produce motion Resistance added through use of elastic bands or stability balls, Same principles apply in all planes of motion; Concentric muscle actions occur movement increases resistance elastic tubing Eccentric when decreases
Optimal performance
Movement requires body's muscles work together , Produces force while stabilizing joints
Isometric
Muscle tension created No change in length Resistive force in one phase of movement Motive force in other phase
Peroneus longus & Brevis
Muscles in lateral tibial compartment responsible for eversion of foot Tendons of these muscles : Curve around behind lateral malleolus & attach on foot. Secondary roles as plantarflexors at ankle = Posterior location relative to axis of motion of talocrural Active to virtually all locomotor activities to dynamic stability at subtalar joint Eccentrically prevent joint from rolling too far into inversion Overloading lateral ankle ligaments , causing sprain
Antagonist
Muscles potential to oppose action of agonist Ex: Shoulder Flexion is desired action, Shoulder flexors are agonist Shoulder extensors are antagonist
Core stability
Necessary for successful performance of most gross motor activities
Isometric action
No visible movement occurs Resistance matches muscular tension Resistance from opposing muscle group/form gravity Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) stretching techniques Balance & stabilization training
Electromyographic studies
Normal walking Low-intensity movements, Hamstrings prime movers for hip extension Higher -intensity activities, Stationary cycling, Stair climbing, Sprinting , Greater hip ranges of motion Powerful hip extension
Translatory or Linear Motion
Not tied down Moves in straight lines,
Netwon's Law of Gravity
Observing apples fall from tree
Curvilinear Motion
Path of ball thrown through air Small gliding motion w/ in joint (linear or Translatory) Combines w/ rotary motion if segment
Major anterior shoulder girdle muscles
Pectoralis minor, serratus anterior attach to front of thorax Concentric & Eccentric activity in muscles in scapulae movement on thorax; Muscles no attachment to humerus , Don't cause glenohumeral motion
Lever Arm
Perpendicular distance from axis of rotation to line of applied force Length of motive force (F) is force arm (Fa) Length of resistance (R) is resistance arm (Ra) Equilibrium = force x force arm = resistance x resistance arm (F x Fa = R x Ra)
Stretch Hamstring
Placing targeted limb in hip flexion & knee extension Standing position : Put foot of leg stretched on a step & Slowly bend forward at waist, Keeping flat back (neutral spine position) Used w/ stability ball Increase intensity: Flex knee & hip of limb not stretched
Abductors & External Rotators of hip
Posterior & lateral to hip joint = Buttocks Ex: Gluteus Medius, Gluteus minimums, Superior fibers of Gluteus Maximus Gluteus medius: Largest of hip abductor muscles, Two times larger than Gluteus minimus; TFL is smallest Superior to joint Concentrically, Hip pulled away from midline of body into abduction
Hamstrings & Gluteus Maximus
Primary hip extensors Concentrically , Muscles extend hip joint against gravity, Prone leg lift Activated eccentrically control hip flexion
Agonist
Prime mover, Muscle causes desired motion
Posterior tibialis, flexor hallicus longus, flexor digitorum longus, plantaris, peroneus longus, and peroneus Brevis
Propulsion force required for human locomotion
Origin of lumbar spine
Psoas rightness, Hypertrophy result in passive hyperextension of lumbar spine, Lordosis Tightness iliopsoas = Lack of stretching exercises Poor standing & sitting postures
Analytical Process
Quantitative or Qualitative
Relax standing & Moving from standing position
Relax standing : Little activity in quadriceps Keep knees extended, Body weight borne statically on joint surfaces of lower extremity Moving from standing position : Seated position , Quadriceps eccentrically allow knee flexion , Controlled (safe) descent of body into chair Getting up from chair : Quadriceps muscles concentrically prime movers extend knee
Four Basic Types of Motion :
Rotary Translatory Curvilinear General Plane Motion
SITS
Rotator Cuff: Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres minor, Subscapularis
Sartorius, Popliteus, Gastroscnemius, & Gracilis
Secondary Knee Flexors
Primary knee flexors (hamstrings muscle group)
Semitendinosus, semimembranous, & biceps femoris Hamstring = biarticular group of muscles Knee flexion & hip extension acting concentrically
Latissimus Dorsi & Teres Major
Similar muscle from functional perspective Over wide area in lower thoracic All of lumbar regions of spine Teres Major arises from inferior portion of scapula Concentrically producing addiction, extension, & internal rotation of G/H Joint Strengthen: Elastic resistance , Arms overhead, Addicting Extending G/H joint against resistance provided by tubing or machine Recruits abductor (deltoids) Eccentrically Lower Weights
Deltoid
Similar to trapezius , Fibers running in three different directions & three names. , Superior to G/H joint Collectively functions as primary abductor of shoulder joint
Scapulae Muscle
Stabilizers, Powerful muscles involved upper-extremity movements Anatomical movements on thorax include elevation & Depression, adduction "retraction" & abduction "protraction" , Upward & downward rotation Divided into two group based on location & function Anterior shoulder girdle muscles connect scapulae to front of trunk , Posterior shoulder girdle muscle hold scapulae to back of trunk
Shoulder joint complex upper extremities
Sternoclavicular joint, Junction of sternum & proximal clavicle; Acromioclavicular joint, Junction of acromion process of scapula w/ distal clavicle; G/H joint, Ball-socket joint composed of glenoid fossa of scapula & humeral head S/T articulation, Muscles & fascia connecting scapulae to thorax
Fatigue postures
Stress, pain, injuries, or exhaustion from daily activities Temporary LORDOSIS or KYPHOSIS Skeletal deviations become irreversible over time
Varied ADL
Strong quadriceps femoris muscles needed for lifting heavy objects, Walking, & climbing stairs
Fibers of Rectus abdominis
Superficial & run longitudinally low part of chest to pubic bone Synergistic concentric actions of right & left Rectus abdominis muscles flexion of trunk Upward phase of abdominial curl or crunch Anatomical movement: Return (downward) phase of crunch is trunk extension, Eccentric muscle actions of right & left Rectus abdominis muscles, Control slow return to mat Unilateral concentric activation: Right or left Rectus abdominis result in lateral flexion of trunk. Highly effective exercises : Posterior pelvic tilts, Supine abdominal curls, Reverse abdominal curls, Abdominal crunches
External obliques
Superficial layer of trunk muscles Originate on ribs & attach to iliac crest Aponeurosis of Rectus abdominis, Fibers run diagonally downward, & forward, into front pockets of pair of pants Right & Left sides activated independently to lateral flexion Combined w/ concentric action of opposite internal oblique, Trunk rotation to opposite side Effective exercise: Supine pelvic tilts, Abdominal curls, Hip & knees partially extended to create more resistance , Oblique abdominial curls , Side-lying torso raises & oblique reverse abdominal curls
Supraspinatus
Superior to spine of scapula Initiated abduction Prime mover through early abduction range of motion Infraspinatus, Inferior to spine of scapula Teres Minor are synergists for external rotation
Muscular balance
Symmetry of interconnected components of muscle & connective tissue All sides of cylindrical trunk, Neutral spine position occur Problem in one muscle group causes problem in opposing . One muscle group too tight (inflexible) , Pull body out of neutral positions increased stress Tendency toward imbalance on opposite side of body
Balance
Synonymously w/ equilibrium Implies movement control Maintain body's position over base of support w/ in stability limits, Statistically & dynamically
Deviations from neutral spine position
Temporary or permanent; Muscle spasm & pain following a soft-tissue injury to back, Fatigue, or muscular imbalance cause deviation
Pectoralis minor
Third, fourth, & fifth ribs Inserts on coracoid process of scapula Positive or negative effect on posture, Amount of muscular tone in scapular adductors, Middle trapezius & rhomboids Concentric activity of pectoralis minor = Abduction, Depression, Downward rotation of scapula Weak, fatigued , or injured muscle tension by Pectoralis minor tilt scapulae forward & down, Worsening rounded-shoulders posture (kyphosis)
Rotary Motion
Tied down at fixed point, Turns around fixed point Body Segments move in motion, Around joint at one end
Multidirectional reaches
Training balance & postural control during dynamic activities
What is important of temporal pattern of trunk muscle recruitment?
Transverse abdominis & multifidi muscles feedback about spinal joints position, Forewarn central nervous system impending dynamic forces Extension in extremities destabilize: Spine
Posterior shoulder girdle muscles
Trapezius , Rhomboid minor, Rhomboid major, Levator scapulae, Attached scapula back of thorax Muscles no attachment to humerus, Doesn't = in glenohumeral motion
Pectoralis major
Very late muscle makes up majority of muscle mass on anterior chest wall Divided into: Calvicular, Sternal, & Costal Clavicular portion; Anterior aspect of clavicle, Slightly superior to G/H joint Concentrically as flexor Downward-oblique angles of fibers of sternal Costal portions of pectoralis major = one functional unit Inferior location makes sternal Costal portions powerful shoulder extensors. Prime mover in G/H adduction, Internal rotation & horizontal flexion Strengthen: Pectoralis major using hand-held weights, Lie Supine on mat or on top of a step bench
Isometric action
Visible movement Resistance matches muscular tension
Rounded shoulders
Weakeness/Disuse of atrophy of muscles control scapulae movement - Rhomboids & trapezius
Linear & Rotary
Whole body, Shifting line of gravity behind base of support, Moving to reestablish new base of support beneath it Muscle exert forces to rotate & move, Reestablish equilibrium sections provide details regarding functions of primary muscles in lower extremity
Rhomboid major & minor
Work together as functional unit ; Fibers of muscles run upward Obliquely Faron spine to vertebral border of scapulae Muscles act primarily to adduct elevate scapulae Assist w/ downward rotation of scapulae Weak or over stressed , Shoulder blades tilt & pull away from thorax Unopposed tension exerted by Serratus Anterior & pectoralis minor Exercises : Bent over Rows
Rectus Femoris
1/4 of quadriceps femoris crosses hip joint Works at both knee & hip Concentric action of Rectus femoris = Hip flexion, Knee extension, Both simultaneously Effective Exercise Strengthen this muscle: Standing straight-leg raise, Overload in hip flexion & knee extension Stretch: Ilipsoas lungs stretch, Lower body so back knee bends
Spine of a fully grown healthy adult
24 removal vertebrae Three normal curves : Cervical & lumbar regions naturally convex Anteriorly & concave posteriorly, Lordotic curvature Thoracic region : Possess curve first develops in uterine from fetal position - Concave Anteriorly & convex posteriorly - kyphotic curve
Quadriceps femoris
4 different muscles on femur working together to extend knee Vastus lateralis, Vastus medialis, Vastus intermedius in proximal femur One quadriceps crosses hip joint Hip flexion acting concentrically, Function on anterior Inferior iliac spine