Chapter 3: Reading and Homework

Which of the following is an example of a way in which a society works to achieve social control?

-A child receives $20 from his parents every time he makes the honor roll at school. -A customer complains to a restaurant manager that her server was rude and the manager fires the server. -A driver is issued a traffic citation and ordered to pay a fine for exceeding the posted speed limit.

Which of the following statements does accurately exemplify the relationship between material and nonmaterial culture?

-A mosque in which people worship is an aspect of material culture, while the religious beliefs of a cultural group are an aspect of nonmaterial culture. -The school buildings in a community are an aspect of material culture, while the No Child Left Behind Act to establish educational standards are an aspect of nonmaterial culture. -The burka, a garment worn by women in some parts of the world to cover themselves when they are in public, is an aspect of material culture, while the religious beliefs that dictate that women cover themselves in public are an aspect of nonmaterial culture.

Which of the following is an example of an innovation?

-Astronomers identify a new solar system that has a planet that shows indicators of conditions that might support human life. -Explorers come across an island in previously uncharted waters. -Scientists develop an internet network that is more energy efficient, reliable, and cost effective than current networks. -discovery and inventing

Which of the following is an example of an ethnocentric perspective?

-Jonas is a German man who refuses to buy an automobile that is manufactured in another country, because he feels that vehicles made overseas are poorly constructed and unreliable. -Nalin, a Hindu boy, is disgusted when he travels abroad and sees that beef is served in restaurants, as his culture views cows as sacred. -Monica, a North American woman, is put off when she is served grubs when she visits a friend overseas, as she is not familiar with the cuisine.

All of the following statements about the reliability of a research study are true:

-The reliability of a research study refers to the likelihood that the results of the research will be replicated upon reproducing the study. -Reliability of a study increases the likelihood that what happens to one person will happen to all members of a group of people.

Which of the following is not an example of a way in which a society works to achieve social control?

A child learns to always put her napkin in her lap when she eats a meal by watching others. -informal norm: casual behavior to which people generally and widely conform

Which of the following is not an example of an ethnocentric perspective?

A woman from Saudi Arabia decides that she does not agree with her family's plan for an arranged marriage after visiting Europe and viewing the prevalent tradition of choosing a marital partner. Xenocentrism: a belief that another culture is superior to one's own

Which of the following statements does not accurately exemplify the relationship between material and nonmaterial culture?

Freedom and democracy in the United States are aspects of material culture, while the American flag is an aspect of nonmaterial culture.

The narrator suggests that there are limits to the appropriateness of practicing cultural relativism. Which of the following represents a problem with cultural relativism?

It may dispose us to accept cultural practices that violate the rights and dignity of other human beings - some cultural norms may harm specific groups

Which of the following statements about culture would most likely be made by a conflict theorist?

Members of a society with less power have a more difficult time adapting to cultural change than members of society with more power.

Which of the following is not an example of an innovation?

Overuse of resources cause rising fuel prices, increased air pollution and traffic jams. -consequences of cultural lag

All of the following statements about the reliability of a research study are true, except:

Reliability refers to how well a study measures what it was designed to measure. -validity

The notion that people cannot feel or experience something that they do not have a word for can be explained by:

Sapir-Whorf

Which of the following is an example of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?

Tribal people living in an isolated region have no vocabulary word for "war". They have never participated in a war. -linguistic relativity: states language shapes thought "person can't describe the experience, the person is not having the experience

Define inventions in your own words.

a combination of pieces of existing reality into new forms

In the video, the narrator suggests that if a friend offers you fried insects for a snack, one response is to say, "I can see why he likes this," even if you do not belong to a culture that typically consumes insects. This response is consistent with practicing ___.

cultural relativism

Researchers have found that people across different nations consistently associate certain emotions with music, even when the music is unfamiliar to them and their culture. A certain kind of music is associated with the same emotion, regardless of the culture and country in which the research is conducted. In Sociology, this phenomenon is known as a/an ___.

cultural universal

The disorientation and level of discomfort that Caitlin felt when she traveled to Madrid is known in Sociology as ___.

culture shock

The narrator discussed "in-group favoritism." What might in-group favoritism predispose us to?

ethnocentrism

ethnocentrism

evaluating and judging another culture based on how it compares to one's own cultural norms

In the 1970s, sociologist Frances Heussenstamm conducted an experiment in which she selected students to drive up and down a Los Angeles freeway. Some of the students had Black Panther bumper stickers on their cars and some did not. All of the students previously had clean driving records. This sort of research design is known as ___.

experiment

The "American Dream"—the notion that anybody can be successful and rich if they work hard enough—is most commonly associated with which sociological theory?

functionalism

Harold Garfinkel, an ethnomethodologist, is well known for his breaching experiments. Such experiments are intended to consider how people react to violations of the casual expectations of everyday life, known as ___.

informal norms

Define innovations in your own words.

new objects or ideas introduced to culture for the first time

Define society in your own words.

people who live in a definable community and who share a culture

Define culture in your own words.

shared beliefs, values, and practices

For the past few years, there has been an ongoing debate over whether or not English should be declared the official language of the United States. Some argue that enforcing an official language will promote greater cohesiveness and societal stability. This argument is most congruent with which sociological perspective?

structural functionalism

Modern-day hipsters are an example of:

subculture

The Occupy Wall Street movement of 2011 grew to be an international movement. Supporters believe that the economic disparity between the highest economic class and the mid to lower economic classes is growing at an exponentially alarming rate. A sociologist who studies that movement by examining the interactions between members at Occupy camps would most likely use what theoretical approach?

symbolic interactionism

xenocentrism

the preference for the products, styles, or ideas of someone else's culture rather than of one's own

Define discoveries in your own words.

things and ideas found from what already exists

The term that denotes a preference for the products, styles, or ideas of someone else's culture rather than of one's own is __________. This is the opposite of __________ , which refers to evaluating and judging another culture based on how it compares to one's own cultural norms.

xenocentrism, ethnocentrism