Nonverbal Communication Midterm

Deception Cues

Movements or gestures that suggest someone is lying. -The behavior to show that one is lying depends on the characteristics of the lie, the liar, the receiver of the lie, and the context -Liars learn to control their head and facial movements but can't control all nonverbals. -Almost impossible to detect a liar but accuracy is increased when you know the liar well because their idiosyncratic (unique to an individual) characteristics for lying are known. -Since attractive people have more opportunities to communicate, they learn to control their verbal and nonverbal behaviors so therefor are more likely to convince someone. -People with "honest looking features" are given the benefit of the doubt because they look "too honest". -Paul Ekman: Uses "microexpressions" to tell if someone is lying

Primary Affect Displays and Communication

Facial Affect Scoring Technique (FAST): separates the face into 3 areas 1. Lower face 2. Eyes and eyelids area 3. Eyebrows and forehead area

Effects of Vocal Behavior: Vocal Behavior and Personality

1. Breathiness: audible exhalation during speech 2. Thinness 3. Flatness 4. Nasality 5. Tenseness 6. Throatiness 7. Ortundity: robustness, clearness, and strength of voice 8. Increased rate 9. Increase variety in pitch

Why Do People Dress the Way They Do?

1. Comfort and Protection 2. Concealment 3. Cultural Display

Density defined

The number of people in a space

Definition of human communication

The process of one person stimulating meaning in the mind of another person (or persons) by means of verbal and/or nonverbal messages

Definition of nonverbal communication

The process of one person stimulating meaning in the mind of another person or persons by means of nonverbal messages

Properties and Functions of Eye Behavior

The study of eye behavior, eye contact, eye movement, and the functions of eye behavior is called oculesics. -Of all of the features of the face, the eyes are probably the most important in human communication

Kinesics Defined

The study of the communicative impact of body movement and gesture

Vocalics Defined

The study of the communicative value of vocal behavior

Proxemics Defined

The study of the ways in which humans use and communicate with space

Eye Behavior and Individual Differences: Nature of Relationship

The type and amount of eye behavior can reveal the nature of a relationship. -Higher status people receive more eye gazes from the lower status person. -Signifies to a speaker that we are paying attention and are interested in what they are saying -Amount we look at each other may function as how much we like them.

Communication

Throughout the relationships we encounter during our life spans, the role of communication is the process that makes us human

Major types of communicator styles

1. The dramatic style: masters at exaggeration and tell fascinating stories. -Most physically visible of all the styles -Relies on a wide range of illustrative behaviors -Different from their normal behavior. The abnormality of dramatic behavior is reason for successfully capturing an audience. -Perceptions of popularity, attractiveness, and status are enhanced by this style 2. The Dominant style: uses nonverbals to dominate listeners. -People who quickly approach fellow interactants -More reciprocal eye contact -Perceived as more confident, conceited, self assured, competitive, forceful, active, and enthusiastic. 3. The Animated style: engages in exaggerated bodily movements and gestures actively while speaking. -Frequent and repetitive head nods or smiles 4. The Relaxed style: remain collected and calm internally in anxiety producing situations. Also manifest relaxation in posture, movement, and gesture. -Seem immune to nervous mannerisms -Rarely engage in adaptive type behaviors -The relaxed style communicates calmness, serenity, peace, confidence, and comfortable ness. -Lack of tension in the body and movement may indicate self assurance. 5. The Attentive Style: better characterized as a style of listening to or receiving messages from others than a style of speaking. Active listening -Characterized by an immediate posture; leaning forward, head nods, etc. -Cues that signal interest and empathy. -Allows the speaker to feel that what they are saying is worth hearing. 6. The Open style: uses bodily activity that is expansive, unreserved, extroverted, and approach oriented. Goal is to signal that they can communicate openly and freely. -Friendly, non secretive, and conversational behaviors. -If you were going to tell a friend about something personal and they are uninterested or engaging in Adaptors, you'll probs become discouraged and change the topic. -If you find yourself revealing intimate thoughts to a friend, check their behavior because through openness in positioning and orientation (determination of the position of something) the person may have pulled it out of you. 7. The Friendly style: ranges from an absence of hostility to signals of deep intimacy -Want to avoid being perceived as hostile so they use a friendly style of communication. -Reduce distance and forward leaning may create a friendly style. -Continually confirms their fellow interactants wishes and behaves in a way that positively and uniquely acknowledges the other interactants. 8. The Contentious style: thought of as aggressive dominance. -People with this style are argumentative -Accompany their assertive tone of voice with forward leaning and a lot of arm waving. -They sound like they want to fight and often intimidate less assertive people. 9. The Impression Leaving style: the impression that the communicator leaves. -Least researched of them all and is the after effect of each style -Not just how the person is remembered, but whether the person left an impression.

Personal Space

2 major considerations about the variability of personal space 1. Appropriate use of space is socially learned through communication with other people in our culture 2. Our choices of space distancing communicate information about ourselves, our relationships, and our needs

Eye Behavior and Individual Differences: Cultural Differences

A person's culture is the context in which he or she learns the social norms of appropriate or inappropriate behavior

Crowding defined

A person's perception of spatial restrictions

Posture

A source of information about a person's emotional stress and relationships. -You can receive signals from a person by the way they stand, lie, lean, lounges, reclines, or rests

Effects of Vocal Behavior: Vocal Behavior and Attractiveness

Attractive voices are seen as dominate, likable, and achievement-oriented

Eye Behavior and Individual Differences: Contextual Differences

Context or topic of discussion affects the amount and duration of looking behavior during interaction. -When wanting to persuade others, we tend to look at them more. -Eye gazes in direction of the partner are found to decrease during moments of embarrassment, guilt, or sadness.

Effects of attractiveness

-Educational Setting --Teachers and classmates often favor attractive students in regards to grades and interaction -Persuasive Setting --Attractive people can persuade others to do things much easier than unattractive people can -Interview Setting --People who are good-looking have 3-4 times greater chance of being hired in any job -Dating and Marriage --Generally, men are much more likely to reject someone based on appearance than women when it comes to marriage or dating --Generally, men want to marry someone more attractive than them, whereas women want someone similarly attractive as them -The Matching Hypothesis --Most people select to date or choose partners considered to be in the same attractiveness category as they are

Factors which influence perceptions of crowding

1. Surveillance -The degree to which you sense that strangers are watching you 2. Behavioral Constraint -Refers to a reduction in one's freedom of movement 3. Stimulus Overload -Refers to the plethora of noises, sounds, sights, and other stimuli that bombard the senses simultaneously

Attractiveness today - attractiveness tomorrow

-What is attractive today may be out tomorrow -Attractiveness is highly dependent on cultural and historical influences, as well as current trends

Appearance obsession (image fixation)

-A long-term view of a person has about her or his image or body -Similar to Appearance Obsession --Both are associated with excessive attention of our appearance -Trying to measure up to certain standards can lead to insecurity, depression, and mental health problems -High IFs engage in dieting, excessive exercise, excessive shopping, and other things to improve their appearance

Attractiveness

-A perception based on the physical attributes and features of the people we are considering -Entirely subjective

Variations of Facial Expressions

-Affect Blends: when an individual shows 2 or more emotions -Partials: revealing an emotion in only one area of the face while successfully controlling the other 2 areas

Artifacts and Accessories

-Artifacts are accessories used to adorn our bodies and clothing -Some artifacts, like jewelry, are used to communicate a certain message

Conjugate Lateral Eye Movements (CLEMS)

-Closely related to eye gaze -Closely associated with cognitive processing. Looking away to the left or right while we are thinking but look forward again when we stop processing information. -Can be classified as either right or left looker because approximately 75% of an individual's CLEMs are in one direction. -If a teacher is a right or left looker, the other side of the class is neglected. -Prominent when someone is working on a task that requires thought or reflection.

Intentionality and Nonverbal Communication

Nonverbal Behavior: Any of a wide variety of human behaviors that also have the potential for forming communicative messages Nonverbal behavior becomes nonverbal communication if another person interprets the behavior as a message and attributes meaning to it For human communication to exist, verbal or nonverbal, a source must send a message and a receiver must receive and interpret that message. Sometimes receivers perceive our verbal and nonverbal behavior as messages, and sometimes they do not

Nonverbal versus Verbal Messages

Nonverbal Messages -The Linguistic Distinction --Don't depend on the presence of any language -The Continuity Distinction --Continuous - we are always sending nonverbal messages -The Outcome Distinction --Serve primarily an affective, relational, or emotional function -The Absolute Distinction --Convey an implicit or questionable meaning Verbal Messages -The Linguistic Distinction --Depend on language -The Continuity Distinction --Discontinuous - we start and stop saying words -The Outcome Distinction --Serve primarily a content or cognitive function -The Absolute Distinction --Generally, have an explicit intent or meaning

Effects of Body Movements and Gestures

Nonverbal messages are encoded into and decoded from the bodily actions of human beings -They provide particularly effective means for complementing, accenting, regulating, contradicting, and substituting for verbal utterances

Primary Emotions (SCADFISH)

Sadness, Contempt, Anger, Disgust, Fear, Interest, Surprise, Happiness -Contempt: hovers between a desire to ignore the offending individual, and the desire to make it plain to them how worthless they are --Similar to "dissing someone" 3 culture-specific factors: 1. Cultures differ concerning circumstances that elicit certain emotions 2. Cultures differ about the consequences that follow certain emotional expressions 3. Different cultures have different display rules that govern the use of facial behavior, which their members must learn

Effects of Vocal Behavior: Vocal Behavior and Confidence

Speaking faster, louder, more forcibly, and dominant displays confidence

Attractiveness: A two-edged sword

Studies of very attractive people show they are often lonely and rejected by members of the opposite sex -Advantages: --More attention in infancy --Influence & credibility --Likeability --Hiring decisions --Self-confidence and life happiness --Social activity -Disadvantages: --Discriminated against by same-sex --Success attributed to looks --A threat to social skill

General Communicator Styles

Suggested that these styles could be combined due to their similar behaviors. 1. Assertiveness: use of control and ability to maintain the interest and attention of listeners. -Engaged in maintaining that attention of others. -Combination of the dramatic, dominant, animated, and contentious styles. 2. Responsive: emotional, understanding, sensitive, and approachable. Through their actions, they project friendliness. -Eager to soothe hurt feelings and show sympathy. -Combination of the open, attentive, relaxed, and friendly styles. 3. Versatility: those who adapt to the communicative behavior of others. -Show adaptive through attentive posture. -Behavior is flexible depending on the person/ situation -Projects either a deliberately high or low level or all the styles described by Norton.

Eye Behavior and Individual Differences

The "normal" gaze duration during interpersonal interactions depends on the differences among people

A Theoretical look at gesture and movement

-Gestures and movements illustrate and regulate our verbal dialogue -2 ways to study kinesics: --Structural Approach: Communication as a structured system that is independent of the specific behaviors people engage in during particular interactions ---Argues there is an underlying structure to behaviors ---Argues system can be discovered --External Variable Approach: Any classification of human gesture and movement should be based on motion seen by the naked eye ---Argues movements can convey idiosyncratic (shared) information ---Argues behavior is either inborn or learned through social interaction and cultural influences

Nonverbal Messages of Height, Weight, and Skin Color

-Height --Height is valued because of the association it has with power and dominance --Taller individuals may have an advantage when it comes to persuading people -Weight --75-80% of women in the U.S feel overweight --When women gain weight, their self-esteem lowers --Men are dieting and exercising to stay thin more than ever -Skin Color --Much attention has been given to racial and ethnic issues in the last century --Prejudices and stereotypes are perpetuated and individuals get categorized solely on the color of their skin

Appearance and Dress

-How we dress sends messages about who we are -Clothing is also used to communicate highly intentional messages

Phenomenon of Territoriality

-Human Territoriality: the presumptive claim by one or more persons of a geographic area with or without a formal legal basis for that claim -Territory of Humans: semifixed or fixed space whose perceived owners can move in and out of it without giving up their claim to it

Communicative Potential of Posture

-Many believe that attitude, predispositions, and emotional states may be manifested as enduring postural patterns. (the reasons for long lasting patterns). -Some believe that our history of emotions, deep rooted feelings, and personality can be identified by the way we hold our bodies, move our bodies, and exhibit tension in them. -Our postures reflect our genders and if we show movements or postures of the opposite gender, the people around us in our culture will try and change it. -Female posture associated with shrinking down and male posture is expanding. Stereotype masculine posture- sitting with legs open, taking up more space.

Clothing Characteristics and Personality

-Many writers claim our clothing reveals messages about ourselves -10 decisions we might make about someone based on clothing: 1. Economic level 2. Educational level 3. Trustworthiness 4. Social position 5. Level of sophistication 6. Economic background 7. Social background 8. Educational background 9. Level of success 10. Moral character -People dress as they do to enhance their popularity -Also, to create homophily - similarity in appearance, background, attitudes, and values

Movement and Communicator Style

-Norton defines communicator style as the way a person verbally and paraverbally interacts to signal how literal meaning should be taken, interpreted filter, or understood in the communicative process. -Believes its what gives form to the content of message.

Eye Behavior and Individual Differences: Personality Differences

-People who have a high need for affiliation, inclusion, or affection gaze more steadily at others. -People who are dominant, authoritative, and extroverted have also been found to look more frequently. -Individuals who have these negative orientations toward communication tend to establish less eye contact. -Those who experience anxiety about communicating use behaviors such as gaze aversion or gaze omission to avoid interaction when possible.

Nonverbal Messages of Body Shape and Size

-Somatotyping: to categorize individuals into one of three major types -3 classifications of body types: --Endomorph: oval-shaped body; heavy, large abdomen ---Corresponding psychological type called viscerotonic (slow, sociable, emotional, forgiving, relaxed) --Mesomorph: triangular body shape; muscular, hard, firm, athletic body quality ---Corresponding psychological type called somatotonic (confident, energetic, dominant, enterprising, hot-tempered) --Ectomorph: fragile physique; flatness of chest; poorly muscled limbs ---Corresponding psychological type called cerebrotonic (tense, awkward, meticulous, tactful, detached) -Our culture values the mesomorphic body-type the most, but ectomorphs are beginning to gain ground

Importance of Facial Behavior

-Study of facial expressions = "emotion itself" -Eyes are windows to the soul -The face is a marquee advertising one's emotions, moods, and attitudes -The face and eyes both help us manage our interactions with others

Effects of Vocal Behavior: Vocal Behavior and Persuasion

-The faster we talk, the more we can influence listeners -Nonfluencies hurt a speaker's ability to persuade

Personal Body Concept

-The perception you have of how attractive your body is, and what you perceive to be the particular attributes of your body --The concept is developed through our communication with others --It influences our communication with others -The body parts we find most important in judging attractiveness in others are usually the ones we're either satisfied or dissatisfied with within ourselves

Nonverbal Communication

-The source engages in nonverbal behavior with the intention of sending a message to the receiver, and the receiver interprets the behavior as a message -Accidental Communication: When others attribute meaning to a behavior without the source being aware of it

Nonverbal Behavior

-The source has sent an intentional message, but the receiver did not interpret it as a message -The source engages in nonverbal behavior but the receiver pays no attention to it

Effects of Vocal Behavior: Vocal Behavior and Learning

-To a point, increased rates of speech help listeners comprehend information -Vocal behavior can enhance the clarity of verbal messages

Culture and Nonverbal Communication

-We learn to behave in certain ways through our exposure to our culture -Our culture teaches us how to interpret the messages generated by other people's nonverbal behavior -Every culture has its own unique way of communicating nonverbally

Eye Behavior and Individual Differences: Gender Differences

-Women engage in more looking behavior than do men. Not only do they look more at their conversational partners while listening, they also look more while speaking. -The amount of actual eye contact is greater in a male-male or female-female dyad than in a mixed-gender dyad. -Females probably rely more heavily on visual stimuli than do males because they are more sensitive to the social impact of their eye behavior on interpersonal exchanges.

Myths about Nonverbal Communication

1. Can't communicate without words 2. Nonverbal communication accounts for most communication 3. You can read a person "like a book" 4. Avoiding eye-contact doesn't mean they're lying 5. Most nonverbal behaviors are natural to all people 6. Nonverbal behavior stimulates the same meanings in different situations

Six Functions of Nonverbal Messages

1. Complementing: Verbal and nonverbal communication matches each other 2. Contradicting: Verbal and nonverbal communication don't match each other 3. Accenting: Emphasizing a message with nonverbal communication -Pausing, Speaking loudly or softly, touching someone while talking 4. Repeating: Using nonverbal cues to clarify a message -Holding up two fingers while ordering 2 tacos 5. Regulating: Nonverbal signals that manage the flow of verbal messages -Lowering the volume of our voice to signal the end of a sentence in conversation 6. Substituting: Using nonverbal communication instead of verbal messages -Waving at someone to say hi

Types of Gestures and Movements

1. Emblems: gestures and movements with a direct verbal translation -Can be used to substitute for a spoken word -Used to stimulate specific meanings in the minds of others -Speech-independent gestures 2. Illustrators: gestures and movements that are closely linked with spoken language and help demonstrate what is being said -Need to accompany speech to generate meaning -Come in 4 categories: --Gestures related to the speech referent or explanation --Comprises gestures that suggest the source's relationship to the speech referent or explanation --Gestures that punctuate, highlight, or emphasize a spoken word or message --Interaction gestures that help the source in organizing, managing, or directing conversation 3. Regulators: gestures and body movements that maintain and regulate interaction between speakers and listeners during spoken dialogue -Turn-Taking Behaviors: used by speaker to maintain or yield their talking turn, and used by listener to request or decline an invitation to speak --Turn-Yielding Cues: Used by speaker to give listener a chance to speak --Turn-Maintaining Cues: Used by speaker who wishes to continue speaking --Turn-Requesting Regulators: Used by listener to signal to speaker they wish to speak --Turn-Denying Behaviors: Cues listeners use to decline to speak 4. Affect Displays: Facial expressions, posture, and other cues that provide information about their emotional state or mood -Indicate both one's emotional reactions to what is going on and the strength of those reactions -Unintentional, even when we notice them 5. Adaptors: Highly unintentional behaviors that are responses to boredom or stress or are closely linked with negative feelings -3 adapter types: --Self-adaptor: Individual manipulating their own body --Alter-directed adaptor: Movements to protect the individual from other interactants --Object-focused adaptors: The unconscious manipulation of a particular object

Perspectives on Acquisition and Development

1. Evolution and Natural Selection -Expressive facial behaviors are essentially survival mechanisms and therefore evolved in much the same way as other physical characteristics -Facial expressions are innate products of the evolutionary process, and they are generally universal 2. External Factors -Environment, social rules, and culture contribute to our facial behavior -Individuals are taught appropriate facial behaviors for given situations 3. Innate and Learned -Primary facial expressions closely linked to primary emotions: sadness, anger, disgust, fear, interest, surprise, and happiness (SADFISH) -Addition of contempt changes it to SCADFISH

Facial Management and Expression of Emotion

1. Masking (substitution) -Repression of the expressions related to the emotion felt and their replacement with expressions that are acceptable under the circumstances 2. Intensification -When our expressions are accomplished by exaggerating what we feel 3. Neutralization (inhibition) -Essentially eliminating any expression of emotion 4. Deintensification -When we reduce the intensity of our facial expression of a particular emotion because circumstances require us to downplay how we feel

Types of Eye Behavior

1. Mutual gaze: -Two people looking in the direction of one another's faces. -Eye contact is characterized as mutual gaze that is centered on the eyes. 2. One sided look: -A glance or gaze of one individual in the direction of another person's face that is not reciprocated. 3. Gaze aversion: -An intentionally act where a person averts their eyes from another person. -May signal that you're not interested in what the other has to say or are unsure of yourself and don't want them to read that in your eyes. -Used as a regulator when wanting to stop communicating. -Intended as some kind of avoidance. 4. Gaze omission: -A situation where one person does not look at the other but it's not intentionally avoiding eye contact. -Ex: A guy glancing at a girl in the bar hoping to catch her eye but each time he looks toward her, she is engaged in conversation with someone else. 5. Civil inattention: -The "elevator look" or a behavioral ritual in which two people are mutually present but not involved in interaction. -Exchange momentary glances, then avert their gaze. 6. Staring: -When a person focuses in on another person and gives a long, hard, often invasive and uncomfortable feeling look. -Starring is considered impolite in this culture.

Effects of Vocal Behavior: Vocal Behaviors and Feelings

1. Negative emotions are more accurately identified than positive feelings 2. A listener's ability to identify emotions in the voice is affected by the speaker's ability to encode feelings in their voice 3. Those who control their feelings can more accurately identify the feelings of others through vocal cues 4. It's easier to identify the various vocal expressions of an individual from your own culture 5. Subtle feelings are harder to detect

Categories of Nonverbal Messages

1. Physical Appearance 2. Gesture and Movement (kinesics) -Focuses on the movements of hands and arms, posture, torso, and bodily movements (such as bending or walking) 3. Face and Eye Behavior (oculesics) 4. Vocal Behavior (vocalics/paralanguage) -Characteristics of the voice and its use, including the accent with which we speak and the dialect we use 5. Space (proxemics) -Two important areas in this research: a. Territoriality b. Personal Space 6. Touch (haptics) 7. Environment -Architecture, Interior spatial arrangements, music, lighting, color, temperature, and scent 8. Time (chronemics)

Types of Attraction

1. Physical Attractiveness -We usually prefer to converse with strangers whom we perceive to be good-looking, pretty, or handsome 2. Social Attractiveness -The degree to which we perceive another person as someone with whom we would like to play, associate, or socialize with 3. Task Attractiveness -The degree to which we perceive another person as someone with whom we would like to work with

Territorial defense

1. Preventive Measures a. Markers: personal artifacts used to mark ownership of space b. Labels: signs and names placed on properties c. Offensive Displays: individuals' use of prevention as a form of territorial defense is through a combination of assertive postures, stances, stares, and gestures d. Tenure: people who have become associated with a particular territory over a long time can lay claim to that territory 2. Reaction

Categories of territory

1. Primary Territory: territory considered to be the exclusive domain of its owner 2. Secondary Territory: associated with a person or group frequently seen in and around it 3. Public Territory: territory open to anyone and is seldom under constant control of any one person or group 4. Home Territory: when a group of people "colonizes" a public territory by taking it over and using it continuously 5. Interactional Territory: special places that can develop wherever people congregate for social exchange 6. Body Territory (personal space): portable and is carried with us everywhere we go

Properties of Eye Behavior

1. Salience: -The behavior of our eyes plays an extremely important role in managing our interactions, eliciting the attention of others, and communicating our interest in what others have to say. -Ex: A direct gaze, has a high probability of being noticed, it is usually a much more salient interaction signal than most other bodily motions. 2. Stimulate arousal: -Almost impossible to not feel some degree of arousal when we see another person. -This arousal may be negative, as when we catch the glance of someone we would rather not interact with, or it may be positive, as when a boyfriend and girlfriend gaze into each others eyes. 3. Involvement: Eye contact with another person virtually commands involvement with them. -In our culture, it is difficult to establish eye contact with someone and not interact with her or him. -Even with a stranger we meet for the briefest of moments while passing on the sidewalk, eye contact seems to oblige us to nod our heads and smile, if nothing else.

Functions of Eye Behavior

1. Scanning: -Our eyes scan, focus, and collect information about the world around us. 2. Establishing and defining relationships: -Eye contact is the first stage in the initial encounter phase of a relationship -Eye to body or eye to eye contact can determine whether a relationship is established and can add definition to the relationship -If a person catches the eye of another person and the receiver looks away, a relationship is not started. If the receiver looks at the person, a relationship is started. 3. Eye behavior can oblige us to interact with another person: -Encounters begin with 2 people looking at one another and establishing eye contact. -Can be perceived as "too fast" or "too forward" if you look more than what is considered appropriate by society. 4. Express emotions: -The eyes are considered to be the least controllable area on the face so they reveal more accurate information about emotional states. -Provide more info on emotions of fear, happiness, sadness, anger, surprise, contempt, and disgust than any other facial area. 5. Control and regulate our interactions: -Regulate the back and forth interaction between speaker and listeners. -Tells us when to encode and decode a message and when to respond to another person. -Gaze avoidance is increased by speakers who are using turn maintaining cues. -Breaking eye contact and sustaining the break is a good indication that one is ready to end an interaction. -Involves power displays which is the sustained gaze or stare that can display power. Will elicit one of two visual responses: will either stare back to communicate that your power display is being defied, or will use gaze avoidance to escape. -Ex: the childhood game "stare down" whoever stares the longest gains control. 6. Physical distance: -Eye contact can decrease the physical distance between people. -One steady look can bring someone who is physically distant, much closer. -Ex: when someone is giving a speech, the speaker will scan and look at the members in the audience so they feel closer to the speaker. 7. Close others out: -By looking intently and closely at a particular person can function like shutting a door in the face of any others present. -By intently looking at someone, tells other not to approach or enter conversation. 8. A sign that we are in communication: -Without eye contact, people do not feel that they are fully in communication.

Interpersonal distance

1. The Intimate Zone -ranges from physical contact out to about 18 inches to 2 feet; reserved for those closest to us 2. The Casual-Personal Zone -ranges from the end of the intimate zone to 4 feet; reserved for close friends only, although we may permit others to enter it temporarily 3. The Socioconsultive Zone -ranges from 4 to 12 feet; most daily interactions take place here 4. The Public Zone -extends beyond 12 feet; distance we try to keep strangers at

Styles of Facial Expression

1. The Withholder Style -Characterized by those who seldom have any facial movement 2. The Revealer Style -Always show their true feelings 3. The Unwritten Expressor -Believes they are masking feelings well when they are really showing their emotions 4. Blanked Expressors -Have neutral expressions even when they believe they are displaying their emotions 5. The Substitute Expressor -Substitutes one emotional expression for another 6. The Frozen-Affect Expressor -Always manifests at least a part of a particular emotional expression 7. Ever-Ready Expressors -Tend to display one emotion in all situations 8. Flooded-Affect Expressors -Flood their faces constantly with a particular emotion

Importance of Appearance

1. These appearance-based messages are generally the first received 2. These appearance-based messages initially have a strong influence on our willingness or unwillingness to communicate with another 3. These appearance-based messages have a strong influence on how the relationship might develop 4. These appearance-based messages are often used to make initial judgments about another person 5. The initial judgments made about another person may or may not be representative of the person

Vocal Behavior and Turn-Interaction Management

1. Turn-Yielding Cues: Used by speaker to give listener a chance to speak -Response Latency: the time it takes a person to begin speaking after another person stops 2. Turn-Maintaining Cues: Used by speaker who wishes to continue speaking 3. Turn-Requesting Regulators: Used by listener to signal to speaker they wish to speak 4. Turn-Denying Behaviors: Cues listeners use to decline to speak

Types of negative encroachment

1. Violation -The unwarranted use of someone's territory -Temporary 2. Invasion -A drastic and permanent encroachment in which the invader crosses the territorial boundaries of another with the intention of taking over and keeping the territory 3. Contamination -Rendering the territory of another person impure with respect to its definition and usage

Categories of Vocal Behavior

1. Voice Set: closely related to who the speaker is; such information helps us interpret the speaker's words more accurately 2. Voice Qualities: modifications of the vocal cues that accompany spoken words -Tempo, resonance, rhythm control, articulation control, pitch control, glottis control, vocal lip control, and pitch range 3. Vocalizations: audible vocal cues that do not have language structure and may or may not be accompanied by spoken words a. Vocal Characterizer: refers to non-language sounds (laughing, crying, giggling) b. Vocal Qualifier: regulate specific portions of the utterance (intensity, pitch-height, extent) c. Vocal Segregate: non-words that are used as words (shh, uh-huh, uh-uh) and filler words (uhh, umm) 4. Voice Printing: a person can be identified by unique characteristics and qualities in their voice 5. Silence: periods when vocal activity stops during the spoken utterance (unfilled pauses) 6. Pauses: interruptions in the stream of speech content that are fillers, stuttering, and slips of the tongue or reps a. Hesitation Silence: pauses cause by anxiety or uncertainty about what to say next b. Psycholinguistic Silence: pauses related to the encoding/decoding of speech c. Interactive Silence: products of the interaction and can communicate messages about the relationship of 2 people

Six generalizations about dress

1. We are generally much better at judging demographic characteristics based on dress and less accurate when evaluating psychological characteristics based on dress 2. Impressions based on dress tend to be most important during the initial and early stages of interaction 3. We decide to interact with someone based on their clothing and physical appearance 4. We are more likely to approach someone who dresses similar to us 5. If a person wants to be identified as part of a group, they should wear clothing that's associated with the group 6. When selecting clothing, we should consider the level of credibility we want to achieve

Factors influencing territorial defense

1. Who violated our territory? 2. Why did he/she violate our territory? 3. What type of territory was it? 4. How was the violation accomplished? 5. How long did the encroachment last? 6. Do we expect further violations in the future? 7. Where did the violation occur?

Encroachment reactions

1. Withdrawal: we compensate by moving away from the encroacher and letting him or her take over 2. Insulation: when we perceive others encroaching on our territory, we may build formidable boundaries to stop them 3. Turf Defense: calls for the owner to expel the invader from their territory 4. Linguistic Collusion: involves a complex set of processes by which the territorial integrity is reaffirmed, and the intruder is labeled an outsider

The impact of high density

High Density: A large number of people in a given area 1. Spending less time with each other (shorter conversations) 2. Disregarding low-priority interactions (ignoring people on public transportation) 3. Shifting the responsibility for some transactions to others (not requiring bus drivers to make change) 4. Blocking others out (having guards protect apartments and limiting access)

How Does Posture Communicate?

Mehrabian states that there are two dimensions of posture though which we transmit messages. 1. Immediacy: a posture that represents an immediate attitude consist of direct body orientation, symmetric positioning, and forward leaning of the body. 2. Relaxation: relaxed behaviors include backward leaning of the body, reduced tension in the arms and legs, and asymmetry of positioning. Scheflen (another writer and researcher) divides postures within interaction into 3 major categories. 1. Inclusive vs. Non Inclusive: Postural cues in this category are acts or positions that either include or block out other people. 2. Face to Face vs. Parallel Body Orientation: The postural relationship between two people during conversation. Can tell a great deal about the relationship. -Face to face may indicate more formal or professional and also could suggest a more active interaction. -Parallel orientation may indicate neutral or passive interaction. 3. Congruence vs. Incongruence: Refers to whether two people imitate or share a similar posture. -If they share a similar posture and movements, they are showing congruent body positions. -If there is a marked difference, then incongruent body positioning. -When congruent, may single agreement, equality, and liking between them. -When incongruent, a message is transmitted that there is a status differential between the interactants. -Higher status: more relaxed posture & Lower status: formal/ immediate posture