Chapter 3 Earth Science

minerals are all naturally occurring solid substances with a definable chemical composition. they must also possess

a fixed crystalline structure(spatial arrangement os atoms and ions)

Cleavage in minerals refers to

a tendency to break along planes of weakness

which of the following is NOT true about minerals?

all minerals are compounds of more than one element

which of the following minerals is more commonly known as table salt?

halite

What type of rock forms by the solidification of a melt?

igneous

Diamonds are usually found in (Hint: Igneous rock in which diamonds are usually embedded with)

kimberlite

Ore minerals, such as galena, tend to be different from typical minerals (such as quartz) in that they have a

large specific gravity

Which of the following forms either by the cementing together of grains broken off preexisting rocks or by the precipitation of mineral crystals out of water solutions at or near the Earth's surface?

sedimentary rocks

The mineral class that makes up more than 95% of rocks in the continental crust is termed the

silicates

which of the following is a mineral? petroleum a liquid, coal, snowflakes, obsidian

snowflake

A mineral property defined by the density of the mineral sample divided by the density of water (1.0 g/cm3) is

specific gravity

the color of a mineral in powdered form is termed

streak

Pyrite (FeS2) is in which mineral class?

sulfides

which of the following common minerals is softest? quartz, calcite, talc, flourite

talc

with regards to minerals, hardness refers to the ability to resist

being scratched

which of the following is not a way for minerals to crystallize? -solidification of a melt (lava or magma) -bonding carbon to oxygen atoms to form organic compounds -solid-state diffusion -Biomineralization

bonding carbon to oxygen atoms to form organic compounds

what mineral reacts to hydrochloric acid?

calcite

which of the following is a mineral? granite, lab-grown quartz crystal, salt dissolved in water, calcite

calcite

Calcite (CaCO3) is in which mineral class?

carbonates

Trace amounts of impurity in a mineral can commonly produce significant differences in __________ among individual crystals of this mineral.

color

What is the term for the smoothly curving, clamshell-shaped surface?

conchodial fracture

Synthetically made glass and natural quartz crystals both exhibit a fracture pattern termed

conchoidal fracture

The diamonds typically seen in engagement rings today do not display their natural crystal faces but rather __________, which are made by grinding the gem on a spinning lap.

facets

A __________ is a mineral-lined cavity in a rock.

geode

What type of rock forms when preexisting rocks undergo changes in response to a modification of their environment, without first melting?

metamorphic rocks

Which of the following minerals is a silicate?

olivine

For most minerals, the streak color obtained when the mineral is scratched against a porcelain plate is

only useful if the mineral is softer than porcelain

Geologists refer to an exposure of bedrock on the surface as a(n)

outcrop

which layer of earth does not contain silicate minerals?

outer core

The tetrahedral structure that forms the backbone of all silicate minerals is composed of silicon and what other element?

oxygen

When a solution becomes oversaturated, new solid particles are said to (Hint: process that leads to the formation of thick layers of salt along the banks of Dead Sea)

percipitate from the solution

which of the following is not a mineral? quartz, diamond, petroleum, or gold

petroleum

A facet is a __________ on a gem.

polished surface

Minerals that grow around volcanic vents MOST likely form by

precipitation from a gas