Chapter 3 Bio
to complete its outermost shell, it needs ___ more ______
4 electrons
it can bond with up to ___ other elements, allowing it to be the ideal building block for many and diverse ____ molecules
4 organic
some such as ____help with muscle contraction and cell movement
actin
Groups of two monomers are called _____ and include _____
disaccharides maltose
These types of molecules are typically used for _______ and for structural support.
long term storage
single monomers are called _____and include ______
monosaccharides glucose
disaccharides
sucrose, lactose, maltose c 12 H24 O12
CH2 Sh
sulfyhydryl group
when amino acids bond further, creating a globular shape, it's referred to as it's ___ structure
tertiary
These types of molecules are typically ____ and can be metabolized into _____.
transported fat
O C-H
carbonyl group
organic molecules
-always contain carbon and hydrogen - rubber tire -tree -diamond -orange -atoms bonded through covalent bonding
functions of lipids
-provide insulation from cold and injury =comprises vital hormones and chemical signatures -provides a protective and waterproof covering for plants -provides comparatively light-weight long term energy storage - comprises the plasma membrane of cells and gives them flexibility
inorganic molecules
-sulfer -table salt (NaCl) -hydrochloric acid (HCI) - typically contain positive and negative ions - atoms typically bonded through ionic bonds
They contain a __________ sugar, a __________ group, and a __________ base.
5 Carbon Phosphate group Nitrogen
this type of reaction involves the ______of water as polymers are broken down into monomers
addition
ATP or _____ provides energy for nerve impulses, conduction, muscle contraction, and many other chemical reactions necessary for life
adenosine triphosphate
a sequence of ___- strung together in a strand forms a ____ structure
amino acids primary
NH2
amino group
some including ____ function in defense by preventing antigens from destroying cells
antibodies
HO
carboxyl group
some such as ___ functions support and provide structure to ligaments, tendons, and skin
collagen
these subunits attach themselves together to build biomelcules through _________ reactions
dehydration
of these ____, ___ reside in the first shell and _____ reside in the second most outer shell
electrons 2 4
carbon tends to share these ______ with ____- the elements that comprise a majority of living organisms
electrons CHNOPS
many of these synthesis and degradation processes are catalyzed by ______
enzymes
proteins serve many diverse functions. Some function as __, catalyzing metabolic reactions within cells
enzymes
proteins that function at ease levels are called ____ proteins and _______is an example of this type of protein
fibrous keratin
this type of reaction involves the ____ of water as ______ are linked together and _______built
formation monomers polymers
Monosaccharides
fructose C6 H12 O6
known as ______ proteins they are held in place by strong ___ linkages and include _______
globular disulfide enzymes
Polysaccharides
glycogen, chitlin, cellulose
this means that in DNA, cytosine is always paired with _____ and adenine is always paired with _____
guanine thymine
some, such as ____ serve to transport molecules such as oxygen within the human body
hemoglobin
an example of this type of structure is _____ which consists of _____ polypeptides bonded together
hemoglobin four
these bonds have a __ energy associated with them, so when they break, energy is ___ and ____ is formed
high released adenosine diphosphate
some portions such as _____ function as chemical messengers and help regulate cell behavior
hormones
once ______ bonds form between every 4th amino acid, the chain begins to twist into the ______- structure known as a _______
hydrogen secondary alpha helix
if the chain instead folds back on itself allowing the _______ bonds to occur for extended lengths, the _____ structure called a _____ forms
hydrogen secondary beta sheet
biomolecules are broken down into their subunits through _______ reactions
hydrolysis
OH
hydroxyl group
these types of molecules are typically used for _____ or to help build the backbone of the nucleotides that make up DNA and RNA
immediate energy
Carbohydrates exists either as _______ or ____, long chains of ___ bonded together
monomers polymers monomers
the ___ bases of one strand exhibit _______with the bases of other strands
nitrogen complementary base pairing
it is a _____ that is comprised of adenine, ribose, and ___ phosphate molecules
nucleotide three
nucleic acids are made of _____ each of which contain 3 parts
nucleotides
large biomolecules or ____ are comprised of smaller subunits called _____-
polymers monomers
Groups of three or more monomers are called _____ and include ____
polysaccharides starch
the __ structure of a protein consists of ____strunge together and held by ____ bonds
primary amino acids peptide
Carbon has 6 positively charged _____ and 6 negatively charged _____
protons electrons
some portions have a _______ structure, meaning they consist of two or more polypeptide chains held together by complex interactions between amino acids
quaternary
when two or more polypeptides bond together into a working portion, it represents a ___ structure
quaternary
carbon can form long chains, branches, or ___- through single, double, or even triple bonds
rings
Once amino acids begin to form bonds with one another to create helical or pleated sheet-like formations, the protein's _____ structure is formed.
secondary
proteins form a _____ structure when ______ amino acids orient themselves near the watery surroundings and _____ amino acids fold in and away from their watery surroundings
tertiary hydrophilic hydrophobic
the phosphates are held together by ____ _____ bonds
unstable phosphate