Chapter 3 Earth Science
minerals are all naturally occurring solid substances with a definable chemical composition. they must also possess
a fixed crystalline structure(spatial arrangement os atoms and ions)
Cleavage in minerals refers to
a tendency to break along planes of weakness
which of the following is NOT true about minerals?
all minerals are compounds of more than one element
which of the following minerals is more commonly known as table salt?
halite
What type of rock forms by the solidification of a melt?
igneous
Diamonds are usually found in (Hint: Igneous rock in which diamonds are usually embedded with)
kimberlite
Ore minerals, such as galena, tend to be different from typical minerals (such as quartz) in that they have a
large specific gravity
Which of the following forms either by the cementing together of grains broken off preexisting rocks or by the precipitation of mineral crystals out of water solutions at or near the Earth's surface?
sedimentary rocks
The mineral class that makes up more than 95% of rocks in the continental crust is termed the
silicates
which of the following is a mineral? petroleum a liquid, coal, snowflakes, obsidian
snowflake
A mineral property defined by the density of the mineral sample divided by the density of water (1.0 g/cm3) is
specific gravity
the color of a mineral in powdered form is termed
streak
Pyrite (FeS2) is in which mineral class?
sulfides
which of the following common minerals is softest? quartz, calcite, talc, flourite
talc
with regards to minerals, hardness refers to the ability to resist
being scratched
which of the following is not a way for minerals to crystallize? -solidification of a melt (lava or magma) -bonding carbon to oxygen atoms to form organic compounds -solid-state diffusion -Biomineralization
bonding carbon to oxygen atoms to form organic compounds
what mineral reacts to hydrochloric acid?
calcite
which of the following is a mineral? granite, lab-grown quartz crystal, salt dissolved in water, calcite
calcite
Calcite (CaCO3) is in which mineral class?
carbonates
Trace amounts of impurity in a mineral can commonly produce significant differences in __________ among individual crystals of this mineral.
color
What is the term for the smoothly curving, clamshell-shaped surface?
conchodial fracture
Synthetically made glass and natural quartz crystals both exhibit a fracture pattern termed
conchoidal fracture
The diamonds typically seen in engagement rings today do not display their natural crystal faces but rather __________, which are made by grinding the gem on a spinning lap.
facets
A __________ is a mineral-lined cavity in a rock.
geode
What type of rock forms when preexisting rocks undergo changes in response to a modification of their environment, without first melting?
metamorphic rocks
Which of the following minerals is a silicate?
olivine
For most minerals, the streak color obtained when the mineral is scratched against a porcelain plate is
only useful if the mineral is softer than porcelain
Geologists refer to an exposure of bedrock on the surface as a(n)
outcrop
which layer of earth does not contain silicate minerals?
outer core
The tetrahedral structure that forms the backbone of all silicate minerals is composed of silicon and what other element?
oxygen
When a solution becomes oversaturated, new solid particles are said to (Hint: process that leads to the formation of thick layers of salt along the banks of Dead Sea)
percipitate from the solution
which of the following is not a mineral? quartz, diamond, petroleum, or gold
petroleum
A facet is a __________ on a gem.
polished surface
Minerals that grow around volcanic vents MOST likely form by
precipitation from a gas