CHAPTER 3 AP HUG NO STRESS FINAL

Three largest flows of migrants

Asia to Europe Asia to North America Latin America to North America

American west

At the time of independence, the U.S. consisted of long-established settlements concentrated on the Atlantic Coast and a scattering of new settlements in the territories west of Appalachian Mountains Through mass interregional migration, the interior of the continent was settled and developed

Other countries with high net-in immigration

Australia and Canada Also in petroleum-exporting countries of Southwest Asia, which attract immigrants from primarily poorer countries in Asia to perform many of the dirty and dangerous functions in the oil fields

Counterurbanization

Net migration from urban to rural areas The rapid expansion of suburbs Lifestyle reasons Opportunity to live on a farm or work in nearby factories, shops, or services Rocky Mountain States Rural counties in Colorado, Idaho, Utah, and Wyoming have experienced net in-migration

Reason for Immigration remains the same

Rapid population growth has limited prospect for economic prospects back at home With poor conditions at home at stage 2 of demographic transition, immigrants are lured by economic opportunity in the U.S.

Gender of migrants

Ravenstein theorized that males were more likely than females to migrate long distances to other countries because searching for work was the main reason for international migration and males were much more likely than females to be employed. This held true during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, when about 55 percent was male Although, the gender pattern reversed in the 1990's and in the twenty first century woman constitute about 55 percent of US immigrants Since the 1990's, women have accounted for about half of the unauthorized immigrants from Mexico. Changing role of women in Mexican society Now woman are migrating to the United States to join husbands or brothers already in the U.S. but are also seeking jobs.

Unauthorized immigrants in the U.S.

-11.2 million unauthorized immigrants were living in the United States -Approximately 58 percent of unauthorized immigrants emigrate from Mexico -The remainder is evenly divided between Latin American countries and other regions around the world -The 11.2 million unauthorized immigrants included 1 million children -4.5 million babies who are legal residents of the U.S. -The duration of residency has been increasing for unauthorized immigrants -8 million unauthorized immigrants are employed in the U.S., accounting for around 5 percent of the total U.S. civilian labor force -Construction and hospitality jobs -California and Texas have the largest number of unauthorized immigrants

Refugee

-A refugee has been forced to migrate to another country to avoid effects of armed conflict, situations of generalized violence, violations of human rights, or other disasters and cannot return for fear of persecution because of race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion

Immigration to the American colonies and the newly independent U.S.

-About 2 million Europeans migrated to the American colonies and the newly independent U.S. prior to 1820 English colonies were established along the Atlantic Coast, Jamestown, Virginia in 1607 and Plymouth, Massachusetts in 1620 Ninety percent came from Great Britain

Most long-distance migrants are young adults and this pattern continues

-About 40 percent of immigrants are young adults between ages of 25 and 39 compared to 23 percent of the entire population -Only 5 percent are over the age of 65, compared to 12 percent of entire U.S. population -Children under 15 compromise 16 percent of immigration compared to 21 percent of the total U.S. population -Recent immigrants have attended school for fewer years and are less likely to have high school diplomas. The Mexican immigrant attended school for 4 years, one year more than average Mexican

Immigration laws regarding unauthorized immigrants

-Americans would like to see more effective border patrols so that fewer unauthorized immigrants can get into the country, but they don't want to see money spent to build more fences along the border -Most Americans recognize that unauthorized immigrants take jobs that no-one else wants, so they support some type of work-related program to make them legal/path to U.S. citizenship, and they oppose raids on workplaces in attempts to round up unauthorized immigrants Civil rights: Americans favor letting law enforcement officials stop and verify the legal status of anyone they suspect of being an unauthorized immigrant Fear this could violate civil rights of U.S. citizens Local Initiatives: Polls show that most Americans believe that enforcement of unauthorized immigration is a federal government responsibility and do not support the use of local law enforcement officials to find unauthorized immigrants

More than 3/4's of recent U.S. immigrants have emigrated from two regions

-Asia: The leading sources of U.S. immigrants from Asia are China, India, Philippines, India, and Vietnam -Latin America: Nearly one half million emigrate to the U.S. annually from Latin America-more than twice as many as during entire nineteenth century

Three main eras of immigration in the U.S.

-Colonial settlement in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries -Mass European immigration in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries -Asian and Latin American immigration in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries

Major Immigration European sources

-Germany has sent largest number 7.2 million Italy 5.4 million the United Kingdom 5.3 million Ireland 4.8 million Russia and former Soviet Union 4.1 million

Ravenstein's laws help geographers make generalizations about where and how far people migrate

-Most people migrate for economic reasons -Political and environmental factors also induce migration, although not as frequently as economic factors

Those quota does not apply to

-Quota does not apply too refugees, who are admitted if they are considered genuine refugees -Also admitted without a limit are the spouses, children, and parents, of U.S. citizens

Ravenstein's laws in three groups

-The distance that migrants typically move -The reasons migrants move -The characteristics of migrants

Ravenstein's laws for distance that migrants travel to their new homes:

1. Most migrants relocate a short distance and remain within the same country 2. Long-distance migrants to other countries head for major centers of economic activity

Workers in Europe

14 highest capita countries are in northern and western Europe As a result, they attract immigrants from poorer regions in the south and the east These immigrants take low status and low skill jobs that local residents won't accept (ex. driving buses, collecting garbage, repairing streets, and washing dishes). Although relatively low by U.S. standards, migrants earn far more than they would at home. Poorer countries reduce their unemployment problems Immigrants help natives by sending large percentage of earnings back home to their families

Center shifting westward

1790: Colonial-era settlements were near the Atlantic Coast Few colonists ventured far from coastal locations because they depended on shipping links with Europe to receive products and export raw materials The Appalachian Mountains also blocked westward development because of steep slopes, thick forests, and few gaps that allowed easy passage Indians occupied large areas and sometimes resisted expansion and settlement 1800-1840: Transportation improvements, especially the building of canals, helped to open the interior Most important was the Erie Canal which enabled people to inexpensively travel from New York City to the Great Lakes Encouraged by the opportunity to obtain a large amount of land for low price, people moved into forested river valleys between the Appalachians and Mississippi River

Westward Expansion Part 2

1850-1890 Mid nineteenth pioneers kept going all the way to California Gold Rush in the late 1840's Pioneers also passed over the Great Plains because of the physical environment The region's dry climate, lack of trees, and tough grassland sod convinced early explorers that the region was unfit for farming. 1900-1940: Fill Great Plains-advances in agricultural technology enabled people to cultivate the area. Farmers used barbed wire to reduce dependence on wood fencing, the steel plow to cut thick sod, and windmills and well-drilling equipment to pump more water Expansion of railroads also encouraged settlement over the Great Plains federal government gave large land grants to railroad companies who financed construction of their lines by selling portions to farmers Transport their products in large concentrations to customers of East Coast cities 1950-2010: The population center moved westward and also southward People moved to the South for job opportunities and warmer climate

U.S. Mexico Border

3,141 kilometers long -Rural areas and small towns are guarded by only a handful of agents -Crossing the border on foot is legally possible in several places -Barrier covering about 1/4 of the barrier -U.S. Mexican International Boundary and Water Commission is responsible for keeping official maps on the basis of a series of nineteenth century treaties -Also responsible for marking the border by maintaining 276 six-foot tall iron monuments in late nineteenth century -440 fifteen inch tall markers added in the 1970's -Millions of Mexicans are trying to cross the border by any means legal or otherwise, in search of employment, family reunification, and a better way of life in the United States. Along its southern border with Guatemala, Mexico is the destination for unauthorized immigrants Along the Mexican-Guatemalan Border, the Suchiate River is sometimes only ankle deep Although a passport is needed to cross the border from Guatemala into Mexico, the Mexican government estimates that 2 million people a year do so illegally

U.S. has most immigrants

43 million in 2010, growing by 1 million annually

U.S. Immigration

75 million people migrated to the U.S. from 1820 to 2010, including 43 million who were alive in 2010

What percentage of the world are international immigrants?

9 percent

Migration

A permanent move to a new location

Sub-Saharan Africa

Africans were forced to migrate to the Western Hemisphere as slaves During eighteenth century, 400,000 Africans were shipped as slaves to the 13 colonies

Sources of European Immigrants

Agreements among European countries, especially the Schengen Treaty, give a citizen of one European country the right to hold a job, live permanently, and own property elsewhere. Largest flows within Europe: Southeastern Europe, especially Romania, as well as Bulgaria, Albania, and Serbia especially to Italy and Spain From Eastern Europe to Poland, as well as Russia and Ukraine, especially to Germany, the United Kingdom, and Ireland From Northern Europe, especially the United Kingdom and Germany, to attractive climates in Southern Europe, especially in Spain. During 20th century, the largest flows within Europe were south to north, especially from Greece, Italy, Portugal, and Spain to France and Germany.

Intervening obstacle

An environmental or political feature that hinders migration The principal obstacle traditionally faced by migrants to other countries was environmental: the long arduous and expensive passage over land or by sea. Transportation improvements that have promoted globalization have diminished the importance of environmental features as intervening obstacles. Major obstacles are political today. A migrant needs a passport to legally emigrate from a country and a visa to legally immigrate to a new country.

Between 1820 and 1920, 32 million people immigrated to the U.S. 90 percent emigrated from Europe Economic success 1840s and 1850s

Annual immigration jumped from 20,000 to more than 200,000 3/4's of all immigrants came from Germany or Ireland Desperate push factors compelled them to cross Atlantic Germans were escaping political unrest

Migration from rural to urban areas

Began in the 1800's in Europe and North America as part of the Industrial Revolution Percentage of people living in urban areas in the U.S. increased from 5 percent in 1800 to 50 percent in 1920 and 80 percent in 2010 Urbanization has diffused to developing countries in Asia, Latin America, and Africa Worldwide, more than 20 million people are estimated to migrate each year from rural to urban areas Most people who move from rural to urban areas seek economic advancement They are pushed from rural areas by declining opportunities in agriculture and pulled to the cities by prospect of work in factories or in service industries

Net migration

Difference between the number of emigrants and the number of immigrants If the net of immigrants exceeds the number of emigrants, the net migration is positive and the region has net-in migration. If the number of emigrants exceeds the number of immigrants, the net migration is negative, and the region has net-out migration.

Asia migrant workers

China: Approximately 40 million Chinese currently live in other countries, including 30 million in Southeast Asia, 5 million in North America, and 2 million in Europe. 3/4's of population in Singapore, and 1/4 in Malaysia Most migrants were from southeastern China China's booming economy is now attracting immigrants from neighboring countries, especially Vietnamese, who are willing to work in China's rapidly expanding factories. Southwest Asia: The wealthy oil producing factories of Southwest Asia have been major destinations for people from poorer countries in the region, such as Egypt and Yemen. During the late twentieth century, most immigrants arrived from South and Southeast Asia, including India, Pakistan, the Philippines, and Thailand.

Global pattern reflects migration from

Developing countries to developed countries Asia, Latin America, and Africa have net-out migration and North America, Oceania, and Europe have net-in migration Migrants from low income countries head to relatively wealthy countries were job opportunities are greater.

More difficult for non-Europeans to migrate to a European country

During the twentieth century, large numbers of Turks and and North Africans migrated to Europe. Germany's Turkish population remains the largest group of non-Europeans in Europe Hostility to immigrants has become a central plank in the platform of political parties in many European countries These parties blame immigrants for crime, unemployment, and high welfare costs. Above all, the anti-immigrant parties fear the long standing cultural traditions of the host country is threatened by immigrants who adhere to different religions, speak different languages, and practice different food and other cultural habits. The severe global recession in the twenty-first century has reduced the number of immigrants to the U.S. and Europe.

1870s

Emigration from Ireland and Germany resumed following a temperorary decline during the U.S. civil war

Emigration vs. Immigration

Emigration-Migration from a location Immigration-Migration to a location

China

Estimated 100 million people have emigrated from from rural areas in the interior of the country Headed for large urban areas along the east coast, where jobs are most plentiful, especially in factories. Restrictions from the government have been lifted in recent years

Congress has set preferences for immigrants

Family reunification: 3/4's of immigrants are admitted to reunify families, primarily spouses or unmarried children of people already living in the U.S. The typical wait for a spouse to gain entry is currently about 5 years Skilled workers: Exceptionally talented professionals receive most of the remainder of the quota Diversity: A few immigrants are admitted by lottery under a diversity category for people from countries that historically sent a few people

guest worker programs

Germany and other wealthy European countries operated these programs Immigrants from poorer countries were allowed to immigrate temporarily to obtain jobs Protected by minimum-wage laws, labor union contracts, and other support programs After a few years, guest workers were expected to return home First guest worker programs involved emigration from Southern European countries such as Italty, Portrugal, and Spain to Northern European coutries. Turkey and North Africa then became the leading source of emigrants. Today most immigrants come from Eastern Europe Many immigrants who originally arrived under the guest worker program have remained permanently. They along with children and grandchildren have become citizens.

Political factors

Forcing people to emigrate from a country Slavery was once am important political push factor

Mobility

General term that covers all types of movement from one place to another

Interregional migration

Movement from one region of a country to another Historically, main type has been from rural to urban but recently migration from urban to rural

Immigration drops sharply in 1930's to 1940's

Great Depression and World War 2

Internally displaced person

Has been forced to migrate for similar political reasons as a refugee but has not migrated across an international border

Many people migrate because

Hazards that they have faced are the measure of a strong lure to a new location and the desperate conditions in the former homelands Most people migrate for three objectives: economic opportunity, cultural freedom, and environmental comfort

Russia

Highly clustered in western European portion of the country east of the Ural Mountains is sparsely inhabited To open up the sparsely inhabited Asian portion of Russia, interregional migration was important in the former Soviet Union Encouraged factory construction near raw materials rather than pop. concentrations Soviet officials were especially eager to develop Russia's far North-rich in natural resources-fossil fuels, minerals, and forests Encompassed 45 percent of the Soviet Union's land area but less than 2 percent of its people The Soviet Union forced people to migrate to the Far North to construct and operate steel mills, hydroelectric power stations, mines, and other enterprises. In later years, government encouraged voluntary migration to the Far North including higher wages, more paid holidays, earlier retirement People were reluctant because of region's harsh climate and remoteness from population clusters Half of the people in the Far North migrated to the other regions of the country and had to be replaced by other immigrants, especially young males willing to work for short periods of time. Brigade of volunteers named Komosol during school vacations.

Internal migrants are more numerous than

International migrants

Unauthorized immigrants

Immigrants who enter without proper documents

Brain Drain

Immigration policies in the U.S. and Europe lead to the large scale emigration of talented people Scientists, doctors, researchers, and other professionals migrate to countries where they can make better use of their abilities

1905-1914 Southern and Eastern Europe

Immigration to the U.S. reached 1 million 2/3's came from Southern and eastern Europe, especially Italy, Russia, and Austria-Hungary Diffusion of Industrial Revolution to Southern and Eastern Europe and rapid pop. growth

Voluntary migration

Implies that a migrant has chosen to move, especially for economic improvement

Push factor

Induces people to move out of their present location

Refugee crisis

Largest number of refugees in 2010 was forced to migrate from Afghanistan and Iraq because of the continuing wars there. Countries bordering Afghanistan and Iraq, including Pakistan, Iran, and Syria, received the most refugees.

Urban to Suburban

Most intraregional migration in developed countries is from cities out to surrounding suburbs The major reason for the large scale migration to the suburbs is not related to employment but rather the suburban lifestyle

Ravenstein noted distinctive gender and family status patterns in his migration theories

Most long distance migrants are male Most long-distance migrants are adult individuals rather than families with children

Forced migration

Migrant has been compelled to move, especially by political or environmental factors

Chain Migration

Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there

Intraregional Migration

Movement within one region Within urban areas, from older cities to newer suburbs

Mexican Immigration

Passed Germany as country that has sent most immigrants to the U.S. ever in 2006 Mexico probably became leading source in 1980's In the 1990's, an unusually large number of immigrants came from Mexico and other Latin American countries as a result of the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act which issued visas to several hundred thousand people who had entered the U.S. illegally before

Most people migrate for economic reasons

People often emigrate from places that have few job opportunities and immigrate to places where jobs seem available. The United States and Canada offered Europeans prospects for economic advancement. For this same reason, immigrants from Latin America and Asia come to these countries. The relative attractiveness of a region can shift with economic change. EX. Ireland-net out migration because of dire economic conditions, then net-in migration because of economic prosperity, and net-out migration because economy fell due to global recession

To migrate

People view their current place of resistance so negatively that they feel pushed away and they view the other place so attractively that they feel pulled to it.

International migration

Permanent move from one country to another

Internal migration

Permanent move within the same country

Environmental reasons

Pulled toward physically attractive regions and pushed from hazardous ones Attractive environments for migrants include mountains, seasides, and warm climates Rocky Mountains (Colorado) Alps (Eastern France) Coast of France, Southern England, and Florida Pushed from their homes by adverse physical conditions Water-either too much or too little poses the common environmental threat Need to escape water-related disasters because they live in floodplains-the floodplain of a river is the area subject to flooding during a specific number of years based on historical trends Hundreds of thousands have been forced to move from the drought conditions of the Sahel region of Northern Africa

1880's

Scandinavia Immigration increased to 500,000 per year Increasing numbers of Scandinavians, especially Swedes and Norwegians migrated to the U.S. after Industrial Revolution diffused there and triggered a rapid population increase.

Circulation

Short-term, repetitive, cyclical movements that recur on a regular basis, such as daily, monthly, or annually.

Canada

Significant interregional migration from east to west for more than a century

Asylum seeker

Someone who has migrated to another country in the hope of being recognized as a refugee

The two reasons that most visas are granted are for

Specific employment placement and family reunification

Brazil

String of large cities near the Atlantic coast Brazil's tropical interior is very sparsely inhabited To increase the attractiveness of the interior, the government moved its capital in 1960 from Rio to the newly built capital of Brasilia, situated 1,000 kilometers from the Atlantic coast The coastal areas now have net-out migration and the interior areas have net-in migration

Wilbur Zelinsky's Model of Migration Transition

The migration transition is a change in the migration pattern in the society that results from the social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition. Stage 1: High daily or seasonal mobility in search of food Stage 2: High international emigration and interregional migration from rural to urban areas Stage 3: High international immigration and intraregional migration from cities to suburbs Stage 4: Same as stage three

Unauthorized Immigrant vs. Undocumented Immigrant vs. Illegal Alien

Unauthorized Immigrant: Term preferred by academic observers including the authoritative Pew Hispanic center Undocumented Immigrants: Groups that advocate for more rights for these individuals Illegal alien: Term preferred by groups who favor tougher restrictions and enforcement of immigration laws

United States has changed

United States is no longer a sparsely settled, economically booming country with a large supply of unclaimed land In 1912, New Mexico and Arizona were added as the forty-seventh and forty-eighth states The contiguous territory of the country was a united state

US Quota Laws

Unrestricted immigration ended when Congress passed the Quota Act in 1921 and the National Origins Act in 1924. These laws established quotas or maximum limits on the number of people who could immigrate into the U.S. during a one year period 1924: For each country tat had a native born person already living in the U.S., 2 percent of their number could immigrate each year Ensured most immigrants would come from Europe 1965: Quotas for individual countries were replaced with hemisphere quotas (170,000 from the Eastern Hemisphere and 120,000 from the Western hemisphere). 1978: Global quota of 290,000 was set, including a maximum of 20,000 from each country 1990: The global quota was raised to 700,000

Three major kinds of push and pull factors

economic, cultural, environmental

Three major kinds of push and pull factors

economic, political, environmental

Pull factor

induces people to move into a new location

Population Center

the average location of everyone in the country