Chapter 3 Lifespan Prenatal Developmental in Infancy

Which of the following prescription drugs can function as teratogens?

- Antibiotics - Birth control pills - Acne medications

Types of psychoactive drugs that affect the prenatal environment are:

- caffeine - alcohol - nicotine - cocaine - methamphetamine - marijuana - heroin

A medical issue with the mother that may place a developing fetus at risk for neural tube defects would be _________.

- diabetes - obesity

A birth defect related to the failure of the neural tube to close is ______.

- spina bifida - anencephaly

Approximately how many neurons do babies have when they are born:

100 billion

The embryonic period occurs from __ weeks to 8 weeks after conception.

2

Very preterm infants are those born at less than ___ weeks of gestational age, while extremely preterm infants are those born at less than 28 weeks of gestational age.

33

Typical prenatal development lasts how many weeks:

38 to 40

Approximately what percent of all low birth weight children are enrolled in special education programs?

50%

It becomes possible for the fetus to survive outside the womb as early as the ____ month of pregnancy

6th

Teratogen

Any agent that can cause a birth defect or negatively affect cognitive or behavioral outcomes.

Blastocyst

Group of cells that will develop into the embryo.

Preterm Infants

Infants are those born three weeks or more before the pregnancy has reached its full term - in other words, before the completion of 37 weeks of gestation, which is the time between fertilization and birth.

Low birth weight

Infants weighing less than 5 1/2 pounds at birth

_________ care is a NICU procedure that involves skin-to-skin contact in which the baby, wearing only a diaper, is held upright against the parent's bare chest.

Kangaroo

Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS)

Scale that assesses the newborn's behavior, neurological and stress responses, and regulatory capacities.

Embryo

The name of the mass of cells formerly called the blastocyst after it implants in the uterine wall about 11-15 days after conception.

Heredity or environmental influences are often studied using:

adoption studies

In the third stage of birth, the placenta, umbilical cord, and other membranes are expelled from the uterus. These structures are collectively called the ________.

afterbirth

The life-support system that contains a clear fluid in which the developing embryo floats is known as the:

amnion

Research indicated that high doses of ______ can contribute to fetal bleeding.

aspirin

The Apgar Scale should be used to assess the health of newborns:

at 1 and 5 minutes after birth

Research indicates that in the US babies delivered by nurse-certified midwives fare ______ babies delivered by physician.

better than

Approximately one week after conception, when differentiation of the cells begins, the group of cells is called the:

blastocyst

The formation of a connection, especially a physical one, between parent and infant shortly after birth is known as _____.

bonding

When a baby's buttocks are the first part to emerge from the vagina, the baby is in a ________ position.

breech

In a _______ delivery, the baby is removed from the mother's uterus through an incision made in her abdomen.

cesarean

If the baby is in a breech position, the doctor will often perform a _________________.

cesarean delivery

Research has shown positive effects when a ________, often an adjunct to a midwife or the hospital's obstetric staff, is present at the birth.

doula

The embryo's outermost layer, which will become the nervous system and brain, sensory receptors, and skin parts, is known as the _________.

ectoderm

The inner mass of cells of the blastocyst will eventually develop into the _______.

embryo

When the blastocyst attaches to the uterine wall, the mass of cells is known as the

embryo

The inner layer of cells, which will develop into the digestive and respiratory system, is called the ________.

endoderm

The symptoms of postpartum depression include all of the following, EXCEPT:

euphoria

The use of __________ during pregnancy can help to condition the body, avoid depression, decrease weight gain, and improve the mother's mental state.

exercise

Instead of causing structural damage, exposure to teratogens in the ______ period is more likely to lead to problems in how organs function and may result in stunted growth.

fetal

The basic architecture of the human brain is assembled during the:

first two trimester

One aspect of maternal nutrition that is important for normal prenatal development is the B-complex vitamin called ________________.

folic acid

During the ___ month of the pregnancy the mother will first feel the baby move.

fourth

The attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall is referred to as:

implantation

Syphilis

is a sexually transmitted infection that is more damaging later in prenatal development and can cause problems in the central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract if present at birth.

Evolutionary psychology

is the newest approach to psychology. It emphasizes the importance of adaption, reproduction, and survival of the fittest in shaping behaviors.

Differentiation

is the specialization of cells.

Eating fish with high levels of _______ has been identified as a risk factor for expectant mothers.

mercury

The middle layer of the embryo, which will become the circulatory system, bones, and muscles, is called the:

mesoderm

A recent study found that prenatal exposure to ____________ was associated with smaller head circumference, neonatal ICU admission, and referral to child protective services.

methamphetamine

During the germinal period, the zygote is undergoing rapid:

mitosis

Nerve cells; which handle information processing at the cellular level, are known as _________.

neurons

In 2009, about _______ of babies in the US were cesarean deliveries.

one-third

The process of organ development during the first 2 months of prenatal development is known as ________.

orgenogenesis

Used to stimulate contractions, pitocin is the most commonly used form of the synthetic hormone:

oxytocin

The umbilical cord contains two arteries and one vein, and it connects the baby to the:

placenta

The _______ period lasts from the end of delivery until the mother's body has returned to a nearly prepregnant state ( in about 6 weeks )

postpartum

some women develop _________ depression, which involves a major depressive episode that typically occurs about four weeks after delivery.

postpartum

CenteringPregnancy is a ________-centered program that provides prenatal care in group settings.

relationship

Breech births can cause:

respiratory problems

Prenatal care involves a defined schedule of visits for medical care, which includes _______ for manageable conditions and treatable disease.

screening

During the ______ stage of birth, the mother bears down hard to push the baby out of her body; this stage typically lasts 45 minutes to an hour.

second

Recent studies have confirmed being able to identify the gender of a baby ____ weeks into the pregnancy.

seven

When an infant is either full term or preterm and their birth weight is below normal they are called small of gestational age or ______________ infants.

small for date

Physiological changes that affect a fetus may occur if a pregnant woman experiences intense ________ that affects her emotional state.

stress

Any agent that can potentially cause a birth defect or negatively alter cognitive, behavioral or physical outcomes is a _______.

teratogen

The face, forehead, eyelids, nose, and chin are distinguishable ____ months after conception.

three

The severity and type of damage to an embryo is influenced by the dose, susceptibility and _______ of exposure to a teratogen.

time

The rationale for ________ is that being born into an environment that is similar to the amniotic sac will be less stressful for the baby.

waterbirth