Chapter 3 Bio

to complete its outermost shell, it needs ___ more ______

4 electrons

it can bond with up to ___ other elements, allowing it to be the ideal building block for many and diverse ____ molecules

4 organic

some such as ____help with muscle contraction and cell movement

actin

Groups of two monomers are called _____ and include _____

disaccharides maltose

These types of molecules are typically used for _______ and for structural support.

long term storage

single monomers are called _____and include ______

monosaccharides glucose

disaccharides

sucrose, lactose, maltose c 12 H24 O12

CH2 Sh

sulfyhydryl group

when amino acids bond further, creating a globular shape, it's referred to as it's ___ structure

tertiary

These types of molecules are typically ____ and can be metabolized into _____.

transported fat

O C-H

carbonyl group

organic molecules

-always contain carbon and hydrogen - rubber tire -tree -diamond -orange -atoms bonded through covalent bonding

functions of lipids

-provide insulation from cold and injury =comprises vital hormones and chemical signatures -provides a protective and waterproof covering for plants -provides comparatively light-weight long term energy storage - comprises the plasma membrane of cells and gives them flexibility

inorganic molecules

-sulfer -table salt (NaCl) -hydrochloric acid (HCI) - typically contain positive and negative ions - atoms typically bonded through ionic bonds

They contain a __________ sugar, a __________ group, and a __________ base.

5 Carbon Phosphate group Nitrogen

this type of reaction involves the ______of water as polymers are broken down into monomers

addition

ATP or _____ provides energy for nerve impulses, conduction, muscle contraction, and many other chemical reactions necessary for life

adenosine triphosphate

a sequence of ___- strung together in a strand forms a ____ structure

amino acids primary

NH2

amino group

some including ____ function in defense by preventing antigens from destroying cells

antibodies

HO

carboxyl group

some such as ___ functions support and provide structure to ligaments, tendons, and skin

collagen

these subunits attach themselves together to build biomelcules through _________ reactions

dehydration

of these ____, ___ reside in the first shell and _____ reside in the second most outer shell

electrons 2 4

carbon tends to share these ______ with ____- the elements that comprise a majority of living organisms

electrons CHNOPS

many of these synthesis and degradation processes are catalyzed by ______

enzymes

proteins serve many diverse functions. Some function as __, catalyzing metabolic reactions within cells

enzymes

proteins that function at ease levels are called ____ proteins and _______is an example of this type of protein

fibrous keratin

this type of reaction involves the ____ of water as ______ are linked together and _______built

formation monomers polymers

Monosaccharides

fructose C6 H12 O6

known as ______ proteins they are held in place by strong ___ linkages and include _______

globular disulfide enzymes

Polysaccharides

glycogen, chitlin, cellulose

this means that in DNA, cytosine is always paired with _____ and adenine is always paired with _____

guanine thymine

some, such as ____ serve to transport molecules such as oxygen within the human body

hemoglobin

an example of this type of structure is _____ which consists of _____ polypeptides bonded together

hemoglobin four

these bonds have a __ energy associated with them, so when they break, energy is ___ and ____ is formed

high released adenosine diphosphate

some portions such as _____ function as chemical messengers and help regulate cell behavior

hormones

once ______ bonds form between every 4th amino acid, the chain begins to twist into the ______- structure known as a _______

hydrogen secondary alpha helix

if the chain instead folds back on itself allowing the _______ bonds to occur for extended lengths, the _____ structure called a _____ forms

hydrogen secondary beta sheet

biomolecules are broken down into their subunits through _______ reactions

hydrolysis

OH

hydroxyl group

these types of molecules are typically used for _____ or to help build the backbone of the nucleotides that make up DNA and RNA

immediate energy

Carbohydrates exists either as _______ or ____, long chains of ___ bonded together

monomers polymers monomers

the ___ bases of one strand exhibit _______with the bases of other strands

nitrogen complementary base pairing

it is a _____ that is comprised of adenine, ribose, and ___ phosphate molecules

nucleotide three

nucleic acids are made of _____ each of which contain 3 parts

nucleotides

large biomolecules or ____ are comprised of smaller subunits called _____-

polymers monomers

Groups of three or more monomers are called _____ and include ____

polysaccharides starch

the __ structure of a protein consists of ____strunge together and held by ____ bonds

primary amino acids peptide

Carbon has 6 positively charged _____ and 6 negatively charged _____

protons electrons

some portions have a _______ structure, meaning they consist of two or more polypeptide chains held together by complex interactions between amino acids

quaternary

when two or more polypeptides bond together into a working portion, it represents a ___ structure

quaternary

carbon can form long chains, branches, or ___- through single, double, or even triple bonds

rings

Once amino acids begin to form bonds with one another to create helical or pleated sheet-like formations, the protein's _____ structure is formed.

secondary

proteins form a _____ structure when ______ amino acids orient themselves near the watery surroundings and _____ amino acids fold in and away from their watery surroundings

tertiary hydrophilic hydrophobic

the phosphates are held together by ____ _____ bonds

unstable phosphate