Chapter 3

masculine-feminine dimension

a continuum of authority from heirarchical (masculine) to egalitarian (feminine).

Kluckhohn and strodtbeck's value orientation model

a model of worldview (of a culture) based upon value orientation with dimensions of: time focus, human activity, social relations, and people/nature

collectivism

a social pattern in which individuals tend to be motivated by the group's or collective's preferences, needs and rights when they come into conflict with those of the individual.

individualism

a social pattern in which individuals tend to be motivated by their own preferences, needs, and rights when they come into conflict with those of a group or collective in which the individual is a member.

guilt v shame

guilt is more common in individualistic cultures/idiocentric individuals, whereas shame is more common in collectivist cultures/allocentric individuals

people/nature relationship

how peopel relate to nature, be it subjugated to nature, in harmony with nature, or mastery over nature

countercultural individuals

idiocentric individuals living in collectivist cultures or allocentric individuals residing in individualistic culture.

social relations: individualistic orientation

individualism

idiocentrism

individualistic tendencies that reside within an individual. individualism refers to the society, whereas idiocentrism refers to an individual.

Derald wing sue's worldview model

looked at an individual's worldview based on perceived locus of control and locus of responsibility

Human activity: being

Being = an individual's being accepted just as he/she is.

human activity: being and in becoming

Being and in becoming = an individual's evolving into something different and presumably better.

human activity: doing

Doing = an individual's being valued for the activity in which they are engaged.

social relations: lineal orientation

Lineal orientation = a respect for the hierarchy within one's family.

etic perspective

an attempt to build theories of human behavior by examining commonalities across many cultures.

emic perspective

an attempt to derive meaningful concepts within one culture.

time focus

an orientation that values a particular time perspective. some cultures value the past, some value the present, some value the future. although all cultures value all three, some cultures value one of these perspectives more than do other cultures

allocentrism

collectivist tendencies that reside within an individual. collectivism refers to the society whereas allocentrism refers to the individual

face giving/giving face

extolling the virtues of another person in public

marginal man

stonequist's concept of how one feels when one is caught between two worlds (for ex. minorities who might believe that they are responsible for their position in life as per society, but also don't believe that they have any control over the outcome of their lives).

human activity

the distinction among being, being and in becoming, and doing.

social relations

the distinction among lineal, collateral, and individualistic.

locus of control

the focus of control over outcomes in one's life: either internal or external

locus of responsibility

the focus of responsibility for one's position in life: internal feelings of responsibility or external societal responsibility

imposed etics

the imposition of one culture's worldview on another culture, assuming that one's own worldviews are universal

social relations: collateral orientation

the same as collectivism