Chapter 3: Inquizitive

Which of the following examples could potentially lead to epigenetic effects?

- A mother's physical activity habits early in life can impact the life-long health of her then unborn child - A mother is exposed to pollution that affects a developing fetus - Offspring that come from the developing ova of a female fetus are affected by their grandmother's eating habits - A mother living in an extremely cold environment can affect the growth and development patterns of her grandchildren

The environment influences the ways in which our genes are expressed. Identify the correct statements about environmental influence on gene expression and DNA.

- Environmental circumstances such as stress levels can affect gene expression - Environmental factors can cause chemicals to attach to DNA, influencing gene expression

What are examples of regulatory genes in action?

- Humans have a gene for complete body hair coverage, but they are not fully covered with hair - Humans have a gene for digesting milk, but not all humans can digest milk into adulthood - Chickens have a gene tooth development but do not develop teeth

In what ways can our current knowledge of DNA be utilized?

- It can be used to modify plants and animals for food production - It can be used to determine how organisms (like primates, even humans) are evolving - It can be used to help determine genetic relationships and chart ancestry for families - It can be used by forensic scientists to identify victims' remains. and to identify criminals - It can be used to detect the presence of diseases, such as leprosy and syphilis, in ancient skeletons

Which of the following statements about the file of paleogenetics are true?

- Paleogeneticists can extract DNA from ancient remains - The field only became possible after a method for amplifying tiny DNA sequences was discovered - Paleogenetics can provide us with dates in human evolution that no other field can

Transcription (nucleus)

- Parental strand of DNA unzip, exposing two daughter strands of DNA - Free-floating RNA nucleotides match one exposed daughter strand of DNA - The strand of messenger RNA (mRNA) moves out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm

Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes

- Prokaryotes have no nucleus or membrane bound organelles - Eukaryotes have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles - Both can reproduce and respond to the environment

____________ proteins are responsible for physical characteristics. _____________ proteins control activities within and between cells and fight infections.

- Structural - Regulatory

Translation (Cytoplasm)

- The mRNA attaches to a ribosome in the cytoplasm - Triplets of transfer RNA (tRNA), with exposed bases and each carrying an animo acid specific to its set of three bases, recognize and bind with complementary base pairs of mRNA - The animo acids, linked by peptide bonds, form a chain called a polypeptide. - The protein forms, either as a single polypeptide or as multiple polypeptides bound together

Order of DNA replication

- The strand of DNA unzips - Each strand acts as a template - DNA makes identical copies of itself - Two daughter strands of DNA are formed

Which of the following is true about prokaryotes?

- Their cells do not have internal compartments separated by membranes - The many types of bacteria that we encounter in our daily lives are prokaryotic cells - They are the first known form of life on Earth

Which of the following are true about eukaryotic organism?

- They evolved much later than prokaryotes - Their cells have internal compartments separated by membrane - They require enormous amounts of energy to survive and reproduce

Function of proteins in the body

-Some proteins are enzymes that break down lactose in milk products so you can digest them. - responsible for the function, repair, and growth of your hair. -are hormones that regulate metabolic activities throughout the whole body. -responsible for how bone is shaped. -responsible for catalyzing chemical reactions in the body. - Proteins are enzymes that unzip DNA during replication

Order of Mitosis

1. DNA in the cell is wound into 46 chromosomes 2. DNA in the cell s replicated. The parent cell has a full set (23 pairs) of chromosomes 3. The cell divides and the DNA separates. One complement of DNA goes into each cell 4. Each new cell has a full set of DNA, with 23 pairs of chromosomes

order of meiosis

1. The parent cell has 23 pairs of chromosomes. The cell's DNA is replicated 2. The chromosomes form pairs and pairs are separated and pulled to opposite sides as the cell divides 3. A second cell division follows w/o DNA replication 4. Four haploid caught cells result, each with 23 chromosomes, no pairs

John and Jane are both heterozygous and have brown eyes. Blue eye alleles are recessive and brown eye alleles are dominant. What is the probability their child will have blue eyes?

25%

*** Drag and drop the nitrogen base to its complement in the section of DNA below

A ----- T C ----- G G ----- C

Karyotype

A display of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape.

Nucleus

A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction

pleiotropic

A single gene determines more than one phenotype for an organism

Mitochondria use oxygen to turn food molecules into __________, a high energy molecule that powers cells

ATP

How does inheritance works when it comes to alleles?

Allele A is very close to another allele. Since alleles that are located closer together on a chromosome are more likely to be inherited together, A is a correct choice.

Somatic cells

Any cells in the body other than reproductive cells

Genes that are close together on a chromosome are much more likely to recombine with one another than genes that are farther away from one another.

FALSE

Heritability is solely impacted by Mendel's Law of Segregation and Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment.

FALSE

Mitochondrial DNA is inherited from both the mother and the father.

FALSE, only the mother

What is stated by Mendel's Law of Segregation?

For every trait, each parent contributes on allele to the genetic makeup of their child

Match the process to the cells that are reproduced

Mitosis- the reproduction of new somatic cells Meiosis- the reproduction of new gametes

Where is the majority of DNA found in a eukaryotic cell?

Nucleus, it houses nearly all the genetic material, or DNA, of an organism

What is apart of a nucleotide

Phosphate sugar - 5 carbon sugar deoxyribose nitrogen base

In mammals, the male parent's gamete determines the sex of the offspring.

TRUE

Much of the genetic information found in humans is also found in distantly related organisms. For example, the DNA in baker's yeast is 45% similar to human DNA.

TRUE

The genes that control the development of the key structures of the body are the same in all related organisms (e.g., flies, rats, birds, snakes, and humans).

TRUE

Guanine

The base that pairs with Cytosine in DNA

Cytosine

The base that pairs with Guanine with DNA

Adenine

The base that pairs with Thymine in DNA

Where is genetic material found in a prokaryotic cell?

The nucleoid region houses the genetic material of the prokaryotic cell. It contains only about one thousandth of the genetic material of a eukaryotic cell.

If the genetic code is transmitted from parents to offspring via two gametes, then which is true?

The offspring's genetic code contains one chromosome from each chromosome pair in a parent's genome

What type of cell is the product of mitosis?

The product of mitosis is two new cells that each have a full set of DNA (23 pairs of chromosomes). Therefore, mitosis produces diploid cells.

Why are SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) important?

They allow scientists to measure genetic differences between individuals

Endoplasmic Reticulum

an internal membrane system in which components of cell membrane and some proteins are constructed

Mitochondrion

bean-shaped organelle that supplies energy to the cell and has its own ribosomes and DNA.

In mammals, all ___________ have two X chromosomes, and _________ have one X and one Y chromosome.

females males

A ______________ is a sequence of ______________, and complete set of these in an individual cell is called the _____________.

gene DNA genome

What type of cell is the product of meiosis?

haploid

Aside from the nucleus, where can a small amount of DNA be found in a eukaryotic cell?

mitochondria

Most of human DNA is ____________ DNA.

noncoding

translocation

rearrangement of chromosomes due to the insertion of genetic material from one chromosome to another

Gametes

reproductive cells

Heterozygous

the condition in which two alleles at a single locus on homologous chromosomes are different

Homozygous

the condition in which two alleles at a single locus on homologous chromosomes are the same

recombination

the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes, resulting from a cross-over event

nondisjunction

the failure of the chromosomes to properly segregate during meiosis, creating some gametes with abnormal numbers of chromosomes

Cytoplasm

the portion of the cell outside the nucleus

Chromosomes

threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes; tight packaging

Polygenic

trait controlled by two or more genes

two main steps of protein synthesis

transcription and translation