Chapter 3 study guide
Mitochondria contain their own DNA and RNA. A) Ture, B) False.
A
21. Which of the following terms is NOT used to define the structure that separates the contents of a human cell from its surrounding medium? A) a cell wall, B) a cell membrane, C) plasma membrane, D) plasmalemma, E) All of the answers are used to describe this strucutre.
, E) All of the answers are used to describe this strucutre.
75. Sketch a cell membrane. Label at least three components and briefly explain what each one does.
...
73. List the four major tissue types. Give an example and location of each.
1.Muscle tissue- cardiac muscle in the heart 2.epithelia tissue- transitional bladder 3.connective tissue- osseous tissue/ bone (femur) 4. nervous tissue- the brain
69. The study of tissue structure and function is called _________. A) histology, B) plasticity, C) differentiation, D) physiology, E) remodeling.
A
72. ________ secretions are released into interstitial space to diffuse into the blood. A) Endocrine, B) Exocrine, C) Mucous, D) Serous, E) Ribosomal.
A
61. Chondrocytes secrete a firm but flexible matrix to form what tissue? A) cartilage, B) bone, C) loose connective tissue, D) fat, E) blood.
A
36. The "control center" for cellular operations is the __________________. A) nucleus, B) mitochondria, C) Golgi complex, D) endoplasmic reticulum, E) ribosomes.
A
39. With respect to cells, the term secretion refers to ________________. A) the process by which a cell releases a product into the extracellular space or body surface, B) synthesis of a protein for export from the cell, C) the manufacture and assembly of a material, D) storage of a material, until it is time for it to leave the cell, E) None of the answers describe secretion.
A
47. Glands that secrete hormones "into the blood" via tissue fluids are __________. A) endocrine glands, B) mixed glands, C) exocrine glands, D) unicellular glands, E) None of the answers are correct.
A
49. Substances that enter or leave the internal environment of the body must cross an epithelium. A) True, B) False.
A
78. In a pancreatic cell producing digestive enzyme, you would expect to find an elaborate A) rough endoplasmic reticulum. B) smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
A
81. You are looking at a slide of an organ that has an empty lumen with stratified squamous epithelium contacting the lumen. Deep to the epithelium is a basement membrane and then two layers of smooth muscle. Which of the following organs would this most likely belong to and why? A) The intestines because they need to move food along and absorb digested products. B) The liver because it secretes enzymes and bile and needs to move them to the gallbladder. C) The esophagus because it is a passageway that needs to move but not absorb food products. D) The urinary bladder because it needs to stretch and constrict to store and eliminate urine.
A
83. Close examination of an organ reveals a lining of several layers of cells. The layers do not contain any blood vessels, and one surface of the cells faces the internal cavity of the organ. This tissue is probably A) epithelium. B) muscle tissue. C) connective tissue. D) neural tissue. E) fat tissue.
A
84. Microscopic examination of a tissue reveals an open framework of fibers with a large volume of fluid ground substance and elastic fibers. This tissue would most likely have come from the A) inner wall of a blood vessel. B) muscle C) larynx. D) tissue that separates skin from underlying muscle. E) bony socket of the eye.
A
85. A lysosome is considered which of the following? A) membranous organelle, B) transmembrane, rotein C) inclusion, D) cytoskeletal protein, E) glycolipid .
A
86. Mitochondria are considered which of the following? A) membranous organelles, B) transmembrane proteins, C) inclusions, D) cytoskeletal proteins, E) glycolipids.
A
87. The endoplasmic reticulum is considered which of the following? A) membranous organelle, B) adheren, C) inclusion, D) mitochondrial protein, E) glycocalyx
A
89. This type of epithelia is composed of thin, flattened cells that allow the rapid passage of O2 and CO2 in and out of the lungs and of certain blood vessels. A) simple squamous B) stratified squamous C) simple cuboidal D) simple columnar E) pseudostratified columnar
A
11. Codons are: A) 3 base-pair sequences that determine the order amino acids of a protein during protein synthesis, B) 3 base-pair sequences on tRNA, C) base pairs in DNA, D) stop-commands on mRNA, E) proteins that wrap and support DNA in a condensed form.
A) 3 base-pair sequences that determine the order amino acids of a protein during protein synthesis
1. Neurons and skeletal muscle cells do not divide in the adult, therefore they remain in phase of the cell cycle: A) G1, B) S, C) G2, D) M phase, E) none of these.
A) G1
7. If a sequence of DNA is AGCTTA, then RNA made from it would have the following sequence: A) UCGAAU, B) AGCTTA, C) TCGAAT, D) AGCTTA, E) AGCUUA.
A) UCGAAU
35. The number of mitochondria in skeletal muscle cells is predictably ________ the number in adipocytes. A) greater than, B) less than, C) equal to.
A) greater than
25. Which of the following is an example of a membranous (membrane-bound) organelle(s)? A) lysosome, B) cilia, C) centriole, D) ribosome, E) cytoskeleton.
A) lysosome
4. This organelle is responsible for digesting intracellular materials and "worn-out" organelles: A) lysosome, B) endoplasmic reticulum, C) nucleus, D) Golgi apparatus, E) mitochondria.
A) lysosome,
19. The process by which a macrophage ingests a bacterium is called: A) phagocytosis, B) exocytosis, C) pinocytosis, D) synaptic release, E) endocytosis.
A) phagocytosis,
15. The largest molecules in human cells are: A) proteins, B) fatty acids, C) nucleic acids, D) phospholids, E) sugars.
A) proteins
41. About ________% of the ATP produced in a cell is produced by just one type of organelle. A) 10, B) 50, C) 75, D) 90, E) 100.
D
74. Define, compare, and contrast each term listed and explain how the terms are related to each other: rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, and Golgi Apparatus.
Answer: All are structures involved in synthesis of biomolecules. All but ribosomes are membranous structures. Ribosomes may be free or attached to ER, making it rough.
76. Define, compare, and contrast each term listed, and explain how the terms are related to each other: tendons, ligaments, cartilage, bone.
Answer: Each term is a type or subtype of connective tissue. Tendons attach skeletal muscle to bone, whereas ligaments connect bone to bone. Cartilage and bone together are structurally supportive tissues.
93. Which type of epithelium would one expect to compose the alveoli in the lungs? Defend your answer.
Answer: Since gases must diffuse across the alveoli and associated capillaries you would expect to find exchange epithelia, composed of very thin cells (simple squamous epithelium). Thicker types of epithelial cells would slow the process of gas diffusion to and from the blood.
91. Describe the anatomical and fluid compartments of the body. How do the lumens of hollow organs fit into these classifications? Which fluid-containing cavities are considered to be internal and which are external? Of those that are external, why are they external (give examples)? You may wish to design a flow chart to help answer this.
Answer: The anatomical compartments are the cranial cavity, containing the brain; the thoracic cavity, containing the heart and lungs; and the abdominopelvic cavity, containing organs of the digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems. The fluid compartments are the intracellular fluid (inside the cells) and the extracellular fluid (outside the cells). The extracellular fluids are found in the interstitial fluid between cells and the plasma of the blood, which is in the lumen of the circulatory system. Lumens of hollow organs such as the digestive and urinary tracts are part of the external environment, whereas the intracellular and extracellular fluids are internal. External lumens are those that open to the outside environment. These openings include the mouth, nostrils, anus, urethral, and vaginal orifices.
37. The beta cells of the pancreas produce insulin, a protein-based hormone. Which of the following organelles would thus be found in higher levels in the beta cells? A) mitochondria, B) ribosomes, C) microvilli, D) lysosomes, E) nuclei.
B
43. When a person has not eaten for a while (hours/days/ or even weeks) adipocytes generally __________. A) are themselves broken down for energy, B) are stimulated to breakdown their stored triglycerides and release glycerol and fatty acids.
B
51. The simple squamous epithelial lining of blood vessels is properly called ______________. A) basolateral epithelium, B) endothelium, C) luteal cells, D) the vasa recta, E) None of the answers are correct.
B
54. A group of at least 2 different tissues with a distinct structure that carries out a some specific functions is known as a ___. A) cell, B) organ, C) organelle, D) organism, E) Impossible to tell from the information given.
B
57. This modifies proteins and packages them into secretory vesicles for export from the cell. A) endoplasmic reticulum, B) Golgi apparatus, C) lysosomes, D) mitochondria, E) peroxisomes.
B
65. The nucleus is surrounded by a(n) _________. A) plasmalemma, B) nuclear envelope, C) cell wall, D) protein coat, E) adhesion molecule.
B
67. The combination of fibers and ground substance in supporting connective tissues is known as ___. A) cytoplasm, B) extracellular matrix, C) blood, D) mucus, E) micelles.
B
70. ________ is a tissue that is modified to transmit chemical and electrical signals from one cell to another. A) Endothelium, B) Neural tissue, C) Connective tissue, D) Exocrine tissue, E) Epithelia tissue
B
77. Examination of a sample of glandular cells reveals an extensive network of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Which of the following would be a likely product of these cells? A) digestive enzymes B) steroid hormones C) protein (peptide) hormones D) transport proteins E) antibodies
B
10. There are ____ different amino acids in humans: A) 4, B) 20, C) 30, D) 64, E) 100+
B) 20
33. The proteins synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum may then sent to the _______. A) smooth endoplasmic reticulum for storage, B) Golgi complex for packaging, C) lysosome for modification, D) cell membrane for secretion, E) nucleus for cellular use.
B) Golgi complex for packaging,
8. The process that produces mRNA (or pre-mRNA) is called: A) translation, B) transcription, C) duplication, D) RNA polymerization, E) translocation.
B) transcription
40. Which cellular organelle is considered the "powerhouse" of the cell because it produces most of the ATP? A) endoplasmic reticulum, B) Golgi apparatus, C) mitochondria, D) nucleus, E) ribosome.
C
44. Each of the following is a basic tissue type EXCEPT one. Identify the exception. A) muscle tissue, B) nervous tissue, C) osseous tissue, D) connective tissue, E) epithelial tissue.
C
46. Epithelial cells that are adapted for membrane transport of materials, such as ions and nutrients, usually have ________ on their apical surface. A) mitochondria, B) cilia or flagella, C) microvilli, D) junctional complexes, E) vesicles.
C
50. The function of microvilli, often seen on the apical membrane of transporting epithelia, is to ______. A) increase the movement of extracellular fluid, B) increase the resistance of the cell to viruses, C) increase the cell's surface area, D) increase the toughness of the cell, E) allow the cell to move through a fluid medium.
C
53. Cells that store fat are called ____________________. A) fibroblasts, B) liposomes, C) adipocytes, D) mast cells, E) melanocytes.
C
56. This is the digestive system of a cell, degrading and/or recycling bacterial or organic components. A) endoplasmic reticulum, B) Golgi apparatus, C) lysosomes, D) mitochondria, E) peroxisomes.
C
58. The femur is a (an): A) cell, B) tissue, C) organ, D) organ system, E) none of these.
C
60. Fibroblasts that secrete collagen-rich matrix dominants this tissue. A) cartilage, B) bone, C) loose, connective tissue, D) fat, E) blood.
C
63. Nucleoli function in the production of _______________. A) peroxisomes, B) secretory vesicles, C) RNA for ribosomes, D) DNA that controls all cell functions, E) proteins.
C
82. The distinguishing characteristic of connective tissue is A) that it is arranged in sheets of tissue that lie on body surfaces. B) that it is always dividing, constantly being replaced throughout the body. C) the presence of extensive extracellular matrix containing widely scattered cells. D) the collagen fibers that offer support. E) All of these characteristics help make connective tissue unique.
C
34. If a cell lacked lysosomes, it would not be able to ______. A) synthesize lipids, B) produce enzymes, C) digest cellular wastes and bacteria, D) destroy H2O2, E) transport water-soluble molecules.
C) digest cellular wastes and bacteria,
20. The watery fluid that surrounds most cells is known as _____________. A) cytosol, B) protoplasm, C) intestitial fluid, D) cytoplasm, E) plasma.
C) intestitial fluid
31. Which of the following is NOT a molecule synthesized in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)? A) testosterone, B) steroids, C) proteins, D) lipids, E) All are synthesized in the SER.
C) proteins,
3. This organelle is responsible for translation. A) lysosome, B) endoplasmic reticulum, C) ribosome, D) Golgi apparatus, E) mitochondria.
C) ribosome,
17. Individual amino acids are assembled into proteins or polypeptides by _______. A) lysosomes, B) endoplasmic reticulum, C) ribosomes, D) Golgi apparatus, E) mitochondria.
C) ribosomes
23. Cell membranes are said to be _____________________. A) an impermeable barrier, B) freely permeable barrier, C) selectively permeable barrier, D) only permeable to water soluble molecules, E) None of the answers are correct.
C) selectively permeable barrier,
5. If a cell's membrane were made entirely of phospholipids what sorts of molecules could enter or leave the cell? Give some specific examples by name. (Be specific exact when giving examples. e.g. the word "hormone" is not specific, "gas" is not specific - do not list categories of molecules).
CO2, O2, estrogen, testosterone
42. The esophagus is a tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach. It does not secrete any enzymes or absorb any nutrients, but it does need to stand up to significant friction and stress. The type of epithelium most likely lining the esophagus would be _________________. A) cuboidal epithelium, B) simple squamous epithelium, C) simple columnar epithelium, D) stratified squamous epithelium, E) transitional epithelium.
D
45. Functions of epithelia include all of the following EXCEPT ______________. A) providing physical protection, B) controlling permeability, C) producing specialized secretions, D) storing energy reserves, E) movement.
D
55. This organelle is the site of most ATP synthesis in the cell. A) endoplasmic reticulum, B) Golgi, pparatus, C) lysosomes, D) mitochondria, E) peroxisomes.
D
59. This tissue is made up of adipocytes. A) cartilage, B) bone, C) dense, irregular connective tissue, D) fat, E) dense, regular connective tissue.
D
64. Cell membranes are said to be ________ because they allow some substances to pass but not others. A) hydrophilic, B) a physical barrier, C) structural, D) selectively permeable, E) metabolically active.
D
66. The internal lining of the heart is a (an) _____________. A) transporting epithelium, B) ciliated epithelium, C) protective epithelium, D) endothelium, E) secretory epithelium.
D
71. ________ secretions are released onto an epithelial surface. A) Nuclear, B) Hormonal, C) Microtubular, D) Exocrine, E) Endocrine.
D
79. Chondrocytes are to cartilage as osteocytes are to _______________. A) blood, B) epithelium, C) fat. D) bone, E) neural tissue.
D
80. The tissue(s) that is/are considered excitable because of the ability to generate electrical signals is/are ________ tissue. A) muscle B) neural C) epithelial D) muscle tissue and neural E) muscle tissue, neural tissue, and epithelial
D
88. This type of epithelia is found in the epidermis, esophagus, and mouth, and these stacked layers of cells prevent exchange, while they resist chemicals, bacteria, and other destructive forces. A) exchange B) transport C) ciliated D) protective E) secretory
D
16. This organelle is responsible for producing vesicles, the contents of which may be destined to be exported from the cell. A) lysosome, B) endoplasmic reticulum, C) ribosome, D) Golgi apparatus, E) mitochondria.
D) Golgi apparatus
5. This organelle produces vesicles that may contain products such as hormones. A) lysosome, B) endoplasmic reticulum, C) nucleus, D) Golgi apparatus, E) mitochondria.
D) Golgi apparatus
30. All of the following are synthesized along various sites of the endoplasmic reticulum EXCEPT one. Identify the exception. A) proteins, B) phospholipids, C) steroids, D) RNA, E) all of these are synthesized along various sites of the endoplasmic reticulum.
D) RNA,
26. Each of the following statements concerning mitochondria is true EXCEPT one. Identify the exception. A) The mitochondrial cristae form the inner membrane forming separate compartments. B) The matrix of the mitochondria contains metabolic enzymes involved in energy production. C) The intermembrane space plays an important role in mitochondrial ATP production. D) The mitochondria contain no DNA or RNA. E) The mitochondria produce most of a cell's ATP.
D) The mitochondria contain no DNA or RNA.
27. Microvilli are found ________________. A) mostly in muscle cells, B) on the inside of cell membranes, C) in large numbers on cells that secrete hormones, D) in cells that are actively engaged in absorption, E) only on cells lining the reproductive tract.
D) in cells that are actively engaged in absorption
28. Most of the ATP required to power cellular operations is produced in the ______________. A) ribosomes, B) endoplasmic reticulum, C) nucleus, D) mitochondria, E) Golgi apparatus.
D) mitochondria,
29. Which does NOT accurately complete the sentence? One of the major functions of BOTH types of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the ___________________. A) synthesis of biomolecules, B) storage of genetic material for the cell, C) transport of biomolecules, D) storage of biomolecules
D) storage of biomolecules
9. The process by which cells expel the contents of vesicles into the ECF is called: A) phagocytosis, B) endocytosis, C) facilitated diffusion, D) synaptic release, E) exocytosis.
E) exocytosis.
38. If the adrenal cortex produces lipid-based hormones such as aldosterone, which organelle would be higher in cells of the adrenal cortex than in the adrenal medulla? A) nucleoli, B) mitochondria, C) ribosome, D) rough endoplasmic reticulum, E) smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
E
48. Exocrine glands _______________. A) may make either mucous or serous secretions, B) release their secretions into the external environment, C) release their secretions through open tubes, called ducts, D) may be a single cell or a multicellular organ, E) All of the statements are true.
E
52. Functions of connective tissue include _________________. A) establishing a structural framework for the body, B) transporting fluids and dissolved materials, C) providing protection for delicate organs, D) storing energy reserves, E) All of the answers are correct.
E
62. An osteocyte is the main cell type in which of the following? A) cartilage, B) adipose, C) loose, onnective tissue, D) blood, E) bone.
E
68. The fluid substance of blood is called ______________. A) interstitial fluid, B) cytoplasm, C) peroxide, D) endothelium, E) plasma.
E
22. Which of the following is NOT a function of plasma membrane proteins? A) responds to extracellular molecules, B) creates junctions between cells, C) transports molecules, D) anchors or stabilizes the cell membrane, E) "produces" energy.
E) "produces" energy.
12. A chromosome may have about how many nucleotide base pairs? A) 10, B) 1000, C) 10,000, D) 1,000,000, E) 100,000,000
E) 100,000,000
13. Cellular reactions that require energy almost always use the energy stored in _________. A) NAD, B) FADH, C) ATP, D) fats, E) glucose.
E) glucose.
24. What of the following "best" describes the role of a cell's membrane? A) It absorbs fats, B) it is a barrier that is selectively permeable to lipid-soluble molecules, C) it provides a framework for membrane proteins, D) it carries water-soluble molecules through a hydrophobic environment, E) it forms a barrier to water-soluble molecules and is a selectively allows lipid-soluble molecules while it provides a framework for membrane proteins.
E) it forms a barrier to water-soluble molecules and is a selectively allows lipid-soluble molecules while it provides a framework for membrane proteins.
18. This organelle would be responsible for breaking down a bacterium ingested by a macrophage. A) smooth ER, B) peroxisome, C) rough ER, D) Golgi apparatus, E) lysosome.
E) lysosome.
2. Which organelle has: membranes folded into cristae, a matrix, and produces energy? A) lysosomes, B) endoplasmic reticulum, C) ribosome, D) Golgi apparatus, E) mitochondria.
E) mitochondria.
90. This type of epithelia has cells that produce a substance and release it, either onto a surface or into the blood. A) exchange B) transport C) ciliated D) protective E) secretory
E) secretory
8. Describe the basic structure of _________ (insert organelle name here). Describe its function.
Golgi -produces vesicles for exocytosis -can modify and package products for exocytosis
2. List the 2 major sub-compartments of the extracellular fluid compartment of the body. About how much of the ECF does each contain (%)?
Interstitial fluid0 80% Plasma- 20%
1. With respect to the functional compartmentalization of the body, what are the two large fluid-filled spaces? ______________________________ ________________________________. Which of these contains more fluid? (circle one to indicate it contains more fluid). About how much of the fluid (%) in the body is contained within each compartment?
Intracellular, extracellular compartment intra- 65% extra-35%
6. Describe the structure of the plasma membrane (be sure to name the molecules and their arrangement). About how much of each type of molecule contributes to the plasma membrane?
The composition of plasma membrane consists of 50% lipids and 50% protein. The bilayer is made of phospholipids which consist of a phosphate head group attached to two fatty acid tails by glycerol.
7. In addition to forming the outer limit of the cell, summarize the functional role of the lipid component of a plasma membrane.
acts as a barrier to everything except CO2, O2, lipids(testosterone, estrogen)
6. Which of the following is not a function of proteins in the plasma membrane? A) structural support, B) synthesis of DNA, C) enzymatic control of chemical reactions, D) receptors for hormones or other chemical signaling molecules, E) all of these are functions of PM proteins.
idk
4. What types of body cells are especially good at storing glycogen? (from chapter 2)
liver and skeletal muscle
3. Of the 4 major types of biological molecules, which type may be a transporter, or an enzyme, or a hormone or neurotransmitter, or receptor? ______________.
protein