Chapter 3: Socialization from infancy to old age
Stage 5
Adolescence-the challenge of gaining identity (vs. confusion)
Carol Gilligan extended Kohlberg's research, showing what about morality?
Girls and boys typically assess situations as right and wrong using different standards
Stage 1
Infancy- the challenge of trust (versus mistrust)
Stage 7
Middle adulthood- the challenge of making a difference (vs. self-absorption)
Stage 8
Old age- the challenge of integrity (vs.despair)
Stage 4
Preadolescence- the challenge of industriousness (vs. inferiority)
Stage 3
Preschool - the challenge of initiative (vs. guilt)
In Freud's model of personality, which element of the personality represents a person's efforts to balance innate pleasure-seeking drives and the demands of society?
The ego
Our basic drives, or needs, as humans are reflected in Freud's concept of...
The id
The "graying of the United States: refers to the process by which...
The increasing percentage of the population over 65 years old
Stage 2
Toddlerhood- the challenge of autonomy (versus doubt and shame)
Stage 6
Young adulthood- the challenge of intimacy (vs. isolation) Ages 20-40
The ego
balances the id and superego. It consists of the common sense and reasoning. It is our self-identity. Culture with an individual.
4. Formal Operational Stage
children are able to think abstractly and imagine alternatives to the reality in which they live. Kids starts to think abstractly
2. Preoperational Stage
children begin to use language and other symbols, but cannot think in abstract terms. They also begin to see things as others might see them. ex: they don't understand. Don't think about consequences. Can't think abstractly
1. Sensorimotor Stage
children experience the world directly through their senses touch, taste, sight, and sound.
3. Concrete Operational Stage
children learn logical principles about the concrete world and prepare for more abstract forms of reasoning. Still don't understand the form of reasoning. Still can't think abstractly
The id
consists of deep drives and impulses, including sexuality. Basic drives ex: demands have to be met now!
Sociologists claim the main reason that many young people in the United States experience adolescence as a time of confusion is...
cultural inconsistency in defining this stage of life as partly childlike and partly adult like
"By taking the role of the other," Mead had in mind...
imagining a situation from another person's point of view.
The focus of Lawrence Kohlberg's research was what?
moral reasoning on the development of children (teenagers)
When Charles Horton Cooley used the term "looking-glass self," he was referring to the fact that...
people see themselves as they think others see them. a three step process which continues throughout our life. 1. We carefully note the reactions of others toward us. 2. We develop an understanding of how others judge us. 3. We develop feelings about ourselves based on the way we understand other people's perception of us.
Which of the following concepts refers to a person's fairly consistent pattern of acting, thinking, and feeling?
personality
Which of the following statements comes closet to describing Erik H. Erikson's view of socialization?
personality develops over the entire life course in patterned ways
Jean Piaget called the level of development at which individuals first use language and other cultural symbols which of the following stages?
preoperational stage
Which of the following concepts refers to efforts to radically change someone's personality through careful control of the environment?
resocialization
Psychoanalytic Theory
rooted in the work of Sigmund Freud, argues that the unconscious mind shapes human behavior. Psychoanalysis is used to discover the causes of psychological problems deep withing troubled patients minds.
According to Piaget, in what stage of human development do individuals experience the world only through sensory contact?
sensorimotor stage
George Herbert Mead placed the origin of the self in...
social experience
Which of the following concepts refers to the lifelong social experience by which human beings develop their potential and learn culture?
socialization
In Freud's model of personality, what represents the presence of culture (and standards of a society) within the individual?
superego
The superego
the dimension of the self that represents the standards of society. Efforts to achieve balance. ex: little voice in your mind telling you that it might not be a good idea to do something that you don't want to do/bad choice.
According to Erving Goffman, the goal of a total institution is...
to radically alter a person's personality or behavior.