Chapter 3
Ed is a 14 year old boy living in Seattle. where is Ed likely to face most of his intellectual challenges? a. in his daily school activities b. working in his chosen career c. providing for his family d. testing his bravery
A
What scenario best describes Piaget's concept of assimilation? a. An infant who knows how to breast feed does not find it difficult to feed from a bottle. b. A grade-10 student reading a text from a different culture and trying to understand it. c. A 7-year-old seeing an airplane for the first time and knowing nothing about flight. d. A young boy from Zimbabwe coming to Canada in January and seeing snow.
A
New models of information processing have moved away from what analogy? A) Innate learning like mammals B) The mind as a computer C) Social networks as spider webs D) Never forgetting how to ride a bike
B
Jared and his dad are working on Jared's calculus homework. While Jared is quick to respond when he sees information that he learned in class, Jared's dad, Greg, uses his years of experience to figure out the answer. As compared to Greg, Jared possesses better A) multiple intelligence. B) fluid intelligence. C) absolute intelligence. D) crystallized intelligence.
B
Paul loves bikes. He is constantly in his garage fixing bikes and on the mountain trails riding them. When faced with bike problems, Paul will most likely apply A) sensorimotor reasoning. B) preoperational thought. C) concrete operational thought. D) formal operational reasoning.
D
The imaginary audience phenomenon is based on the lack of distinction between adolescents' thoughts about themselves and A) their actual IQ scores. B) how media portrays their age group. C) how they act in public. D) others' thoughts about them.
D
When Piaget shifted his interest from studying mollusks to studying human development, he was interested in? A) seeing how evolution influenced development. B) children's interactions with animals. C) tracing the impact of genetics. D) wrong answers children gave.
D
Which psychologist is credited with the development of a cultural approach to cognition? A) Howard Gardiner B) Alfred Binet C) Jean Piaget D) Lev Vygotsky
D
Asian secondary schools have an especially strong emphasis on critical thinking.
False
Critical thinking develops automatically during adolescence.
False
Cultures that do not have formal schooling have adolescents who are likely to reach formal operational thought.
False
Gains in reflective judgment are due to maturation.
False
In Elkind's study (2007) it was shown that girls had higher reported scores on personal fable and risk behavior.
False
Overproduction or exuberance occurs only during prenatal development and through the first eighteen months of life.
False
Scaffolding refers to the gap between what adolescents can accomplish alone and what they are capable of doing if guided by an adult or a more competent peer.
False
The capacity of long-term memory is limited and information is retained for specific lengths of time.
False
The relative performance on IQ tests is very unstable; therefore, people's scores vary depending on when they are tested.
False
The two processes involved in the use of schemes are assimilation and analytic thinking.
False
According to research done in the 1990s, Black children raised by White families had higher IQs than their White counterparts.
True
Adolescents have more experience and knowledge than children do, which enables them to have more effective long-term memory.
True
Rogoff's concept of guided participation refers to the teaching interaction between people as they participate in culturally-valued activity.
True
The more information you have in your long-term memory, the more you can assimilate information from the environment and the less accommodation is required.
True
Theory of mind is the ability to attribute mental states to one's self and others.
True
"I know that while I think capital punishment is wrong, Jack has a different view. I understand that Jack has reasons for why he disagrees with me," said Geoff to his wife Darlene. Geoff's statement provides an excellent example of A) mutual perspective taking. B) metacognition. C) social cognition. D) conventional analyses.
a
According to the text, Vygotsky's concept of the zone of proximal development is defined as a. the gap between what children and adolescents can accomplish alone and what they are capable of doing if guided by a more competent peer. b. the tendency to assume that accidents, diseases, and other misfortunes are more likely to happen to others than ourselves. c. the cognitive process that occurs when a scheme is changed to adapt new information or assimilate prior knowledge. d. an aspect of short-term memory that refers to where information may be influenced by heuristic thinking.
a
Anthony thinks that the sun is alive and walks across the sky every day. Assorting to Piaget's Theory, Anthony is in what stage? a. Preoperational b. Sensorimotor c. Concrete Operational d. Formal Operational
a
As automaticity decreases, what increases? A) Conscious effort B) Processing capacity C) Divided attention D) Processing speed
a
Bob and his friends have developed a new game. After school they all climb aboard a freight train, and when it crosses the river, they dive off the top of the box cars into the water. This dangerous behavior is best explained by the a. personal fable. b. imaginary audience. c. metacognition. d. satire.
a
Cam and Sue are young college students discussing capital punishment. While they disagree on their views, Sue understands the merits of Cam's position. What stage of reflective judgment would Sue be displaying? a). Relativism b). Multiple thinking c). Dualistic thinking d). Commitment
a
During the 18th and 19th centuries, girls were most likely to A) receive basic education. B) attend higher education. C) not attend school at all. D) be home schooled.
a
Hypothetical-deductive reasoning is defined as a. engaging in a systematic test of possible solutions. b. changing multiple variables to arrive at a single solution. c. monitoring one's own cognition in order to understand the issue. d. only being able to imagine realistic solutions
a
Imagine you wrote a brilliant paper that discussed the "individual differences in formal operations." Your view would be contrary to A) Jean Piaget. B) Robert Sternberg. C) Howard Gardner. D) Alfred Binet.
a
In order for scaffolding to be successful, what does the teacher need to be aware of? a. When the student becomes competent at the task he/she is performing b. How a student's innate intelligence will affect the work he/she will perform c. The effect of optimistic bias in understanding prior knowledge d. Whether a student has been exposed to dialectical thinking in his/her culture
a
Processing speed in adolescents is A) faster than in children. B) slower than in children. C) the same as in children. D) organized completely differently than in children.
a
The advantage of mnemonic devices is that they A) make remembering more effective. B) help automate processing. C) get you hooked on phonics. D) contribute to dualistic thinking.
a
The primary purpose of pragmatism is to enhance logical thinking with an awareness of a. practical constraints of real-life situations. b. academic and scholastic tasks of the majority culture. c. the development of the imaginary audience and personal fable. d. the advent of information processing as an explanation of cognition
a
What process functions to keep the brain's electrical signals on one path and increase processing speed? a. Myelination b. Synaptic processing c. fMRI d. Maturation
a
Which statement concerning reflective judgment is most accurate? Reflective judgment is the A) capacity to evaluate the logical coherence of evidence. B) ability to monitor one's own thoughts and cognition. C) foundation of crystallized and fluid intelligence. D) logical precursor to behavioral decision theory.
a
Who is the most likely to understand the metaphor "life is like a box of chocolates"? a. Wayland, a 15-year-old boy. b. Forrest, a 10-year-old boy. c. Carrie, a 12-year-old girl. d. Robyn, a 9-year-old girl.
a
are the three separate capacities in the information processing model? A) Attention, processing, and memory. B) Storing, retrieving, and attention. C) Retrieving, attention, and processing. D) Storing, attention, and retrieving.
a
According to the text, optimistic bias is defined as A) the gap between what children and adolescents can accomplish alone and what they are capable of doing if guided by a more competent peer. B) the tendency to assume that accidents, diseases, and other misfortunes are more likely to happen to others than ourselves. C) the cognitive process that occurs when a scheme is changed to adapt new information or assimilate prior knowledge. D) an aspect of short-term memory that refers to where information may be influenced by heuristic thinking.
b
Concerning the automaticity of problem solving, the biggest difference between 9-year-old Charlie and his 50-year-old father, Martin, is that A) Charlie's problem solving is more automatic. B) Martin's problem solving is more automatic. C) both are the same. D) one could not draw conclusions based on their ages.
b
Darlene and Geoff are both taking math classes at Westgate High School. Darlene is in a class where her teacher is constantly doing "hands on" projects with the class. Geoff's teacher simply lectures and assigns homework. Who is more likely to exhibit formal operational thinking? a. Geoff b. Darlene c. both d. neither
b
Imagine you are a neurological researcher looking at a PET scan of a 16 year old boy. Compared to the brain scan of an 8 year old girl, you'd most likely see A) increased frontal lobe. B) a larger cerebellum. C) decreased myelination. D) a smaller hypothalamus.
b
In order to remember his grocery list, 12-year-old Andy organizes the list into food groups (i.e., dairy, grains, junk food). Andy is using a. his fluid intelligence. b. a mnemonic device. c. his metacognition. d. adolescent egocentrism.
b
In the 19th century, some prominent scientists concluded that women were intellectually inferior because they had a. not benefited from higher education. b. smaller brains. c. less teeth. d. fewer synaptic connections.
b
Kyle knows while torching his own car for the insurance may not physically injure any one person, it does create an effect of contributing to the rising cost of car insurance. Kyle is demonstrating (a). advanced social cognitive reasoning. (b). conventional system perspective taking. (c). information processing. (d). mutual perspective taking.
b
Little Alvin is in his room playing with his chemistry set, which he is using to learn the materials in his science textbook. He is constantly making judgments and considering how his experiments are progressing. Alvin's mother knows Alvin is using A) perspective taking. B) critical thinking skills. C) short-term memory. D) mnemonic devices.
b
One of the major limitations of the information-processing approach to explaining cognitive development is A) pragmatism. B) reductionism. C) divisionism. D) anthropomorphism.
b
The best way to test the potential for formal operational reasoning in most cultures is to A) administer an IQ test and score the results. B) tailor the problem to the children's daily lives. C) give students the Piagetian pendulum problem to solve. D) provide a universal task or problem for each child to solve.
b
Who best typifies someone employing divided attention? A) Kelly, who is listening to a lecture and trying not to fall asleep B) Jay, who is listening to Eminem and studying for a math test C) Paul, who is trying to eat dinner while his little sister is playing Nintendo D) Shannon, whose computer won't boot up and she's trying to find the problem
b
You would most likely conclude young adults develop an awareness that most problems: A) have all crucial pieces of information present. B) are complex and don't have a single solution. C) have a single perspective to analyze the solution set. D) have only two sides which are completely at odds with one another.
b
Generally, American schools do a poor job of promoting A) cognition. B) rote memorization. C) critical thinking. D) socialization.
c
Helen is a young adolescent at a rave. Helen's date, John, is trying to convince Helen to try Ecstasy. All John's friends are pressuring Helen. If Helen decides to try the drug, it may be due in part to a. the fact that Helen understands the medicinal merits. b. her metacognitive development. c. the desire to be accepted by peers. d. her being at a rave instead of a party.
c
If Dr. Phil was a Piagetian psychologist, he would most likely believe what statement? A) Development is based on the accumulated experience of humankind. B) Genetics is the single driving force behind intelligence. C) Everyone attains the same cognitive stages at about the same ages. D) The culture you live in will impact your unique developmental trajectory.
c
Imagine you are a brilliant scholar writing about the limitations of information processing. Your major argument is based on the reductionist nature of the theory. You would be arguing that information processing A) compartmentalizes intelligence testing. B) fails to consider the importance of attention. C) loses sight of the interconnectedness of thought. D) does not develop a strong metaphor for cognition.
c
In contrast to emerging adults, adolescents tend to engage in a. absolute performance. b. socialized cognition. c. dualistic thinking. d. optimistic bias
c
In terms of Piaget's theory of cognitive development, what statement does NOT belong? A) Distinct stages B) Formal operations C) Continuous change D) Maturation
c
Lorraine is a 14-year-old girl who knows when she is studying she needs to monitor her comprehension. Lorraine is employing ________ skills. a. hypothetically-deductive b. sarcastic c. metacognitive d. reductionist
c
Marty is at the park with his friends. They want to build a seesaw they can use. Every time Marty chooses a board, he moves the stone fulcrum and changes the number of people on the seesaw. Marty is most likely A) using hypothetical-deductive reasoning. B) a preoperational thinker. C) a concrete operational thinker. D) going to be a construction worker when he grows up.
c
One of the limitations of Piagetian theory is the a. inability to operationalize and evaluate stages. b. need for a stage-like explanation for development. c. neglect of the cultural basis of cognitive development. d. lack of metacognition.
c
Overproduction of synaptic connections is especially concentrated in the A) cerebellum. B) occipital lobe. C) frontal lobe. D) corpus callosum.
c
Piaget proposed that the active construction of reality takes place through the use of schemes. Schemes are a. problems in thought processes. b. mental abilities that involve speed of analyzing. c. mental structures for organizing and interpreting information. d. the way we think about social institutions
c
Studies which focus on transracial adoption have shown that African American children raised by White families have a. low or lower IQs than their White siblings. b. low or lower IQs than similarly aged Latino children. c. high or higher IQs than the average IQ for Whites. d. high or higher IQs than their biological siblings.
c
The average units of information stored in short-term memory is A) 5. B) 9. C) 7. D) 16.
c
The more automatic a cognitive task is, the A) more capacity of working memory is needed. B) slower you are able to complete the assignment. C) faster you are able to complete the problem. D) more processing is needed
c
The personal fable is built upon what concept? A) Optimistic bias B) Prosocial behavior C) Imaginary audience D) Reductionism
c
The term "adolescent egocentrism" refers to an adolescents' beliefs that a. they will score high on the next IQ test. b. their own thoughts are distinct from those of everyone else. c. everyone is watching and judging them. d. they are the smartest and brightest in their class.
c
There are two types of short-term memory: one type is involved in the input and storage of new information, the other type of short-term memory is known as A) selective memory. B) retrieval memory. C) working memory. D) divided memory.
c
Tony is a 12th grade boy who is having trouble learning about anatomy. Seeing this, Tony's teacher has asked Gladys, a bright classmate of Tony's to help him understand the concepts he's having trouble with. Deciding to have Gladys help Tony learn anatomy, the teacher is helping Tony work within his: A) fluid intelligence. B) absolute performance. C) zone of proximal development. D) triarchic theory of intelligence.
c
What do information processing and the componential approach have in common? a. They are both components of crystallized intelligence. b. They were both developed by Robert Sternberg. c. They both break down the thinking process into separate parts. d. They have nothing in common.
c
What factor is considered to be the "driving force" in Piaget's theory of stage development? a. Education b. Environment c. Maturation d. Evolution
c
Which statement most accurately represents modern conceptions of formal operational thought? Adolescents and adults tend to apply formal operational thought a. to all situations they encounter. b. only with regards to scholastic or academic areas. c. to situations where they have the most experience. d. to no areas of their lives.
c
Why do most states in the United States still treat adolescents differently when they commit a crime? A) Fewer adolescents commit crimes and therefore those who do need counseling. B) Adolescents commit less serious crimes so the justice system should reflect this. C) Adolescents are not held to be as responsible for their actions as adults are. D) More adolescents lie.
c
A recent study completed by Peng and Nisbett (1999) which focused on dialectical thinking found that what culture tended to promote this type of thinking more than others? A) American B) Korean C) German D) Chinese
d
According to Perry (1999), what order are the stages of reflective judgment? A) Multiple thinking, dualistic thinking, commitment. B) Commitment, relativism, dualistic thinking. C) Relativism, commitment, multiple thinking. D) Multiple thinking, relativism, commitment.
d
According to the text, one positive benefit of Inuit children attending school has been to A) raise their intelligence. B) assimilate to the majority culture. C) gain autonomy from their parents. D) allow a greater range of opportunities.
d
According to the text, one possible explanation of why adolescents and adults differ in decision making is because mature decision making requires both A) short-term and long-term memory. B) fluid and crystallized intelligence. C) behavioral and social cognition. D) cognitive and psychological factors.
d
Elaine is talking to her friends Mike and Jeremy. As the friends discuss their first day of third grade, Mr. Kramer notices Elaine is more interested in talking about herself. This is an example of her lack of A) social cognition. B) critical thinking. C) automaticity. D) perspective taking.
d
Fifteen-year-old Donny can read his math textbooks quickly. His little sister, Marie, also reads her math books, but it takes her longer and she stumbles over some words. Donny is demonstrating greater A) abstract thinking. B) metacognition. C) hypothetical deduction. D) automaticity.
d
Mental operations performed by children in the concrete operational stage (age 7-11) are limited to what they can a. create themselves. b. think and reason. c. dream and fantasize. d. experience directly
d
Mrs. Beal's daughter, Ollie, wants to attend college. Ollie's family lives in Boston in the 1800s. Most people in Ollie's neighborhood feel that Ollie should a. attend college because women are considered intellectually superior to men. b. attend college and become a lawyer. c. not attend college because she lacks scientific superiority. d. not attend college because it would spoil her femininity
d
Mrs. Nichol is trying to explain to her son that everyone has bad hair days and it's not the end of the world. Little Jack refuses to leave the house because he knows the humiliation he will endure will go on for months. This shows an example of a. perspective taking. b. pragmatic realism. c. personal fable. d. imaginary audience.
d
Rupal and her dad are working on Rupal's English homework. While Rupal is quick to respond when she sees information that she learned in class, Rupal's dad, Genoe, uses his years of experience to figure out the answer. As compared to Rupal, Genoe possesses better A) multiple intelligence. B) fluid intelligence. C) absolute intelligence. D) crystallized intelligence.
d
Suppose you were a participant in a study on information processing. Your thought processes would be likened to the A) genetics of your parents. B) actions of a primate. C) other people in your age category. D) functions of a computer.
d
The primary purpose of metacognition is to monitor and reason about a. feeling. b. problem solving. c. others. d. thinking.
d
What does guidance refer to in Rogoff's concept of guided participation? A) The degree of assistance provided in the zone of proximal development B) What one is capable of doing if instructed by a more competent peer C) The accumulated knowledge needed by a competent peer to assist a student D) The direction offered by cultural and social values as well as social partners
d
Which item is not considered one of the eight types of intelligence proposed by Howard Gardner? A) Logical mathematical B) Interpersonal C) Bodily kinesthetic D) Crystallized
d
Which statement best characterizes the current climate in American high schools? A) Schools tend to embrace the teachings of Gardner. B) Schools tend to promote postformal reasoning. C) Schools promote critical thinking. D) Schools promote rote learning and memorization.
d
While Lynn is trying to read a book, her daughter Jennifer is listening to loud music in the same room. In order for Lynn to concentrate on her book, she needs to employ a. divided attention. b. processing capacity. c. short-term memory. d. selective attention
d
