Chapter 3 and 4

It is estimated that between percent of adult white men could vote in eighteenth-century colonial British America.

50 and 80 percent

The development of rice plantations in South Carolina led the colony to become the first mainland colony with what?

A black majority

The Salem Witch Trials of 1692 had what effect on Science and Religion

The events in Salem discredited the tradition of prosecuting witches and accelerated a commitment among prominent colonists to finding scientific explanations for natural events like comets and illnesses, rather than attributing them to magic.

How did the inexpensive land in the newly formed Pennsylvania colony affect Maryland and Virginia

The freedoms Pennsylvania offered alongside the opening of Pennsylvania led to an immediate decline in the number of indentured servants choosing to sail to Maryland or Virginia .

7. What was a goal for the English in gaining New Amsterdam and New Netherland from the Dutch?

The goal was to control trade

6. Why was the New York colony known as New York?

The land was given to James, the Duke of York, to govern as he pleased, hence why it was named New York.

1. What did the Paxton Boys demand?

to remove all Indians from the colony.

What was one factor that contributed to the unrest that led to Bacons Rebellion?

A minor confrontation between Indians and colonists on Virginia's western frontier. Or poverty levels, or right to vote.

By the end of the century, what population far outnumbered the European population on most islands in the English west indies

African population

From 1700 to 1776 who was the largest group of people that came to England's mainland colonies

Africans

What was Olaudah Equiano and what did he do?

An enslaved man who bought his freedom and advocated for abolishing the slave trade

1. Who drafted the Albany Plan of Union?

Benjamin Franklin

The Atlantic slave trade led to what developing in west africa

By the eighteenth century, militarized states like Ashanti and Dahomey would arise in West Africa, with large armies using European firearms to prey on their neighbors in order to capture slaves.

What eighteenth century Indian group United dozens of Indian towns in South Carolina and Georgia.

Catawba of South Carolina and the Creek Confederacy

Who in the Pennsylvania colony was eligible to vote

Christians

Plantation slaves in South Carolina and Georgia enjoyed far more autonomy than they did in other colonies, allowing them to?

Create an African-based culture

Which group made up the bulk of Nathaniel bacons army?

Discontented men who had recently been servants

2. Both King Philip's War and Bacon's Rebellion were conflicts that started over?

Disputes over Native American territory

What type of woman would fit the description of a person most likely to have been accused of witchcraft in seventeenth-century New England

Most were women beyond childbearing age who were outspoken, economically independent, or estranged from their husbands, or who in other ways violated traditional gender norms.

Why did English immigration to the American colonies decline in the eighteenth century

English authorities stopped encouraging emigration in order to retain skilled laborers and professionals in England.

England's glorious Revolution of 1688 established what

Established parliament as the ruling power of England

1. The French and Indian War began because some American colonists felt that France was doing what?

France would not recognize the ohio companies land claims

As slavery became more commonplace in the Chesapeake, how were free blacks affected?

Free blacks lost the right to employ white servants and to bear arms, were subjected to special taxes, and could be punished for striking a white person, regardless of the cause. In 1723, Virginia revoked the voting privileges of property-owning free blacks. Free black people were also considered dangerous and undesirable

1. The most famous Great Awakening revivalist minister was?

George Whitefield

William Penn obtained the land for his Pennsylvania colony because?

He used it as a place where people could experience spiritual freedom. It was given to him because the king wanted to cancel his debt to Penn's family and granted him land.

What made Olaudah Equiano an atypical slave?

He was able to purchase his freedom

Small farmers in 1670s Virginia had to deal with what three issues that reduced their prospects

Heavy taxes on tobacco, falling prices because of overproduction.

3. According to the economic theory known as mercantilism, the government should regulate economic activity so as to promote what?

National power

9. By the end of the seventeenth century, what Native American group was most successful at using diplomacy in securing rights to use land?

Iroquois

What was one reason that African slavery replaced indentured servitude as the primary labor source in the late seventeenth century in the Chesapeake colonies

It became more economical to purchase a laborer for life

In what ways did england reduce colonial autonomy during the 1680s

It created the Dominion of New England, run by a royal appointee without benefit of an elected assembly.

1. What was the impact of King Philip's War?

It resulted in a broadening of freedom for white New Englanders by expanding their access to land.

What was the most important qualification in colonial voting laws in the eighteenth-century American colonies?

Its purpose was to ensure that men who possessed an economic stake in society and the independence of judgment that supposedly went with it determined the policies of the government. Property of qualification.

What was one of Pennsylvania's only restrictions on religious Liberty

Jews were barred from office because of a required oath affirming belief in the divinity of Jesus Christ

What is one way plantation slavery in the americas differed from slavery in previous eras of human history.

Labor on slave plantations was much more demanding than in households labor common in Africa, and the death rate among slaves was much higher

The English bill of rights of 1689 did what two things?

Listed parliamentary powers such as control over taxation as well as rights of individuals, including trial by jury.

Which colony had its charter revoked because of mismanagement, according to King William

Maryland

The German migration to the English colonies was to what geographical area? To do what type of work?

Most settled in frontier areas—rural New York, western Pennsylvania, and the southern backcountry—where they formed tightly knit farming communities in which German for many years remained the dominant language.

According to New England Puritans, witchcraft resulted from what?

Pacts that women made with the devil to obtain supernatural powers or interfere with natural processes

During the colonial era, what city became the financial, cultural, and commercial center of British North America?

Philadelphia

What revolt led Britain to issue the Proclamation of 1763

Pontiacs Rebellion

What type of individual embodied the colonial understanding of Republican virtue?

Property-owning citizens

What staple crop was key to making carolina an extremely hierarchical society.

Rice

The immigrant group that was primarily Presbyterian was?

Scotch-Irish

Describe conditions experience by those aboard ship during the middle passage

Since a slave could be sold in America for twenty to thirty times the price in Africa, men, women, and children were crammed aboard vessels as tightly as possible to maximize profits. Diseases like measles and smallpox spread rapidly, and about one slave in five perished beforepage 131 reaching the New World. Ship captains were known to throw the sick overboard in order to prevent the spread of epidemics.

What was a result of the northern colonies lack of a cash crop?

Slavery was not as integrated into the northern colonial economy as compared to the South.

Which of the following statements accurately describes slavery in the North in the eighteenth century.

Slavery was not marginal to northern colonial life. Slaves worked as farmhands, artisans, as stevedores, and as personal servants. Laws were less harsh than in the south.

Bacons rebellion contributed to the replacing of indentured servants with what group on Virginia's plantations

Slaves

Slavery developed more slowly in North America than in the English West Indies because?

Slaves cost more than indentured servants, and the high death rate among tobacco workers made it economically unappealing to pay for a lifetime of labor.

Who were yeoman farmers in the mid-eighteenth century?

Small landowners (the majority of white families in the Old South) who farmed their own land and usually did not own slaves.

1. Why did Spain find it difficult to establish effective control over New Mexico and Texas?

Small size of settler population, couldnt meet commands for more troops.

Which aspect of the Great Awakening had significant political influence?

Some emancipated their slaves, more religious diversity so people were more divided.

Describe South Carolina's Stono Rebellion

South Carolina slaves seized a store containing numerous weapons at the town of Stono. They beat drums to attract followers and and marched southward towards Florida burning houses and killing whites they encountered. There was a pitched battle with the colonies militia and the rebels were dispersed.

Once Massachusetts became a royal colony in 1691 it was required to abide by what law?

The English toleration act — to allow Protestants to worship freely.

1. What steps was/were most important to the Spanish when establishing their presence in California?

The creation of missions and presidos

William Penns effort to shape Pennsylvania into a colony governed by the principle of equality of all persons was primarily influenced by what?

The Quaker's

What was the most rapidly growing region of the colonies during the eighteenth century

The backcountry

What conclusion may be drawn when comparing slavery in the English colonies to that in Spanish colonies as far as slaves gaining their freedom.

The law of slavery in English North America would become far more repressive than in the Spanish empire, especially on the all-important question of whether avenues existed by which slaves could obtain freedom.

1. What were the results of the Great Awakening

The newspaper and pamphlet wars it inspired greatly expanded the circulation of printed material in the colonies. The revivals encouraged many colonists to trust their own views rather than those of established elites. The revivals broadened the range of religious alternatives available to Americans, thereby leaving them more divided than before

1. In the eighteenth century, what states were peripheral to the Spanish empire when compared to possessions in Central and South America and the Caribbean.

The north american colonies

In what ways did New Englanders who settled in New York impact the colony in the 1680s?

The population rose, more restrictive attitude towards black Americans, charter of liberties was drafted, women had less freedom

10. In what ways did New Englanders who settled in New York impact the colony in the 1680s?

The population rose, more restrictive attitude towards black Americans, the charter of liberties was drafted, women had less freedom.

Both Republican and liberal systems of thought felt the foundation of freedom was what?

The security of property

Describe slave resistance in the colonial Chesapeake

The slaves would runaway, and they would appear in court fighting for their Liberty.

1. Who pioneered an extremely emotional style of preaching?

Theodore Frelinghuysen. William and Gilbert Tennent. Jonathan Edwards

During the French and Indian War, how did the Quakers uphold their principles

They refused to endorse the war and resigned their colonial assembly seats

Why did Massachusetts have its charger revoked by Charles II?

They violated navigation laws

What was the significance of sugar, rice, coffee, and tobacco in the eighteenth century

They were goods produced by slaves

How did the enslaved tend to pursue pursue freedom in the American colonies in the 1700s?

They'd run away to colonies where they could pursue freedom easier, and some could "pretend to be free," as one advertisement put it.

How did bacons rebellion accelerate Virginia's shift from using indentured servants to enslaved Africans as the main labor force?

To avert the further growth of a rebellious population of landless former indentured servants

What was the significance of the Ohio Valley during the eighteenth century?

Was involved in a complex strugge for power that would lead to the seven years war

Why was slavery less prevalent in the northern colonies?

Was less central to the economies of New England and the middle colonies, where small farms predominated.

Describe slaves and their religious beliefs in the New World.

West Africans, like Europeans, Equiano wrote, believed in a single "Creator of all things," who "governs events" on earth, but otherwise their religious beliefs seemed more similar to those of Native Americans than to Christianity. North American slaves practiced traditional African religions. Many had to transition from their traditional religions to christianity

What differentiated slavery in New England and the middle colonies from slavery in the southern colonies

Whereas New England and the Middle Colonies had nonplantation-based slavery, slavery in the South focused on the tobacco- and rice-based plantation systems.

Which of the following was a key difference between republicanism and liberalism?

Whereas republican liberty had a public and social quality, liberalism was essentially individual and private.

How did people in great Britain tend to view those who had left England to live in the colonies?

a collection of convicts, religious dissidents, and impoverished servants.

In the early seventeenth century, how did the English generally view humanity.

as divided between "civilized" people such as themselves, and "savage", "pagan" people such as the Irish, Native Americans, and Africans

Republicanism in the eighteenth century Anglo-American political world emphasized the importance of as the essence of Liberty

active participation in public life by property-owning citizens.

1. What was "salutary neglect"?

allowed the American colonies considerable freedom to pursue their economic and political interests in exchange for colonial obedience.

1. What made knowledge and ideas increasingly available in eighteenth-century colonial cities?

circulating libraries

5. "Enumerated" goods were what?

colonial products permitted to be exported only to limited destinations

What were the consequences of the Seven Years' War?

created greater bonds among the colonies. helped lay the foundation for the emergence of a distinct Native American identity.

The set of political ideas that scholars referred to as republicanism held that only what type of citizens should participate in public life

economically independent citizens as the essence of liberty.

Describes the "task" system.

individual slaves were assigned daily jobs, the completion of which allowed them time for leisure or to cultivate crops of their own.

1. Which human capability did Enlightenment thinkers consider to be of the greatest importance?

insisted that every human institution, authority, and tradition be judged before the bar of reason

1. What was a consequence of the Seven Years War on native cultures?

led many Indian leaders to envision both stronger allegiance to tribal "nationhood" and pan-Indian identity more broadly.

To Quakers, Liberty was what?

liberty was a universal entitlement, not the possession of any single people

4. What did Parliament hope to accomplish through the first English Navigation Act?

promote the self-sufficiency of the British Empire by restricting colonial trade to England and decreasing dependence on foreign imported goods.

1. Which idea was shared by Deists and eighteenth-century European Enlightenment thinkers?

science could uncover laws that governed the natural order rather than God. Universe was unknowable.

1. What was the Great Awakening at least in part a response to?

the growth of Enlightenment rationalism, and lack of individual engagement in church services were undermining religious devotion. against the corporate and materialistic nature of the principal churches of American society.

1. Why was the Proclamation of 1763 difficult to enforce?

the proclamation enraged both settlers and speculators hoping to take advantage of the expulsion of the French to consolidate their claims to western lands. They ignored the new policy.

Describe eighteenth-century colonial government officeholders

throughout the eighteenth century nearly all of South Carolina's legislators were planters or wealthy merchants. Of seventy-two men who sat in the New York Assembly between 1750 and 1776, fifty-two were related to the families who owned the great Hudson River estates.

Why did the English government support the establishment of the Georgia colony?

to protect South Carolina against the Spanish and their Indian allies in Florida.

1. What was the primary purpose of the Proclamation of 1763?

to stabilize the situation on the colonial frontier and to avoid being dragged into an endless series of border conflicts. prohibiting further colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains.

Pennsylvania's treatment of Native Americans was unique in what way?

treated Indians with a consideration unique in the colonial experience, purchasing land before reselling it to colonists and offering refuge to tribes driven out of other colonies by warfare

1. What happened to colonial assemblies during the eighteenth century?

used their control of finance to exert influence over appointed governors and councils.

English and Dutch merchants created a well-organized systems for "redemptioners." What was this system for?

whereby redemptioners (as indentured families were called) received passage in exchange for a promise to work off their debt in America.